List of active coal-fired power stations in Turkey

As of 2020, there are 47 coal-fired power stations in Turkey which generate to the grid a third of the nation's electricity.[note 1][note 2] Coal-fired power stations emit over 1 kg of carbon dioxide for every kilowatt hour generated,[5] over twice that of gas-fired power stations, and are the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey.[note 3] The stations' total capacity is 20 gigawatts (GW).[7] The older power stations emit local air pollution.[8] With a few exceptions stations smaller than 200 MW provide both electricity and heat, often to factories, whereas almost all those larger than 200 MW just generate electricity.

Yeniköy (pictured), Yatağan and Kemerköy have made Muğla a sulfur dioxide hotspot of air pollution in Turkey.[1][2]

Lignite (brown coal) is mined locally, whereas almost all hardcoal (anthracite and bituminous coal) is imported; 69 and 22 million tonnes respectively in 2019.[9][10] To minimize transport costs, power stations burning imported coal are usually located on the coast: there are clusters in Çanakkale and Zonguldak provinces and around Iskenderun Bay, and 31.7 million tonnes of thermal coal was imported in 2019.[11] Those burning lignite tend to be near local coalmines, such as Elbistan, because Turkish lignite's calorific value is less than 12.5 MJ/kg (and Afsin Elbistan lignite less than 5 MJ/kg, which is a quarter of typical thermal coal[12]) so is not worth transporting. Lignite-burning power stations have priority over other types of generation,[13] and in 2019 large lignite-burning stations were subsidized with capacity payments totalling almost 1 billion lira (almost 150 million USD).[14][2] A 2020 study estimated that fitting carbon capture and storage to a power station burning Turkish lignite would increase the cost of its electricity by over 50%.[15]

A 1996 court order to shut 3 polluting power stations was not enforced.[16] Five 20th century power stations were shut down at the end of 2019 because they did not meet new pollution limits,[17] but they were all re-licensed after improvements in 2020.[18][19] The effectiveness of the improvements is being questioned.[20][21][22] Despite overcapacity and abundant sun and wind,[23] Emba Hunutlu is under construction.[24] Unlike neighbouring Greece, which is closing down all its lignite-fired power stations,[25] Turkey has approved building Afşin-Elbistan C,[26] which at over 5 kg of CO2 per kWh generated would be less carbon efficient than any power station on the list of least carbon efficient power stations,[note 4] and at 60 million tonnes a year the largest point source in the world.[28] The Turkey Wealth Fund, the country's sovereign wealth fund, is financing it because, it says, the country needs to maintain energy security by reducing fossil fuel imports.[29] The fund aims to pay dividends to the government,[29] but according to Carbon Tracker, a think tank, new coal power will lose money.[30] Yunus Emre power station was completed in 2020[31] but has not generated any power to the grid. The Energy Ministry wants to fully utilize not just renewable energy in Turkey, but also other local energy resources to support the country's development and to reduce dependence on energy imports.[32]

The main opposition Republican People's Party says temporary licenses for 2020 for older power stations which exceed sulfur dioxide pollution limits are illegal,[33] and Greenpeace has applied to the government for them to be shut down as a health risk.[18] Larger power stations must measure local pollutants vented into the atmosphere from the smokestack and report them to the Environment Ministry but, unlike the EU, they are not required to publish the data.[19] Because lignite quality varies greatly, to estimate the carbon dioxide emissions from a particular power station, the net calorific value of the lignite it burnt must be reported but is not required to be published.[34] So, unlike some other countries,[35] public information on the carbon-dioxide emissions of individual power stations may not be available until space-based measurements of carbon dioxide become more precise perhaps by GOSAT-GW in 2023 or Sentinel-7 (CO2M) possibly in 2025.[36][37] Much of the operational fleet was built in the 21st century. The oversupply of generating capacity, and drop in demand in 2020 may create financial problems for power station operators,[38] as a quarter of power stations are estimated to be cashflow negative[39] and US$ 5 billion owed by 7 plants using local coal is at high risk of default.[40] Moreover the price of natural gas fell in 2020,[41] making Turkey's already existing gas-fired power stations more competitive,[42] so new coal-fired power stations may not in fact be completed,[43] due to public opposition,[44] and the risk of becoming stranded assets.[45] Analyst Ramez Naam forecast in 2020 that for medium cost locations new solar will be cheaper than operating existing fossil fuel plants by 2030.[46]

