Leonberger

The Leonberger is a dog breed, whose name derives from the city of Leonberg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. According to legend, the Leonberger was ostensibly bred as a "symbolic dog" that would mimic the lion in the town coat of arms.

Leonberger
Common nicknamesLeo
OriginGermany
Traits
Height Dogs 72–80 cm (28–31 in)
Bitches 65–75 cm (26–30 in)
Coat Long and course with mane on neck and chest and feathering on extremities
Colour Yellow, red, reddish brown or sandy including all combinations in between, with a black mask
Kennel club standards
VDH standard
FCI standard
Dog (domestic dog)

Description

Appearance

This breed occurs with a generous double coat; the Leonberger is a large, muscular, and elegant dog with balanced body type, medium temperament, and dramatic presence. The head is adorned with a striking black mask and projects the breed's distinct expression of intelligence, pride, and kindliness. Remaining true to their early roots as a capable family and working dog and search and rescue dog (particularly water), the surprisingly agile Leonberger is sound and coordinated, with both strength in bearing and elegance in movement. A sexually dimorphic breed, the Leonberger possesses either a strongly masculine or elegantly feminine form, making gender immediately discernible.[1]:5

Size, proportion, and substance

Height at withers:

  • Male: 71–80 cm (28–31 in): average 75 cm (30 in) [1]:18[2]
  • Female: 65–75 cm (26–30 in): average 70 cm (28 in) [1]:18[2]

Weight:

Leonberger female
  • Males: 120–170 lb (54–77 kg): average 140–150 lb (64–68 kg)
  • Females: 100–135 lb (45–61 kg): average 115 lb (52 kg)

Capable of demanding work, the Leonberger is a dog of ample substance. Its frame is supported with well-muscled, medium to heavy bone in direct proportion to its size. A roomy chest is sufficiently broad and deep for the purpose of work. Seen in profile, the chest curves inward from the prosternum, tangentially joins at the elbow to its underline at 50% of the withers' height and then continues slightly upward toward the stifle.[2]

The head is well balanced in proportion to the size of the dog and is deeper than broad with the length of muzzle and the length of skull approximately equal. With close fitting eyelids, the eyes are set into the skull upon a slight oblique; the eyes are medium-sized, almond shaped, and colored dark brown. The ears are fleshy, moderately sized, and pendant shaped, with sufficient substance to hang close to the skull and drop the tip of the ears level with the inside corners of the mouth. The Leonberger's ears rise from halfway between the eye and the top of his skull to level with the top of his skull. Though level bites and slight anomalies not affecting the robustness of the lower jaw are common, the ideal Leonberger capably possesses a strong scissor bite with full dentition.[2]

Coat

Both a necessity for work and a defining attribute of the breed, the Leonberger has a water-resistant double coat on his body that is complemented by the shorter, fine hair on his muzzle and limbs. The long, profuse, outer coat is durable, relatively straight, lies flat, and fits close. A mature, masculine Leonberger exhibits a pronounced mane. Similarly, his tail is very well furnished from the tip to the base where it blends harmoniously with the breech's furnishings. Climate permitting, his undercoat is soft and dense. Apart from a neatening of the feet, the Leonberger is presented untrimmed.

Color
A female sand-colored Leonberger.

A variety of coat colors are acceptable, including all combinations of lion-yellow, red, red-brown, and sand.[2][3] Nose leather, foot pads and lips should always be black. Faulty colors include brown with brown nose leather, black and tan, black, white or silver and eyes without any brown. A small patch of white on the chest or toes is permitted.[4]

Temperament

First and foremost a family dog, the Leonberger's temperament is one of its most important and distinguishing characteristics. Well socialized and trained, the Leonberger is self-assured, insensitive to noise, submissive to family members, friendly toward children, well composed with passersby, and self-disciplined when obliging its family or property with protection. Robust, loyal, intelligent, playful, and kindly, they can thus be taken anywhere without difficulty and adjust easily to a variety of circumstances, including the introduction of other dogs.[1] Proper control and early socialization and training are essential, as this is a giant breed.

