Labrador Retriever

The Labrador Retriever, often abbreviated to Labrador, is a breed of retriever-gun dog from the United Kingdom that was developed from imported Canadian fishing dogs. The Labrador is one of the most popular dog breeds in a number of countries in the world, particularly in the Western world.

Labrador Retriever
Other namesLabrador
Common nicknamesLab
OriginUnited Kingdom
Foundation stockSt. John's water dog
Traits
Height Dogs 56–57 cm (22–22.5 in)
Bitches 54–56 cm (21.5–22 in)
Weight Dogs 29–36 kg (65–80 lb)
Bitches 25–32 kg (55–70 lb)
Coat Short, dense, weather-resistant double coat
Colour Black, chocolate, or yellow (ranges from pale yellow to fox red)
Kennel club standards
The Kennel Club (UK) standard
FCI standard
Dog (domestic dog)

A favourite disability assistance breed in many countries, Labradors are frequently trained to aid those with blindness or autism, act as a therapy dog, or perform screening and detection work for law enforcement and other official agencies.[1] The breed is best known for their obedience, loyalty, and playful composure. Additionally, they are prized as sporting and hunting dogs. Ancestors include a breed used in Newfoundland as fishing dogs, that would help in bringing in the fishing nets and recapture escaped fish.[2]

In the 1830s, the 10th Earl of Home and his nephews the 5th Duke of Buccleuch and Lord John Scott,[3][4] had imported progenitors of the breed from Newfoundland to Europe for use as gundogs. Another early advocate of these Newfoundland fishing dogs was the 2nd Earl of Malmesbury, who bred them for their expertise in waterfowling.[3][4]

During the 1880s, the 3rd Earl of Malmesbury, the 6th Duke of Buccleuch, and the 12th Earl of Home collaborated to develop and establish the Labrador Retriever breed. The dogs Buccleuch Avon and Buccleuch Ned, given by Malmesbury to Buccleuch, were mated with bitches carrying blood from those originally imported by the 5th Duke and the 10th Earl of Home. The offspring are the ancestors of all modern Labradors.[4][5]

Origin and lineage
Buccleuch Avon (b. 1885)

The Labrador breed dates back to at least the 1830s, when St. Johns Water Dogs bred by European settlers in Newfoundland were first introduced to Britain from ships trading between the Canada and Poole in Dorsetshire. These were then bred with British hunting dogs to create what become known as the Labrador Retriever. Its early patrons included the Earl of Malmesbury, the Duke of Buccleuch, the Earl of Home, and Sir John Scott. Early writers have confused the Labrador with the much larger Newfoundland and the Lesser Newfoundland, with Charles St. John even referring to the Lesser Newfoundland as the Newfoundland. Colonel Peter Hawker describes the first Labrador as being not larger than an English Pointer, more often black than other colours, long in its head and nose with a deep chest, fine legs, and short and smooth coat, and did not carry its tail as highly as the Newfoundland.[6] Hawker distinguishes the Newfoundland from both the "proper Labrador" and St. John's breed of these dogs[6][7] in the fifth edition of his book Introductions to Young Sportsman, published in 1846.[7]

The first photograph of the breed was taken in 1856 (the Earl of Home's dog "Nell", described both as a Labrador and a St. John's water dog).[8] By 1870, the name Labrador Retriever became common in England.[2] The first yellow Labrador on record was born in 1899 (Ben of Hyde, kennels of Major C.J. Radclyffe),[2] and the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1903. The first American Kennel Club (AKC) registration was in 1917.[2] The Liver (now typically called Chocolate) Labrador emerged in the late 1800s, with liver-coloured pups documented at the Buccleuch kennels in 1892.[2] The first dog to appear on the cover of Life magazine was a black Labrador Retriever called "Blind of Arden" in the 12 December 1938 issue.[8]

Description
The head of a Labrador should be broad with a pronounced stop.
Black Labrador
Chocolate Labrador

Appearance

Labradors are a medium-large breed, with males typically weighing 29–36 kg (65–80 lb) and females 25–32 kg (55–70 lb).[9] The majority of the characteristics of this breed, with the exception of colour, are the result of breeding to produce a working retriever.

As with some other breeds, the Conformation (typically "Show", "English" or "bench") and the Field (typically "Working" or "American") lines differ, although both lines are bred in both countries and the origins of both are from British lines. In general, however, Conformation Labradors tend to be bred as medium-sized dogs, shorter and stockier with fuller faces and a slightly calmer nature than their Field counterparts, which are often bred as taller, lighter-framed dogs, with slightly less broad faces and a slightly longer nose. However, Field Labradors should still be proportional and fit within American Kennel Club standards. With Field Labradors, excessively long noses, thin heads, long legs, and lanky frames are not considered standard. These two types are informal and not codified or standardised; no distinction is made by the AKC or other kennel clubs, but the two types come from different breeding lines. Australian stock also exists; though not seen in the West, they are common in Asia. These dogs are also very good with children.