Active coal-fired power stations in Turkey

All coal-fired power stations which sent power to the grid in 2020 are listed below. In 2018 there were 300 MW of unlicensed thermal power stations (a licence is not required if no power is sent to the grid) but it is not known whether any of them were coal-fired.[47][48][49]

Coal-fired power stations in Turkey

Station	Operational Capacity (MWe)	Generation to grid in 2019 (GWh)[note 5]	Capacity factor in 2019 (%)[note 6]	Province and District	Construction or operational start year [note 7]	Owner	Type[52]	Coal type	Retirement	Notes	Ref [note 8] [note 9] [56]
18 Mart Çan a.k.a. Çan	320	2134	76	Çanakkale Çan	2003	EÜAŞ	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 1][18]
Adapazarı Sugar Factory a.k.a. Ada Şeker a.k.a. Sakarya	10	13	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Sakarya Adapazarı	2014	Adapazarı Sugar	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid first half 2020	[lower-alpha 2][57]
Afşin Elbistan A	1355	1899	16	Kahramanmaraş Afşin	1984–1987	EÜAŞ	Subcritical	Lignite	Uncertain but current temporary license for 2 of 4 units expires January 2021[19]		[lower-alpha 3][19]
Afşin Elbistan B	1440	2773	22	Kahramanmaraş Afşin	2004–2005	EÜAŞ	Subcritical[58]	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 4][18]
Afyon Sugar Factory Cogeneration a.k.a. Afyon Şeker	15	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Afyonkarahisar Afyonkarahisar	2018	Doğüş Food and Drink	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 5]
Albayrak Balıkesir Cogeneration a.k.a. Albayrak TES	80 [59]	57	8	Balıkesir Balıkesir	2019 [60]	Varaka Paper	Unknown	Imported[59]	Unknown	Averages 150 tons steam from 27 tons coal per hour[60]	[lower-alpha 6][59]
Atlas	1200	8502	81	Hatay İskenderun	2014	Diler Holding via Atlas Enerji	Supercritical	Imported	Unknown	Diler is on the Global Coal Exit List.[61]	[lower-alpha 7]
Aynes Cogeneration a.k.a. Aynes Gıda	6	9	18	Denizli Acıpayam	2014	Aynes Food	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 8]
Bandırma Boron Factory a.k.a. Bandırma Boraks	36 [62][note 10]	53	17	Bandırma Acıpayam	2014	ETİ Mining	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 9]
Bekirli-1 a.k.a. Biga a.k.a. İçdaş Çelik Enerji	405	3164	89	Çanakkale Biga	2005 (unit 1), 2009 (units 2–3)	İÇDAŞ	Subcritical	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 10]
Bekirli-2 a.k.a. Bekirli	1200	8658	82	Çanakkale Biga	2011 (unit 1), 2015 (unit 2)	İÇDAŞ	Supercritical	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 11]
Beypazarı ETİ Soda Cogeneration a.k.a. ETİ Soda	20 [59]	94	54	Ankara Beypazarı	Unknown	Ciner Group via ETİ Soda[59]	Unknown	Lignite[59]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 12]
Bolluk a.k.a. Alkim Konya	1 [63]	2	19	Konya Cihanbeyli[63]	2014	Alkim Alkali Chemicals[63]	Unknown	Lignite[63]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 13][63]
Bolu Göynük a.k.a. Aksa Göynuk TES	270	1964	83	Bolu Göynük	2015	Kazancı Holding	Subcritical fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown	Dusts air and ground.[64] Uses 1.8 million tons of lignite with a thermal value of 2,450 kcal/kg per year	[lower-alpha 14][65][66]
Cenal	1320	9167	79	Çanakkale Biga	2017	Alarko Holding and Cengiz Holding via Cenal Elektrik	Ultra-Supercritical	Imported Bituminous	Unknown	Cenal is on the Global Coal Exit List.[67]	[lower-alpha 15]
Çan-2	330	1524	53	Çanakkale Çan	2018	ODAŞ Group	Combined cycle[68]	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 16][63]
Çankırı Salt Factory Cogeneration a.k.a. Med-mar Sağlık	2	9	64	Çankırı Çankırı	2014	Med-mar	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 17]
Çatalağzı a.k.a. Yeni Çatalağzı	314	1494	54	Zonguldak Kilimli	1979 (opening:1989)	Aydem Enerji	Subcritical	Anthracite[69]	Uncertain but current temporary license expires January 2021[19]		[lower-alpha 18][70]
Çayırhan	620	4312	79	Ankara Nallıhan	1987–2000	Ciner Group	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 19][18]
Çayırhan Sodium Sulphate Cogeneration a.k.a. Alkim Çayırhan	3	9	39	Ankara Nallıhan	2014	Alkim Alkali Chemicals	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown		[lower-alpha 20]
Çoban Yıldızı power stations a.k.a. Çumra Termik Santrali a.k.a. Çobanyıldızı (Cumra)[71]	37	35	11	Konya Çumra	2015	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	At Çumra Campus	[lower-alpha 21]
Çoban Yıldızı power stations a.k.a. Çumra[71]	24	35	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Konya Çumra	2014	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	Supplies both sugar factory and grid.[72] Claimed to be most environment friendly factory in Turkey.[73]	[lower-alpha 22]
Çolakoğlu a.k.a. Çolakoğlu-2	190	1191	72	Kocaeli Gebze	2003	Çolakoğlu Metalurji	Subcritical	Bituminous	Unknown		[lower-alpha 23]
Dazkırı Cogeneration a.k.a. Alkim Afyon	3	16	72	Afyonkarahisar Dazkırı	2014	Alkim Alkali Chemicals	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 24]