Health

Leonbergers are strong, generally healthy dogs.[5] Hip dysplasia, which devastates many large breeds,[6] is largely controlled because of the effort of many breeders who actively screen their Leonbergers using X-rays evaluated by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals and leave dysplastic specimens out of the gene pool, thereby reducing the risk of bone/joint problems.[7] For over 20 years, breeders belonging to the Leonberger Club of America, which issued pedigrees for the Leonberger breed in America, adhered to many aspects of the German breeding program, whereby member kennels may only choose to breed dogs that were certified as three generation free of hip dysplasia. As a likely result, the incidence of hip dysplasia in the breed was reduced to almost 10% and the occurrence of OFA-rated "Excellent" hips increased by over 60% in just 20 years.[7] Current incidence rates of hip dysplasia in Leonbergers are likely around 13%.[8] After 2010, when the Leonberger Club of America joined the American Kennel Club, the formerly strict breeding rules are no longer mandatory for all Leonbergers.

Though not common, Leonbergers do inherit and/or develop a number of diseases that range in their impact from mild to devastating. In addition to hip dysplasia, Leonbergers can inherit and/or develop heart problems, inherited Leonberger paralysis/polyneuropathy, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, osteochondrosis dissecans, allergies, digestive disorders, cataracts, entropion/ectropion eyelids, progressive retinal atrophy, perianal fistulas, and thyroid disorders.[9] Though rumors persist of Leonbergers being more sensitive to anesthesia than other breeds of dog, they are largely untrue.[7] Leonbergers, like other large breed dogs, require less dosage per pound of sedative than smaller breeds to yield the same effect.[10] The Leonberger Health Foundation, a private nonprofit foundation whose sole mission is to support major researchers who are seeking to identify genetic markers for serious diseases which affect the breed, is currently focusing on osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and Leonberger polyneuropathy.[11]

Longevity

Leonbergers in U.K. and U.S./Canada surveys had a median lifespan around 7 years, which is about 4 years less than the average purebred dog, but typical of similarly sized breeds.[12] About 20% of Leonbergers in the surveys lived to 10 years or more. The oldest dogs in both surveys died at about 13.[13][14] In France, the breed has a median lifespan of 8.75 years.[15]

Serious diseases can affect the Leonberger—certain types of cancers are very common in the breed. Gastric dilatation volvulus, commonly called bloat, is another serious condition that affects many of the large- and giant-breed dogs, particularly those with deep chests. It causes the stomach to twist and can be fatal quite quickly.[16] Adult Leonbergers should always be fed twice a day rather than one large meal to reduce the likelihood of bloat. Leonbergers are not alone in inheriting serious diseases, and according to the University of Sydney's LIDA taskforce, Leonbergers have relatively few health issues compared to other dog breeds.[17]

In a 2004 U.K. Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (45%), cardiac disease (11%), and "unknown" (8.5%).[13] In a 2000 U.S./Canada Leonberger Club of America survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (37%), old age (12%), cardiac disease (9%), and "sudden death" (8%).[14]

Studies have indicated problems with inherited polyneuropathy in certain populations of Leonbergers[18] and cataracts in dogs in the United Kingdom.[19] A study of "Leonberger polyneuropathy" was published in 2014.[20] Genetic testing is to be done through a protocol administered in North America by the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.[21] or Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland[22]