The breed tends to shed hair twice annually or regularly throughout the year in temperate climates.[5] Some Labradors shed considerably; however, individual Labradors vary.[10] Labrador hair is usually short and straight, and the tail is quite broad and strong. The webbed toes of the Labrador Retriever make them excellent swimmers. The webbing between their toes can also serve as a "snowshoe" in colder climates and keep snow from balling up between their toes—a condition that can be painful to other breeds with hair between the toes. Their interwoven coat is also relatively waterproof, providing more assistance for swimming.

Official breed standards

There is a great deal of variety among Labradors. The following characteristics are typical of the conformation show bred (bench-bred) lines of this breed in the United States and are based on the American Kennel Club standard.[9] Significant differences between U.K. and U.S. standards are noted.

  • Size: Labradors are a medium-large breed. They should be as long from the withers to the base of the tail as they are from the floor to the withers. The AKC standard includes an ideal weight for males of 29–36 kg (65–80 lb) and for females as 25–32 kg (55–70 lb).[9] The guidelines for height vary between the AKC, which gives 57 to 62 centimetres (22.5 to 24.5 in) for males and 55 to 60 centimetres (21.5 to 23.5 in) for females,[9] The Kennel Club which advises that males should be 56 to 57 centimetres (22 to 22.5 in) with females between 55 to 56 centimetres (21.5 to 22 in),[11] and the FCI which quotes a range of 56 to 57 centimetres (22 to 22.5 in) for males with females ideal at 54 to 56 centimetres (21.5 to 22 in).[12]
  • Coat: The Labrador Retriever's coat should be short and dense, but not wiry. The coat is water-resistant, so the dog does not get cold when taking to water in the winter. That means that the dog naturally has a slightly dry, oily coat. Acceptable colours are black, yellow, and chocolate.[13]
  • Head: The head should be broad with slightly pronounced eyebrows. The eyes should be kind and expressive. Appropriate eye colours are brown and hazel. The lining around the eyes should be black. The ears should hang close to the head and set slightly above the eyes.
  • Jaws: The jaws should be strong and powerful. The muzzle should be of medium length and should not be too tapered. The jaws should hang slightly and curve gracefully back.
  • Body: The body should have a powerful and muscular build.

The tail and coat are designated "distinctive [or distinguishing] features" of the Labrador by both the Kennel Club and AKC.[9][11] The AKC adds that "true Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the 'otter' tail."[9]

Colour
Main article: Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics
The three primary colour varieties of the Labrador Retriever

Labrador Retrievers are registered in three colours:[9] black (a solid black colour), yellow (considered from creamy white to fox-red), and chocolate (medium to dark brown and originally called “Liver”). Some dogs are sold as silver purebred Labradors, but purity of those bloodlines is currently disputed by breed experts, including breed clubs and breed councils. Although it has not been conclusively proven that the silver Labrador is a product of crossbreeding a Weimaraner to a Labrador, there is good evidence in scientific literature indicating that the Labrador has never been identified as carrying the dilute gene dd. The Weimaraner is the only known breed in which the universality of dd is a characteristic.[14][15] A few major kennel clubs around the world allow silver Labradors to be registered, but not as silver because the only colours for Labrador Retrievers are black, yellow or chocolate on the registration applications. The Kennel Club (England) requires that they be registered as "Non-recognised."[16] Many kennel clubs now require DNA testing to prove that the Labrador is purebred and does not carry dilution. Occasionally, Labradors will exhibit small amounts of white fur on their chest, paws, or tail, and rarely a purebred Labrador will exhibit brindling stripes or tan points similar to a Rottweiler.[17] These markings are a disqualification for show dogs, but do not have any bearing on the dog's temperament or ability to be a good working dog or pet.

Puppies of all colours can potentially occur in the same litter. Colour is determined primarily by three genes. The first gene (the B locus) determines the density of the coat's eumelanin pigment granules, if that pigment is allowed: dense granules result in a black coat, sparse ones give a chocolate coat. The second (E) locus determines whether the eumelanin is produced at all. A dog with the recessive e allele will produce only phaeomelanin pigment and will be yellow regardless of its genotype at the B locus. The genes known about previously[18] have had their number increased by the introduction of the K locus, where the dominant "black" allele KB is now known to reside.[19] Black or chocolate Labradors therefore must have the KB allele. Yellow Labradors are determined at the E locus, so the K locus is irrelevant in determining their colour. Variations in numerous other genes control the subtler details of the coat's colouration, which in yellow Labradors varies from creamy white to fox-red. Chocolate and black Labradors' noses will match the coat colour.

