Latin American diaspora

The Latin American diaspora refers to the dispersion of Latin Americans out of their homelands in Latin America and the communities subsequently established by them across the world.

Latin American diaspora

Total population
c. 650 million worldwide[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States	+50,000,000[2][3]
Philippines	+20,000,000[4]
Europe	+4,000,000[5]
Spain	2,858,020[6]
Canada	723,390[7]
Japan	+345,000[8]
France	325,000[9]
United Kingdom	245,000[10]
Portugal	~100,000[11]
Australia	93,795[12]
Netherlands	113.282[13]
Germany	206.094[14]
Sweden	75.491[15]
Italy	512.857[16]
Switzerland	89.868[17]

Latin American diaspora in Africa

Historically, Latin Americans have migrated to African countries over the course of colonization by Spain and in the aftermath of wars. Equatorial Guinea, whose official language is Spanish, experienced an influx of Spanish migrants as it was once a Spanish colony. Some Cuban soldiers who served in the Angolan Civil War stayed in Angola afterwards. Brazilians have moved to Angola and Mozambique, former Portuguese colonies, and modern officially Portuguese-speaking nations. Nigeria, the home of the Yoruba and Igbo cultures, experienced an influx of ex-slaves from Cuba and Brazil brought there as indentured servants during the 17th century, and again during the 19th century; Equatorial Guinea received Afro-Cuban slaves. In Equatorial Guinea, they became part of the Emancipados; in Nigeria, they were called Amaros. Despite being free to return to Cuba and Brazil when their tenure was over, they remained in these countries marrying into the local native population.

Latin American diaspora in Northern America

Canada and the United States are popular destinations for Latin American immigrants. The United States is home to 55 million Hispanic and Latino Americans, representing 16% of the US population. Meanwhile, Canada is home to over 300,000 Latino and Hispanic residents. (These numbers are majority descendants and minority immigrants)

Latin American diaspora in Canada

Latin American diaspora in the United States

Over 55 million Hispanic and Latino Americans are residents of the United States, representing 18.3% of the US population. Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans (Spanish: hispanos [isˈpanos], latinos) are American citizens who are descendants of immigrants from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America and the Iberian peninsula.[18][19][20] More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, whether of full or partial ancestry.[21][22][23][24] For the 2010 US census, the American Community Survey, "Hispanic" or "Latino" were those who identified as one of the specific Hispanic or Latino categories listed on the census or ACS questionnaire ("Mexican," "Puerto Rican," or "Cuban") as well as those who indicated that they were "other Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino." The peoples of countries considered as Hispanic or Latino American groups by the Census Bureau were the following: Spain, Argentina, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably.[25] The Census office of the United States excluded Brazilian Americans from the Hispanic and Latino American population (Brazil is part of Latin America, but Portuguese is the official language rather than Spanish).[26][27] Other US government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups.

Latin American diaspora in Europe

Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dates back to their independence from Spain and Portugal. Latin Americans in Europe are a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela.

Over 3 million Latin Americans lived in Europe, mostly in Spain, which has around 3.1 million people residents and/or citizens born in the Americas as of 2020. They represent over 6% of the population of Spain, yet less than 1% of the total population of the European Union. Portugal also has a sizable Brazilian population.

Latin Americans migrate to the European Union for the following reasons:

• Common language and cultural proximity to Spain and Portugal.
• Cultural ties to Italy as well due to historically massive Italian immigration to Latin America.
• Family ties both in Spain and other European countries which grant right to citizenship at origin.
• Favorable naturalization laws for all Hispanic Americans in Spain, regardless of ancestry.
• European countries commonly have multicultural societies and there is no feeling of Hispanophobia as observed in other countries.[28][29][30]
• Universities are tuition-free or significantly cheaper than other countries (like the United States).
• Study loans are widely available.