History

In the 1830s, Heinrich Essig, a dog breeder and seller and mayor of the town of Leonberg near Stuttgart in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, claimed to have created the Leonberger by crossing a female Landseer Newfoundland with a "barry" male from the Great St Bernard Hospice and Monastery (which would later create the Saint Bernard). Later, according to Essig, a Pyrenean Mountain Dog was added, resulting in very large dogs with the long, white coats that were the fashion for the time, and a pleasant temperament. The first dogs registered as Leonbergers were born in 1846 and had many of the prized qualities of the breeds from which they were derived.[1]:4 The popular legend is that it was bred to resemble the coat-of-arms animal of Leonberg, the lion.[23] The Leonberger dog became popular with several European royal households, including Napoleon II, Empress Elisabeth of Austria, the Prince of Wales, Otto Von Bismarck,[24] Emperor Napoleon III, and Umberto I of Italy. Essig's claim of breeding the dog as described is disputed. Records from as early as 1585 may indicate the existence of Leonberger-type dogs; documents dating from 1601 held by the Metternich family describe similar dogs used to deter the theft of livestock.[25] Either way, no doubt exists that Essig named and registered the breed first. A black-and-white engraving of the Leonberger was included in The Illustrated Book of the Dog by Vero Shaw (at p. 488) in 1881.[26] At the time, Essig's Leonbergers were denounced as an indifferent knockoff of a St. Bernard—not a stable and recognized breed—and a product of a popular fad or fashion for large and strong dogs, fomented in part by Essig's prodigious marketing skills (he gave dogs to the rich and famous).[26]

The modern look of the Leonberger, with darker coats and black masks, was developed during the latter part of the 20th century by reintroducing other breeds, such as the Newfoundland.[23] This was necessary because breeding stocks of the Leonberger were seriously affected by the two world wars. During World War I, most Leonbergers were left to fend for themselves as breeders fled or were killed. Reportedly, only five Leonbergers survived World War I[27] and were bred until World War II when, again, almost all Leonbergers were lost. During the two world wars, Leonbergers were used to pull the ammunition carts, a service to the breed's country that resulted in the Leonbergers' near-destruction.[28] Karl Stadelmann and Otto Josenhans are credited as the breed's saviors, bringing them back from almost extinction.[24] Leonbergers today can have their ancestry traced to the eight dogs that survived World War II.[27]

Traditionally, Leonbergers were kept as farm dogs and were much praised for their abilities in watchdog[29][30][31][32][33] and draft work. They were frequently seen pulling carts around the villages of Bavaria and surrounding districts.[1]:4 Around the beginning of the 20th century, Leonbergers were imported by the government of Canada for use as water rescue/lifesaving dogs.[34] The breed continues in that role today, along with the Newfoundland, Labrador Retriever, and Golden Retriever; they are used at the Italian School of Canine Lifeguard.[35] They have been used successfully as flock guard dogs.[36]

The Leonberger received American Kennel Club recognition as a member of the Working Group[37] on January 1, 2010, alongside the Icelandic Sheepdog and the Cane Corso. It was the 167th breed to be recognized by the AKC.[38]

Three Leonberger dogs[27] (one was a female, two were males) played the main character Buck in The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon (1997), a Canadian rendition of Jack London's The Call of the Wild which stars Rutger Hauer as John Thornton and is narrated by Richard Dreyfuss.[39] The breed used in this movie was not the one identified as Buck in the novel.

In The Equalizer, Robert McCall (Denzel Washington) visits his former CIA co-workers at their large Virginia home, which has two Leonbergers.

The breed has been featured on stamps from many countries.[40]

The Lifetime TV movie Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever features a Leonberger that becomes a victim of a kidnapping, co-starring with the famous Grumpy Cat.[41]

In The Secret of Moonacre, Wrolf is played by a Leonberger.

In Rammstein's "Deutschland" music video, a Leonberger is featured as a birth product of the Germania character.

In the story Murphy and the Great Surf Rescue in Gill Lewis' Puppy Academy series of children's books, Murphy is a Leonberger puppy whose special skill is swimming.[42]