According to a 2011 study, 13 out of 245 Labradors studied were heterozygous for the M264V mutation responsible for the melanistic mask, and one was homozygous. Within the breed, this trait is not visible.[20]

Nose and skin pigmentation
The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose, lips, gums, and the rims of the eyes

Labrador colouration is controlled by multiple genes. It is possible for recessive genes to re-emerge in later generations. Also, there can sometimes be unexpected pigmentation effects to different parts of the body. Pigmentation effects appear in regard to yellow Labradors, and sometimes chocolate, and hence the majority of this section covers pigmentation within the yellow Labrador. The most common places where pigmentation is visible are the nose, lips, gums, feet, tail, and the rims of the eyes, which may be black, brown, light yellow-brown ("liver", caused by having two genes for chocolate),[21] or several other colours. A Labrador can carry genes for a different colour; for example, a black Labrador can carry recessive chocolate and yellow genes, and a yellow Labrador can carry recessive genes for the other two colours. DNA testing can reveal some aspects of these. Less common pigmentations (other than pink) are a fault, not a disqualification, and hence such dogs are still permitted to be shown.[21]

The intensity of black pigment on yellow Labradors is controlled by a separate gene independent of the fur colouring.[21] Yellow Labradors usually have black noses, which may gradually turn pink with age (called "snow nose" or "winter nose"). This is due to a reduction in the enzyme tyrosinase which indirectly controls the production of melanin, a dark colouring. Tyrosinase is temperature dependent—hence light colouration can be seasonal, due to cold weather—and is less produced with increasing age from 2 years old onwards. As a result, the nose colour of most yellow Labradors becomes a somewhat pink shade as they grow older.[21]

A colouration known as "Dudley" is also possible. Dudleys are variously defined as yellow Labradors which have unpigmented (pink) noses (LRC), yellow with liver/chocolate pigmentation (AKC), or "flesh coloured" in addition to having the same colour around the rims of the eye, rather than having black or dark brown pigmentation.[5][21] A yellow Labrador with brown or chocolate pigmentation, for example, a brown or chocolate nose, is not necessarily a Dudley, though according to the AKC's current standard it would be if it has chocolate rims around the eyes (or more accurately of the genotype eebb). Breed standards for Labradors considers a true Dudley to be a disqualifying feature in a conformation show Lab, such as one with a thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment along with flesh coloured rims around the eyes. True Dudleys are extremely rare.[21][22] Breeding in order to correct pigmentation often lacks dependability. Because colour is determined by many genes, some of which are recessive, crossbreeding a pigmentation non-standard yellow Labrador to a black Labrador may not correct the matter or prevent future generations carrying the same recessive genes. For similar reasons, crossbreeding chocolate to yellow Labradors is also often avoided.

Show and field lines
Head and muzzle appearance: field (left), and show (right), showing the shorter muzzle length, more solid appearance head, and "pronounced" stop of the latter

As a result of specialised breeding there are significant differences between field and trial-bred and show-bred lines of Labradors. In the United States, the former are sometimes mistakenly referred to as "American" and the latter as "English", in fact both field and show types are bred in both countries and all Labrador Retrievers are descended from British lines.[23] In the United Kingdom, they are called "Working" and "Show". Dogs bred for hunting and field-trial work are selected first for working ability, where dogs bred to compete in conformation shows are selected for their conformation to the standards and characteristics sought by judges in the show ring.

While individual dogs may vary, in general show-bred Labradors are heavier built, slightly shorter-bodied, and have a thicker coat and tail. Field Labradors are generally longer-legged, lighter, and more lithe in build, making them agile. In the head, show Labradors tend to have broader heads, better defined stops, and more powerful necks, while field Labradors have lighter and slightly narrower heads with longer muzzles.[24][25] Field-bred Labradors are commonly higher energy and more high-strung compared to the Labrador bred for conformation showing while conformation breeds are calmer in energy, and as a consequence Field-bred may be more suited to working relationships than being a "family pet".[24][25] Some breeders, especially those specialising in the field type, feel that breed shows do not adequately recognise their type of dog, leading to occasional debate regarding officially splitting the breed into subtypes.[26]

In the United States, the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Labrador's breed club have set the breed standard to accommodate the field-bred Labrador somewhat. For instance, the AKC withers-height standards allow conformation dogs to be slightly taller than the equivalent British standard.[27] However, dual champions, or dogs that excel in both the field and the show ring, are becoming more unusual.[28]

Temperament
Labradors are known as intelligent and suitable for a variety of working roles, such as this dog trained to detect signs of arson.
Labradors are known to have a very soft feel to the mouth, and were bred to retrieve game

The AKC describes the Labrador's temperament as a kind, pleasant, outgoing and tractable nature.[13] Labradors' sense of smell allows them to home in on almost any scent and follow the path of its origin. They generally stay on the scent until they find it. Navies, military forces and police forces use them as detection dogs to track down smugglers, thieves, terrorists and black marketers. They are known to have a very soft feel to the mouth as a result of being bred to retrieve game such as waterfowl. They are prone to chewing objects (though they can be trained to abandon this behaviour).