Göknur	2	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Niğde Niğde	2014	Göknur Food	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 25]
İsken Sugözü a.k.a. Sugözu İsken a.k.a. İskenderun	1320	7110	61	Adana Yumurtalık	2003	OYAK	Subcritical	Hard coal[74] Anthracite[69]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 26]
İzdemir	350	2484	81	İzmir Aliağa	2014	İzdemir Enerji	Supercritical	Imported[75]	Unknown		[lower-alpha 27]
Kahramanmaraş Paper Factory	16	73	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kahramanmaraş Kahramanmaraş	2014	Kahramanmaraş Paper	Unknown	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 28]
Kangal	457[76]	2588	65	Sivas Kangal	1989 (Unit 1) 1990 (Unit 2) 2000 (Unit 3)	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Subcritical	Lignite	Uncertain but unit 1 current temporary license expires January 2021[19]	On the Global Coal Exit List[77]	[lower-alpha 29][18]
Kardemir a.k.a. Karabük	78	546	80	Kütahya Karabük	Unknown	Kardemir A.Ş.	Unknown	Hard coal	Unknown	May need update to meet 2020 standards[78][79]	[lower-alpha 30]
Kemerköy	630	4128	75	Muğla Gökova	1994 (units 1–2), 1995 (unit 3)	Yeniköy Kemerköy Elektrik	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 31][18]
Kipaş Paper Factory	8	1	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kahramanmaraş Türkoğlu	2014	Kipaş Paper	Unknown	Imported	Unknown		[lower-alpha 32]
Küçüker Cogeneration	5	34	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Denizli Denizli	2014	Küçüker Textiles	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 33]
Kütahya Sugar Factory	7	7	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kütahya Kütahya	2014	Kütahya Sugar factory	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 34]
Orhaneli	210	1570	85	Bursa Orhaneli	1992	Çelikler Holding	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 35][18]
Petlas Tyres	6	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used by the factory	Kırşehir Kirşehir	2014	Petlas Tyres	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Captive power plant: no output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 36]
Polat a.k.a. Polat-1	51	132	30	Kütahya Tavşanlı	2013	Polatyol	Circulating fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 37]
Seydişehir a.k.a. ETİ Alüminyum	14	33	27	Konya Seydişehir	2014	ETİ Aluminium	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 38]
Seyitömer	600	3968	75	Kütahya Kütahya	1973–1989	Çelikler Holding	Subcritical	Lignite	Uncertain but current temporary license expires January 2021[19]		[lower-alpha 39][18][19]
Soma Kolin	510	2527	57	Manisa Soma	2019	Kolin Group	Circulating fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown	The environmental impact assessment does not mention greenhouse gas (sera gaz) emissions.[80]	[lower-alpha 40][59]
Soma a.k.a. Soma A	44	0	Unknown as some electricity might have been used for other purposes	Manisa Soma	2016	EÜAŞ	Unknown	Lignite	Unknown	No output to grid 2019 or first half 2020	[lower-alpha 41]
Soma B a.k.a. Soma	660	5059	Unknown as the steam is also used for residential heating	Manisa Soma	1981–1992	Anadolu Birlik Holding via Konya Sugar (in Turkish)	Subcritical	Lignite	Uncertain but current temporary license for 4 of 6 units expires January 2021[19]	Of the six 165 MW units, 2 units are shut down and 4 units operating under temporary license.[81] Steam from the power station is used for residential heating in the winter.[43]	[lower-alpha 42]
Şırnak Silopi a.k.a. Silopi	405	2324	66	Şırnak Silopi	2013 (unit 1), 2015 (units 2–3)	Ciner Group	Circulating fluidized bed	Asphaltite	Unknown	May need update to meet 2020 standards[78][79] Although technically not coal the solid fuel is treated similarly by regulators so is included here.	[lower-alpha 43][18]
Tufanbeyli	450	3283	83	Adana Tufanbeyli	2016	Sabancı Holding via Enerjisa	Circulating fluidized bed	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 44]
Tunçbilek	365	Unknown	Unknown	Kütahya Tavşanlı	1973	Çelikler Holding	Subcritical	Lignite	Uncertain but current temporary license expires January 2021[19]	Not listed on "real time generation" query so no generation figure shown	[lower-alpha 45][82]
Yatağan	630	3764	68	Muğla Yatağan	1984 (units 1–2), 1986 (unit 3)	Aydem Enerji	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 46][83][18]
Yeniköy	420	2997	81	Muğla Milas	1986–1987	Yeniköy Kemerköy Elektrik	Subcritical	Lignite	Unknown		[lower-alpha 47][18]
ZETES-1	160	1141	81	Zonguldak Zonguldak	2010	Eren Holding via Eren Enerji	Circulating fluidized bed	Bituminous	Unknown	Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES	[lower-alpha 48]
ZETES-2	1230	8931	83	Zonguldak Zonguldak	2010	Eren Holding via Eren Enerji	Supercritical	Bituminous	Unknown	Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES	[lower-alpha 49]
ZETES-3	1400	9212	75	Zonguldak Zonguldak	2016	Eren Holding via Eren Enerji	Supercritical	Bituminous	Unknown	Licensed as "Çatalağzı Termik" together with other ZETES	[lower-alpha 50]