See also

References
  1. Junehall, Petra Breed Standard: Leonberger, 08-tryck, 2005.
  2. "AKC meet the Breeds: Leonberger". American Kennel Club. 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  3. Gagne, Tammy. Huskies, mastiffs and other working dogs. Oxford: Raintree. p. 19. ISBN 9781474721004. OCLC 1063636111.
  4. UK Kennel Club. "Leonberger Breed Standard".
  5. Zieher, Waltraut (2002). "Summary of the 2000 Health Survey Findings". Leo Watch. Slaton, TX. 2 (1): 3.
  6. "Breed Average Hip Scores". British Veterinary Association. 1 January 2003. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  7. Townsend, Matthew di Sforzando (2006). "Hurray for OFA!". The LeoLetter. Seattle, WA: Allegra Print and Imaging. 22 (3): 85.
  8. Zieher, Waltraut (2002). "Summary of the 2000 Health Survey Findings". Leo Watch. Slaton, TX. 2 (1): 5.
  9. Zieher, Waltraut (2003). "Summary of the 2000 Health Survey Findings". Leo Watch. Slaton, TX. 3 (1): 2–11.
  10. Zieher, Waltraut (2003). "2000 Health Survey Findings". Leo Watch. Slaton, TX. 3 (1): 2.
  11. Isberg, Caroline (2009). "The Leonberger Health Foundation: Who Are These People? Why Should I Care?". The LeoLetter. Seattle, WA: Allegra Print and Imaging. 25 (4): 69.
  12. "How Long Will Your Dog Live". Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  13. "Purebred Dog Health Survey Results". Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004.
  14. Summary of the 2000 Health Mortality and Morbidity Survey Findings. Leonberger Club of America. LEO Watch Volume 2, Spring 2002. Archived from the original
  15. Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds" (PDF). The Veterinary Journal. 203 (1): 74–8. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID 25475165. mean=8.18 ± 3.1 median=8.75
  16. Health Archived 2009-09-29 at the Wayback Machine at LeonbergerClubofAmerica.com
  17. McGreevy, Dr. Paul. "LIDA". University of Sydney. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  18. Williams, John. "Polyneuropathy in Leonberger Dogs". Facebook.
  19. Barnett, Keith C.; Featherstone, Heidi J.; Heinrich, Christine L.; Lakhani, Ken H. (2006). "Cataract in the UK Leonberger population". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 9 (5): 350–356. doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2006.00460.x. PMID 16939464. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  20. Ekenstedt, Kari J.; Becker, Doreen; Minor, Katie M.; Shelton, G. Diane; Patterson, Edward E.; Bley, Tim; Oevermann, Anna; Bilzer, Thomas; Leeb, Tosso; Drögemüller, Cord; Mickelson, James R. (October 2, 2014). "An ARHGEF10 Deletion Is Highly Associated with a Juvenile-Onset Inherited Polyneuropathy in Leonberger and Saint Bernard Dogs". PLOS Genetics. 10 (10): e1004635. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004635. PMC 4183422. PMID 25275565.
  21. Bulanda, Susan (August 18, 2010). "Important research for Leonberger dogs, inherited polyneuropathy (IPN)". American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  22. Drögemüller, Cord (7 January 2014). "Genetic Testing for Inherited Polyneuropathies in Leonbergers 2.0" (PDF). Bern, Switzerland: Bern University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  23. Isberg, Caroline Bliss. "Leonberger Breed". Leonberger-Hunde.org.
  24. Maurer, David. "Best-of-breed winner represents lovable Leonbergers". NewsAdvance.com. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  25. Lusby, M (2005). The Leonberger. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59378-314-3.
  26. Shaw, Vero (1881). Leonberg Dog. The Illustrated Book of The Dog. Cassel, Petter, Galpin & Company. pp. 479–480, 488–494. Retrieved March 31, 2014. at Internet Archive
  27. "Leonberger Dogs". PetInsurance.com. Veterinary Pet Insurance Company. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  28. Lusby, Madeline (2005). Leonberger. Allenhurst, NJ, USA: Kennel Club Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59378-314-3.
  29. "Leonbergers At Work – Herding Training". Leonberger Club of Ontario. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  30. "Leonberger". Canada's Guide to Dogs. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  31. "Leonberger". Retrieved May 17, 2014.
  32. Landry, Jean-Marc (August 1999). "The use of guard dogs in the Swiss Alps: A first analysis" (PDF). KORA Bericht (2): 19. ISSN 1422-5123. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  33. "AKC proposed group realignment" (PDF). American Kennel Club. December 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
  34. Pfaumer, Sharon (July 1996). "The Leonberger, the golden-hearted lion dog". Dog World. USA: 14–22.
  35. Manetti, Francesco (August 23, 2010). "Italian school teaches dogs to become lifeguards". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  36. Dohner, Janet Vorwald (October 4, 2016). Farm Dogs: A Comprehensive Breed Guide to 93 Guardians, Herders, Terriers and other canine working partners. North Adams, MA: Storey Books. p. 300. ISBN 9781612125923. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
  37. "AKC Working Group". American Kennel Club. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  38. "AKC Welcomes the Cane Corso, Icelandic Sheepdog and Leonberger". June 10, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  39. "Leonberger Facts". AKC.org. American Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009.
  40. "Leonberger". animalstamps.com. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  41. Suhas, Maitri. "Grumpy Cat and A Million Dollar Dog?". Bustle. Retrieved 2019-03-01.
  42. Lewis, Gill; Horne, Sarah (July 7, 2016). Puppy Academy: Murphy and the Great Surf Rescue (Paperback). Puppy Academy: Puppies to the rescue!. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-273926-1. Suitable for: 5-7 boys and girls. Fans of Holly Webb and Andrew Cope's Spy Pups series