Labradors have a reputation as a very even-tempered breed and an excellent family dog.[13] This includes a good reputation with children of all ages and other animals.[5] Some lines, particularly those that have continued to be bred specifically for their skills at working in the field (rather than for their appearance), are particularly fast and athletic. Their fun-loving boisterousness and lack of fear may require training and intelligent handling at times to ensure it does not get out of hand—an uncontrolled adult can be quite problematic. Females may be slightly more independent than males.[5] Labradors mature at around three years of age; before this time they can have a significant degree of puppy-like energy, often mislabelled as being hyperactive.[5] Because of their enthusiasm, leash-training early on is suggested to prevent pulling when full-grown.[29] Labradors often enjoy retrieving a ball endlessly (often obsessively) and other forms of activity (such as agility, frisbee, or flyball).

A Labrador participating in dog agility

Although they will sometimes bark at noise, especially noise from an unseen source ("alarm barking"), Labradors are usually not noisy[5] or territorial. They are often very easygoing and trusting with strangers and therefore are not usually suitable as guard dogs.[5]

Labradors as a breed are curious and exploratory and love company, following both people and interesting scents for food, attention, and novelty value. In this way, they can often "vanish" or otherwise become separated from their owners with little fanfare.[30] As a breed, they are highly intelligent and capable of intense single-mindedness and focus if motivated or their interest is caught. Therefore, with the right conditions and stimuli, a bored Labrador could "turn into an escape artist par excellence".[5][31][32] Many dogs are also stolen.[33] Because of their curious nature and ability to "vanish," along with the risk of being stolen, a number of dog clubs and rescue organisations (including the UK's Kennel Club) consider it good practice that Labradors be microchipped, with the owner's name and address also on their collar and tags.[30][34]

The steady temperament of Labradors and their ability to learn make them an ideal breed for search and rescue, detection, and therapy work. They are a very intelligent breed. They are ranked No. 7 in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, making it one of the brightest dogs out of 138 breeds tested. The AKC describes the breed as an ideal family and sporting dog. Their primary working role in the field continues to be that of a hunting retriever.

Use as working dogs

Labradors are an intelligent breed with a good work ethic and generally good temperaments. Common working roles for Labradors include: hunting, tracking and detection (they have a great sense of smell which helps when working in these areas), disabled-assistance, carting, and therapy work.[35] Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in Canada are Labradors; other common breeds are Golden Retrievers and German Shepherds.[36] Labrador Retrievers have proven to have a high success rate at becoming guide dogs. A study was recently done on how well four different breeds (Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix, and German Shepherds) trained to become guide dogs. In this experiment, German Shepherds had the highest chance of not completing it. Labrador Retrievers and Labrador Retriever/Golden Retriever Mix had the highest success rate. However, German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers had a higher success rate after going through longer training than the training required for Labrador Retrievers.[37][38]

Labradors are noted for their ability to tolerate cold water

Labradors are powerful and indefatigable swimmers noted for their ability to tolerate the coldest of water for extended periods of time. Their ability to work quietly alongside hunters while watching for birds to fall from the sky, marking where they land, and then using their outstanding nose to find and retrieve dead or wounded birds has made them the king of waterfowl retrievers.[39] They are also used for pointing and flushing and make excellent upland game hunting partners.[40]

The high intelligence, initiative and self-direction of Labradors in working roles is exemplified by dogs such as Endal, who was trained to, if need be, put his wheelchair-bound human in the recovery position, cover him with a blanket, and activate an emergency phone.[41] A number of Labradors have also been taught to assist their owner in removing money and credit cards from ATMs with prior training.[42]

The breed is used in water rescue/lifesaving. It continues in that role today, along with the Leonberger, Newfoundland and Golden Retriever dogs; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard.[43]

Health
Many dogs, including Labs such as this eight-year-old, show distinct whitening of the coat as they grow older; especially around the muzzle.

In 2014, the UK breed survey reported an average lifespan for the Labrador Retriever of 12 years and 3 months, with some living up to 19 years of age.[44] Labrador pups generally are not brought to the home before they are 8 weeks old.[45]

It is a healthy breed with relatively few major problems. Notable issues related to health and well-being include inherited disorders and obesity (most are missing all or parts of the POMC gene).

A Royal Veterinary College study, and one conducted by The University of Sydney, have concluded that Chocolate Labradors have a shorter average life expectancy than other colours of Labrador (by about 10%) and are more likely to suffer some health problems.[46] It is thought that this is due to breeder's attempts to increase their numbers through selective coat colour breeding at the expense of other important health traits. The brown coat colour is naturally rare (compared to yellow and black), and it has been fashionable since the 1980s. This has created a demand for larger numbers.

Inherited disorders
  • Labradors are somewhat prone to hip and elbow dysplasia,[47] especially the larger dogs,[48] though not as much as some other breeds.[49] Hip scores are recommended before breeding and often joint supplements are recommended.
  • Labradors also suffer from the risk of knee problems. A luxating patella is a common occurrence in the knee where the knee dislocates and goes back into place.
  • Eye problems are also possible in some Labradors, particularly progressive retinal atrophy, cataracts,[50] corneal dystrophy[47] and retinal dysplasia. Dogs which are intended to be bred should be examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist for an eye score.
  • Hereditary myopathy, a rare inherited disorder that causes a deficiency in type II muscle fibre. Symptoms include a short stilted gait or "bunny hopping," and in rare cases ventroflexion of the neck accompanied by a kyphotic posture.[51]
  • There is a small incidence of other conditions, such as autoimmune diseases and deafness in Labradors, either congenitally or later in life.[10]
  • Labradors can suffer from exercise induced collapse, a syndrome that causes hyperthermia, weakness, collapse, and disorientation after short bouts of exercise.[52][53]
  • Out of all dog breeds it is the Labrador Retriever that is most likely to become obese. This obesity has been attributed to a specific gene mutation.[54] See the Obesity subsection below.