Latin American diaspora in Asia

Mexicans[31] and Peruvians[32] have immigrated to the Philippines since Spanish colonial rule. One in three inhabitants of the Filipino island of Luzon have partial Latino descent.[33] Furthermore, about 1.2 million citizens of Zamboanga City, Mindanao, speak Chavacano, a creole language based on Mexican-Spanish.[34]

Corroborating these Spanish era estimates, an anthropological study published in the Journal of Human Biology and researched by Matthew Go, using physical anthropology, concluded that 12.7% of Filipinos can be classified as Hispanic (Latin-American Mestizos or Malay-Spanish Mestizos), 7.3% as Indigenous American, African at 4.5% and European at 2.7%. Thus, as much as 20% of those sampled bodies, which were representative of the Philippines, translating to about 20 Million Filipinos, can be physically classified as Latin-American in appearance.[4]

The most significant Latino diaspora in Japan is Peruvian, followed by the Bolivian and Brazilian diaspora. Migration of South Americans to Japan was significant after the Second World War. Peruvian, Brazilian, and Bolivian settlers in Japan are largely, but not exclusively of Japanese blood; migration of Brazilian settlers to Japan represented the largest number of Portuguese speakers in Asia, greater than those of formerly Portuguese East Timor, Macau and Goa combined. Because of common language and cultural proximity, a number of Brazilians settled Macau, others in East Timor and Goa.

Latin countries	Immigrants to Japan
Peru	57,464
Colombia	37,500
Bolivia	6,094
Paraguay	2,240
Mexico	1,995

Latin American diaspora in Oceania

Chile, Colombia and El Salvador have significant diasporas in Australia.[35]

Country	Immigrants in Australia
Chile	26 204
Colombia	21 000
El Salvador	10 563

The most significant Latin American diasporas in New Zealand are Brazilian, Chileans, Argentinians, Colombians, Mexicans, Uruguayans, Venezuelans, and Bolivians.[36][37]

Latino Country	Immigrants in New Zealand
Brazil	3,588
Chile	2,409
Argentina	1,701
Colombia	1,155
Mexico	741
Uruguay	447
Venezuela	150
Bolivia	153

The Latin American diaspora in Easter Island is Chilean, 39% of Easter Islander population were mainland Chileans (or their Easter Island-born descendants) or mestizos (primarily indigenous Chilean blood with little European mixtures, or their Easter Island-born descendants) and Easter Island-born mestizos of Chilean and Rapa Nui and/or native Chilean descent, and the remaining 1% were indigenous mainland native Chileans (or their Easter Island-born descendants).

Emigrant Policies

The countries of Latin America seek to strengthen links between migrants and their states of origin, while promoting their integration in the receiving state. These Emigrant Policies focus on the rights, obligations and opportunities for participation of emigrated citizens who already live outside the borders of their country of origin. Citizens' rights are the most important policy area, followed by social policies that expand welfare functions beyond state borders. Research on Latin America shows that the extension of policies towards migrants is linked to a focus on civil rights and state benefits that can positively influence integration in recipient countries. Some states actively help their emigrated citizens to integrate into local society. Such policies can reduce the cost of integration for emigrants - and provide untapped potential for cooperation between countries of origin and destination. In addition, the tolerance of dual citizenship has spread more in Latin America than in any other region of the world.[38]

See also

• Latin Americans
• Latin American culture
• Migration from Latin America to Europe