Further reading
  • "The Leonberger: A special supplement". The New Zealand Kennel Gazette. 36 (3). April 1996.
  • Bliss-Isberg, Caroline (February 1, 2017). The Leonberger: A Comprehensive Guide to the Lion King of Breeds. Sea Cliff, New York: Revodana Publishing. ISBN 978-1943824243.
  • Gustafson-Eskner, Margareta; Rogert, Ulrika (1996). Leonbergerboken (in Swedish).
  • Hancock, David (August 31, 2014). Dogs of the Shepherds: A Review of the Pastoral Breeds. Marlborough, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 9781847978097.
  • Kojima, Toyoharu (August 28, 2005). Legacy of the Dog: The Ultimate Illustrated Guide (Revised and Updated, 2nd ed.). Chronicle Books LLC. ISBN 9780811851138.
  • Kuntová, Daniela (1994). Leonberger (in Czech). 37. Komenshého, Czech Republic: Dona Press. p. 370. ISBN 978-80-900080-2-1.
  • Lusby, Madeline; Trafford, Michael (Photographer) (2005). Leonberger (Comprehensive Owners Guide (Hardcover). City: Kennel Club Books. ISBN 978-1-59378-314-3. EAN 9781593783143.
  • Muller, Ton (1994). Het houden van een Leonberger, een praktijkboek (in Dutch). The Netherlands. Archived from the original on February 3, 2002.
  • Perosino, Guido (1993). The Leonberger. Milano: Giovanni De Vecchi.
  • Pfaumer, Sharon. (July 1996) "The Leonberger, the golden-hearted lion dog." in Dog World (USA), pp. 14–22.
  • Rahmer, Larry. The History of the Leonberger in Great Britain.
  • Schmitt, Hannelie; Zerl, Gerhard (1996). Der Leonberger (in German) (revised ed.). Veriagsgesellschaft: Rudolf Muller, Koln-Braunsfeld.
  • Shaw, Vero (1881). Leonberg Dog. The Illustrated Book of The Dog. London, Paris, New York: Cassel, Petter, Galpin & Company. pp. 479–480, 488–494. Retrieved March 31, 2014. at Internet Archive
  • Stramer, Metha. The Dog of Leonberg: The History of a Dog Breed. Multilingual (English, German, French, Dutch) trilogy on the history of the Leonberger dog (1846-1948) (Independent Leo Gazette) ISBN 978-90-813426-1-2.
  • White, Angela (12 Feb 1998). The Leonberger: The World of Dogs ((Hardcover). Kingdom Books, Havant. pp. 208 pages. ISBN 978-1-85279-064-6.
  • Winslet, Kevin. The Complete Guide to Leonbergers. For Dogs Sake. ISBN 9781908793089.

World Wide Independent Database Foundationhttp://leonberger-database.com/index.html

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