Obesity

Labradors like to eat, and they can become obese without proper exercise. Laziness can contribute to this. Obesity is a serious condition and can be considered the number one nutritional problem with dogs. A study shows that at least 25% of dogs in the United States are overweight.[55] Therefore, Labradors must be properly exercised and stimulated. A healthy Labrador can do swimming wind sprints for two hours, and should keep a very slight hourglass waist and be fit and light, rather than fat or heavy-set. Obesity can exacerbate conditions such as hip dysplasia and joint problems, and can lead to secondary diseases. Osteoarthritis is very common in older, especially overweight, Labradors. A 14-year study covering 48 dogs by food manufacturer Purina showed that Labradors fed to maintain a lean body shape outlived those fed freely by around two years, emphasising the importance of not over-feeding. Labradors should be walked twice a day for at least half an hour.[56]

It has been shown that the Labrador Retriever is the most likely dog breed to be obese.[57] In a 2016 published study, it was shown that out of 310 Labradors, most were missing all or parts of the POMC gene. This gene plays a part in appetite regulation as well as indication of the amount of one's stored fat. The study concluded that the absence of that gene had a significant impact on Labrador weight and appetite.[54][57] This POMC gene mutation is present in only one other breed – the Flat-Coated Retriever.[54]

Appearance around the world

In the United States, the breed gained wider recognition following a 1928 American Kennel Gazette article, "Meet the Labrador Retriever". Before this time, the AKC had only registered 23 Labradors in the country,[8] in part because US and UK hunting styles had different requirements.[58] Labradors acquired popularity as hunting dogs during the 1920s and especially after World War II, as they gained recognition as combining some of the best traits of the two favourite United States breeds as both game finders and water dogs.[58]

Outside North America and Western Europe, the Labrador arrived later. For example, the Russian Retriever Club traces the arrival of Labradors to the late 1960s, as household pets of diplomats and others in the foreign ministry.[59] The establishment of the breed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (former USSR) was initially hindered by the relatively small numbers of Labradors and great distances involved, leading to difficulty establishing breedings and bloodlines;[59] at the start of the 1980s, home-born dogs were still regularly supplemented by further imports from overseas.[59] Difficulties such as these initially led to Labradors being tacitly cross-bred to other types of retriever.[59] In the 1990s, improved access to overseas shows and bloodlines is said to have helped this situation become regularised.[59]

Demography
Main article: List of most popular dog breeds
A Labrador demonstrating the renowned friendliness and prosocial behavior that makes the breed so popular.
Labradors are the most popular dog breed in many countries around the world, including the United States.

The Labrador is an exceptionally popular dog. For example, as of 2006:

  • Widely considered the most popular breed in the world.[60][61]
  • Most popular dog by ownership in Australia,[62] Canada,[63] Israel,[64] New Zealand[65] United Kingdom,[66] and United States (since 1991),[67][68]
  • In both the United Kingdom and the United States, there are well over twice as many Labradors registered as the next most popular breed.[66][67] If the comparison is limited to dog breeds of a similar size, then there are around 3–5 times as many Labradors registered in both countries as the next most popular breeds, the German Shepherd Dog and Golden Retriever.[66][67]
  • Most popular breed of assistance dog in the United States, Australia and many other countries,[69] as well as being widely used by police and other official bodies for their detection and working abilities. Approximately 60–70% of all guide dogs in the United States are Labradors (see below).[36]
  • Seven out of 13 of the Australian National Kennel Council "Outstanding Gundogs" Hall of Fame appointees are Labradors (list covers 2000–2005).[70]

There is no global registry of Labradors, nor is there detailed information on numbers of Labradors living in each country. As of 2005, the five countries with the largest numbers of Labrador registrations are the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Sweden and Finland.[71][72]

OFA statistics suggest that yellow and black Labradors are registered in very similar numbers (yellow slightly more than black); chocolate in lesser numbers.[71][72]

Note: The number of registrations is not necessarily the same as the number of living dogs at any given time.

US military working dogs (war dogs): Labrador Retrievers in the Vietnam war
Labradors were selected by the military for tracking because of their distinct olfactory qualities.