References

1. Based on recent estimates, as of 2010. Sources by country: Argentina "Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015" (PDF). Gustavo Pérez (in Spanish). INDEC. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2008.; Australia Australian Bureau of Statistics 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia; Bolivia "Bolivia". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2010.; Brazil Brazil 2009 Estimate IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2 January 2010; Canada 2006 census"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 10 May 2008.; Colombia "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística". Dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2017.; Costa Rica "Costa Rica". CIA The World Factbook.; Cuba Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2008. Edición 2009 Archived 16 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on May 19, 2010; Dominican Republic "Presidencia de la República; Generalidades". Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2009.; Ecuador Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); El Salvador"UNdata El Salvador". UN. 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2010.; Guatemala"Demographic Information 2010". INE. 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2010.; Mexico "INEGI Datos oficiales censo de población 2010". INEGI. 12 June 2010. Archived from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2010.; Paraguay Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 12 March 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Peru Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) del PerúINEI. Retrieved on June 10, 2010; Portugal POPULAÇÃO ESTRANGEIRA EM TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL, SERVIÇO DE ESTRANGEIROS E FRONTEIRAS 2008; Spain INE, Revisión del Padrón municipal 2007. Datos a nivel nacional, comunidad autónoma y provincia. (in Spanish); INE, Notas de Prensa 2008 (in Spanish); Uruguay Central Intelligence Agency. "Uruguay". The World Factbook. Retrieved 5 January 2010.; USA (Self-identified ethnicity rather than birthplace) "Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2007" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Retrieved 13 April 2009.; "United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Brazilian (360-364))". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
2. (Self-identified ethnicity rather than birthplace) "Detailed Hispanic Origin: 2007" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
3. "United States - Selected Population Profile in the United States (Brazilian (360-364))". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
4. An Inter-University Study published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology concluded that the bodies curated by the University of the Philippines, representing the country, showed the percentage of the population that's phenotypically classified as Hispanic is 12.7%, while that of Indigenous American is 7.3%. Thus totaling to 20% of the sample representative of the Philippines as Latino in physical appearance.Go, Matthew (2019). "Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1". Human Biology. University of Florida Press. 2 (4): 1–11. doi:10.5744/fa.2019.1005. Retrieved 13 September 2020. [Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.
5. , Eurostat Eurostat Database (Data -> Population Consensus)
6. , Spanish National Statistics Institute 2019 (Spanish)
7. 2006 census"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
8. "Registered Foreigners in Japan by Nationality" (PDF). Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2005. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
9. "Francia - Emigrantes totales". Retrieved 31 October 2019.
10. "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2018 to December 2018". Office for National Statistics. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2019. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
11. POPULAÇÃO ESTRANGEIRA EM TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL, SERVIÇO DE ESTRANGEIROS E FRONTEIRAS 2008;
12. "Redirect to Census data page". abs.gov.au. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
13. "Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (in Dutch). 1 January 2019.CS1 maint: date and year (link)
14. "Alemania - Emigrantes totales". Retrieved 20 June 2019.
15. Eurostat Database (Data -> Population Consensus) https://ec.europa.eu/CensusHub2/query.do?step=selectHyperCube&qhc=false
16. Eurostat Database (Data -> Population Consensus) https://ec.europa.eu/CensusHub2/query.do?step=selectHyperCube&qhc=false
17. Eurostat Database (Data -> Population Consensus) https://ec.europa.eu/CensusHub2/query.do?step=selectHyperCube&qhc=false
18. Luis Fraga; John A. Garcia (2010). Latino Lives in America: Making It Home. Temple University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4399-0050-5.
19. Nancy L. Fisher (1996). Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: A Guide for Genetics Professionals. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-5346-3.
20. Robert H. Holden; Rina Villars (2012). Contemporary Latin America: 1970 to the Present. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-118-27487-3.
21. "49 CFR Part 26". Retrieved 22 October 2012. 'Hispanic Americans,' which includes persons of Mexican-, Puerto Rican-, Cuban, Dominican-, Central or South American, or other Spanish, culture or origin, regardless of race;
22. "US Small Business Administration 8(a) Program Standard Operating Procedure" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2012. SBA has defined 'Hispanic American' as an individual whose ancestry and culture are rooted in South America, Central America, Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, or the Iberian Peninsula, including Spain and Portugal.
23. Humes, Karen R.; Jones, Nicholas A.; Ramirez, Roberto R. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. "Hispanic or Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin regardless of race.
24. "American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
25. "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY Universe: Total population, 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2015. This page of the US Census bureau is about the reported ethnicities of United States in 2014. The page indicates the number of American people (or residents in United States) identifying as of different national origins.
26. US Census Bureau 2014 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN Archived 12 February 2020 at Archive.today retrieved October 18, 2015. Number of people of Hispanic and Latino Origin by specific origin(except people of Brazilian origin).
27. "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY Universe: Total population, 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2015. This page of the US Census bureau is about the reported ethnicities of United States in 2014. The page indicates the number of American people (or residents in United States) identifying as of different national origins. The page included the people from Brazil but excluded the people who indicated origins classified by the Census Bureau as "Hispanic or Latino".
28. "The Hispanophobia of the Official English movement in the US." A.C. Zentella. International journal of the sociology of language 1997, no 127 (1 p.1/4), pp. 71-86
29. " Biological categories and border controls: the revival of eugenics in anti-immigration rhetoric." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Volume 18, Number 56, 1998 , pp. 35-63(29) Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
30. "Officials: Radio host's call to kill border crossers dangerous." Associated Press ©2006. Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
31. Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies) ("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians (Native Americans). There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")
32. "Second Book of the Second Part of the Conquests of the Filipinas Islands, and Chronicle of the Religious of Our Father, St. Augustine" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
33. Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes
34. Spanish creole: Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55
35. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdf
36. Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia
37. 1. – Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia
38. Pedroza, L., Palop, P. & Hoffmann, B. (2016). Emigrant Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Santiago de Chile: FLACSO-Chile. https://www.giga-hamburg.de/sites/default/files/md_pdf/emigrant-policies-LatinAmerica-and-theCaribbean.pdf