The Vietnam War is the only war in American history in which US war dogs, which were officially classified by the military as "military working dogs," were not allowed to officially return home after the war.[73] Classified as expendable equipment, of the approximate 4,000 US K-9s deployed to the Vietnam War, it is estimated that only about 200 US war dogs survived Vietnam to be put into service at other outposts stationed overseas.[74] Aside from these 200 or so, the remaining canines who were not killed in action were either euthanised or left behind.[75]

The predominate canine selected by the US military during the Vietnam War was the German Shepherd Dog, which was used in the roles of guide Dogs, Sentry Dogs, Mine Detection Dogs, and the US Navy used Water Dogs to detect enemy under water divers in South Vietnam. The Labrador Retriever was the military's choice for their Combat Tracker Teams (CTTs). Combat Tracker Teams consisted of one Labrador and four[76] or five[77] men: the handler, an observer, one or two cover men, and the team leader.[77][78] Labradors were selected by the military for tracking because of their distinct smelling qualities, and were used to locate wounded US servicemen, enemy patrols, and downed allied airmen in Vietnam. The US Army Labrador Retrievers received their combat training at the British Army's Jungle Warfare School in Malaysia.[76]

Of the over 4,000 US war dogs serving in the Vietnam War, 232 were killed in action,[79] and 295 US servicemen deployed as "dog handlers" were killed in action.[80] Dog handler Robert W. Hartsock was awarded the Medal of Honor. Six Labrador Retrievers were killed in action while assigned to the 62nd and 63rd US Army Combat Tracking Teams.[81] During the course of the war the US Army lost 204 dogs, while the US Marine Corps and US Air Force lost 13 and 15 dogs, respectively.

In November 2000, President Bill Clinton signed into law an amendment that allowed retired US military working dogs (war dogs) to be adopted by personnel outside of the military, leaving the Vietnam War as the only war in US history in which American war dogs never returned home.[74][82]

Famous Labradors
Endal wearing his PDSA Gold Medal. Endal, during a 2001 emergency, saved a man, retrieved his mobile phone from beneath the car, fetched a blanket and covered him, and then ran to a nearby hotel to obtain help.[83]

As both the most popular breed by registered ownership and also the most popular breed for assistance dogs in several countries, there have been many notable and famous Labradors since the breed was recognised.

A selection of a few of the most famous labradors within various categories includes:

Assistance dogs
  • Endal, a service dog[84] in Britain. Among other distinctions, "the most decorated dog in the world" (including "Dog of the Millennium"[85] and the PDSA's Gold Medal for Animal Gallantry and Devotion to Duty),[86] the first dog to ride on the London Eye and the first dog known to work a 'chip and pin' ATM card. By Endal's death in March 2009, he and his owner/handler Allen Parton had been filmed almost 350 times by crews from several countries, and a film of a year in Endal's life was in production.[87][88]
  • Sully, served with former US President George H. W. Bush during the last six months of his life; noted for his role during the president's funeral. A form of Parkinson's disease confined the former president to a wheelchair or motorised scooter in the final years of his life. Among the services that Sully was able to perform for Bush were retrieving dropped items, opening and closing doors, pushing an emergency button and supporting him when standing. [89]

Police, military, rescue and detection dogs
Jake and Mary Flood, his handler

Pets

See also

References
  1. "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". Akc.org. 4 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  2. Barmore, Laura. "History of the Lab". Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
  3. Article written for The Field, 30 May 1896, 'Labrador Dogs', by John S Kerss
  4. "The Buccleuch Labrador". The Buccleuch Estates Limited. 2003. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  5. Miller, Liza Lee; Cindy Tittle Moore (7 January 2004). "FAQ Labrador Retrievers". Puget Sound Labrador Rescue. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  6. Holland-Hibert, A. (1903). "Ch.XXX - The Labrador". In Drury, William D. (ed.). British dogs, their points, selection, and show preparation (3 ed.). Upcot Gill. pp. 356–358.
  7. Hawker, Peter (1846). "Dogs". Introductions to Young Sportsman in all that relates to Guns and Shooting (5 ed.). Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 245.
  8. Labrador Origins and Timeline – Lorken Farms Labradors website Archived 12 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  9. "Labrador Retriever Breed Standard". American Kennel Club. 31 March 1994. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  10. "Sporting breeds: Labrador Retriever." animalforum.com. (c) 1998–2007. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  11. Retriever (Labrador) Breed Standard Archived 31 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. The Kennel Club.
  12. Labrador Retriever. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2020.
  13. "Get to Know the Labrador Retriever", 'The American Kennel Club', Retrieved 29 May 2014
  14. "Buyer beware". National Labrador Retriever Breed Council, Australia. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  15. Cathy Lambert. Getting to Know Labradors: A Guide to Choosing and Owning a Labrador Retriever. Animalinfo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-921537-04-2.
  16. "The Kennel Club". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
  17. "The Genetics of Brindle And Tan Point Labrador Retrievers". Labradornet. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  18. Davol, Pamela A. "B/b, E/e, and Beyond: A Detailed Examination of Coat colour Genetics in the Labrador Retriever". Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  19. Candille, Sophie I.; Kaelin, Christopher B.; Cattanach, Bruce M.; Yu, Bin; Thompson, Darren A.; Nix, Matthew A.; Kerns, Julie A.; Schmutz, Sheila M.; Millhauser, Glenn L.; Barsh, Gregory S. (2007). "A β-Defensin Mutation Causes Black Coat Colour in Domestic Dogs". Science. 318 (5855): 1418–23. doi:10.1126/science.1147880. PMC 2906624. PMID 17947548.
  20. Conant, E.K.; Juras, R.; Cothran, E.G. (2011). "Incidence of the mask phenotype M264V mutation in Labrador Retrievers". Research in Veterinary Science. 91 (3): e98–9. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.02.002. PMID 21353269.
  21. Wagner, Sharon; Laura Michaels. "Pigment in Yellow Labradors". Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  22. "Labrador Retriever Breed Standards Comparison Chart". Canada's Guide to Dogs Website. 14 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011.
  23. American Kennel Club, The Labrador Retriever Club, Inc. "American vs. English". Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  24. Davol, Pamela A. "THE LABRADOR RETRIEVER". Wing-N-Wave Labradors. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  25. Michaelsons, Laura. "English or American Labrador?". Woodhaven Labradors. Archived from the original on March 3, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  26. Wiest, Mary (2002). "Splitting the Breed" (PDF). Labrador Quarterly. 2.635 (3). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  27. "Breed Standard – The Labrador Retriever Club, Inc". Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  28. English, Geoffrey A. (6 December 2006). "Field vs. Show – What's the Difference?". Dog-training-talk.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  29. Davis/Diamond, Kathy. "Labrador Retriever Revelations". Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  30. "All About ID Tags." all-about-labradors.com. (c) 2006–2007. Retrieved on 18 September 2007.
  31. "Labrador Retriever FAQs". Labradors4rescue, Inc. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  32. "Lab Retrievers – An Obedient Family Dog, Inc". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  33. "'Lost' Dogs." The Dog Rescue Net. Last updated on 24 April 2006. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  34. "Rescue News." The Labrador Rescue Trust Limited. Summer 2006. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  35. Moore, Cindy. "Working Dogs". Archived from the original on September 13, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  36. Moore, Cindy Tittle. "Service Dogs". Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  37. Serpell, James (1995). The Domestic Dog: its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions With People. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41529-2.
  38. Ennik, Irma; Liinamo, Anna-Elisa; Leighton, Eldin; Van Arendonk, Johan (2006). "Suitability for field service in 4 breeds of guide dogs". Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research. 1 (2): 67–74. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2006.06.004.
  39. "The Hunting Dog – Duck-Hunting Dogs". Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  40. "Pointing Labrador". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  41. Blystone, Richard; Mallary Gelb (10 August 2000). "Assistance dogs are trained as partners for the disabled". CNN.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013.
  42. "thought this was Bark-lays bank". Metro. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
  43. Manetti, Francesco (23 August 2010). "Italian school teaches dogs to become lifeguards". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  44. "2014 Purebred Dog Health Survey" (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  45. Kern, Kerry V; Earle-Bridges, Michele (1995). Labrador retrievers : everything about purchase, care, nutrition, diseases, breeding, and behavior. Barron's. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8120-9018-5. Labrador retrievers Kerry V. Kern.
  46. "Chocolate Labradors have shorter lifespan than rest of the breed". VetCompassTM and the University of Sydney Study. Royal Veterinary College. 22 October 2018.
  47. "Labrador Retriever". Canine Inherited Disorders Database. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  48. Newton, C. D.; Nunamaker, D. M. (Eds.) "Textbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine." Published by the International Veterinary Information Service (Riser, Rhodes and Newton). p. 2.
  49. "Hip dysplasia statistics". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  50. Mitchell, P. "Canada's Guide to Dogs: Health Concerns for the Labrador Retriever". Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  51. Davol, Pamela A. "Skeletal muscle myopathy". Retrieved 14 September 2007.
  52. "Exercise Induced Collapse in Labrador Retrievers | Labrador Retriever Pictures, Articles & Forum". Just Labradors. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  53. Taylor, SM; Shmon, CL; Shelton, GD; Patterson, EE; Minor, K; Mickelson, JR (2008). "Exercise Induced Collapse of Labrador Retrievers: Survey results and preliminary investigation of heritability". J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 44 (6): 295–301. doi:10.5326/0440295. PMID 18981194.
  54. Freytas-tamura, Kimiko De (5 July 2016). "The Lab Results Are In: Genes Might Be to Blame for Retrievers' Obesity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  55. "Lean Labradors Retrievers Live Longer – Obesity, the number one nutritional problem in dogs". Justlabradors.com. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  56. "Purina Life Span Study". Purina Pet Institute. Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
  57. Raffan, Eleanor (10 May 2016). "A Deletion in the Canine POMC Gene Is Associated with Weight and Appetite in Obesity-Prone Labrador Retriever Dogs". Cell Metabolism. 23 (5): 893–900. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.012. PMC 4873617. PMID 27157046.
  58. Dollevoet, Lori. "Origins of Labrador Retrievers". Lorken Farms. Archived from the original on 26 April 2003. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  59. Teslenko, Olga. "History of Retrievers in Russia". The Russian Retriever Club. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  60. "The Right Breed". Stanley Coren, Puppy and Dog basics. 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2007. – Stanley Coren is a Professor of Psychology and author of many books on dogs and dog cognition.
  61. The Ultimate Labrador Retriever. Howell Book House. 18 April 2003. ASIN 0764526391.
  62. "National Registration Statistics". Australian National Kennel Council. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  63. "Labrador Retriever – breed description & information". Canada's Guide to Dogs/P. Mitchell. 21 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
  64. "Labrador most popular dog in Israel". Ynetnews. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 12 May 2009.
  65. "Most popular dog breeds in New Zealand". dogstuff.co.nz. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007. "The Labrador Retriever remains New Zealand's most popular dog...." – John Perfect, NZ Kennel Club President.
  66. "Registration statistics for all recognised dog breeds, 2005 and 2006". UK Kennel Club. 2006. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  67. "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. 2006. Archived from the original on September 9, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2007.
  68. Edwards, Jim (March 2007). "WSAVA Monthly News – March 2007". World Veterinary Association. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  69. Devantier, Alecia T; Turkington, Carol (2007). Extraordinary Jobs with Animals. Ferguson. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4381-1170-4. Labrador Retriever Most popular breed of assistance dog.
  70. "ANKC Hall of Fame". Australian National Kennel Council. Archived from the original on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  71. Lanternier, Thomas; Philippe Canal (2004–2005). "Database Statistics". Archived from the original on 29 July 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (A historic mirror of this page is available at )
  72. Vanderwyk, Jack (2004–2005). "Labrador Statistics". Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  73. Burnam p. XI
  74. Burnam p. XIV
  75. Jessica Ravitz, CNN. "CNN special report". Cnn.com. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  76. Burnam p. 278
  77. "The USARV Combat tracker team". combattrackerteam.org. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  78. Burnam pp. 277–278
  79. Burnam pp. 288–293
  80. Burnam pp. 281–288
  81. Burnam pp. 290–293
  82. Burnam pp. 270–271
  83. "Endal saving Gulf War veteran Allen Parton who was knocked out of his wheelchair by a speeding car". Milleniumdog.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  84. "Endal the super dog". Edition.cnn.com. 10 August 2000. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  85. "Hero dog to the rescue". Petersfield Herald. 4 June 2001. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. The pair have appeared on television all over the country demonstrating how specially trained dogs can help profoundly disabled people. This week, as they recovered from their ordeal at the Steep home of Canine Partners for Independence, the group who trained Endal, Allen praised his four legged companion: "We’ve given so many demonstrations on how Endal should go into action if I fall out of my wheelchair but last Thursday Endal did it for real" ... Endal was voted Dog of the Millennium by Dogs Today readers and Beta Pet Foods, Dog of the Year by the charities Pro Dogs and Pets As Therapy, and was the first ever winner of the Golden Bonio Award.
  86. "Endal, December 2006". Illinois Springer Spaniel Rescue. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  87. "TV crew making film of partners' year". K9 Perspective Magazine, Issue 27. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014.
  88. "Crufts 2006 eventful for Allen and Endal". K9 Perspective Magazine, Issue 27. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
  89. ‘Mission complete’: Sully, Bush’s service dog, stays at former president’s side for one last journey. (3 December 2018). The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/mission-complete-sully-bushs-service-dog-stays-at-former-presidents-side-for-one-last-journey/
  90. "Police Dogs Sniff for Pirated DVDs." ABC News. 10 May 2006. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  91. Blass, Evan. "DVD-sniffing dogs awarded medals, returning to NYC." Engadget. 20 August 2007. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  92. Chan, Sewell. "Fresh Off Malaysian Triumph, DVD-Sniffing Dogs Tackle New York." New York Times. 28 August 2007. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  93. Blass, Evan. "DVD pirates put out hits on Lucky and Flo the crime dogs." Engadget. 22 March 2007. Retrieved on 17 September 2007.
  94. "Australian Dog Returns Home After A Year in the Wilderness". www.defence.gov.au, Defence Media Release. Australian Department of Defence. 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  95. "Handler never gave up on lost army dog". ABC News. 12 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  96. Glagola, Nick (27 July 2007). "Jake, the Rescue Dog: An Impressive Life". NPR. NPR. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  97. "Life Saving" (PDF). Imperial War Museum London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
  98. "In pictures: Sadie the hero dog gets a medal". BBC. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  99. "Army dog killed in Afghanistan given posthumous medal". BBC News. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  100. "British army dog awarded bravery medal for work in Afghanistan". The Guardian. London. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  101. "Friend of Bill". People. 57 (2). 2002.

Bibliography
  • Burnam, John C. MSG Retired. A Soldier's Best Friend; Scout Dogs and their Handlers in the Vietnam War. Sterling Publishing, NY, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4027-5447-0.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.