18 Mart Can

Afşin-Elbistan A

Afşin-Elbistan B

Atlas Enerji İskenderun

Bolu Göynük

Cenal

Çan-2

Çatalağzı

Çayırhan

Çoban Yıldızı Çümra

Emba Hunutlu

Gebze Çolakoğlu

İÇDAŞ Bekirli1

İÇDAŞ Bekirli2

İsken Sugözü

İzdemir

Kangal

Kemerköy

Orhaneli

Polat

Seyitömer

Soma

Soma Kolin

Şırnak Silopi

Tufanbeyli

Tunçbilek

Yatağan

Yeniköy

ZETES

Location of operational and under construction coal-fired power stations larger than 50 megawatts in Turkey (yellow dot means under construction)

See also

• Electricity sector in Turkey#Future
• Energy policy of Turkey
• Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey
• Environmental issues in Turkey
• List of active coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom

Notes

1. The Energy Ministry gives a figure of 67 power stations,[3] but does not list them or say whether they are active or grid-connected. The Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) database lists 46 licences for operational stations but the ZETES licence covers 3 stations, and as of June 2020 Afyon, Adapazarı and Göknür have not sent any electricity to the grid. EMRA list 4 stations as partly operational but of those only Bandırma and Karabuk have sent electricity to the grid in 2020 up to June. Thus the total number of grid-connected active stations is 47. If there are any pure autoproducers they are not known as they do not require licences.
2. In 2018 coal-fired power stations gross generation was 113 terawatt hours (TWh), which was 37% of total gross generation.[4] The figures in the table below are net generation.
3. UNFCCC category 1.A.1. Energy industries a. Public electricity and heat production:solid fuels. shows 111 megatonnes of CO2, which is larger than any other category.[6]
4. By routine calculation 61,636,279.98 tCO2/year[27] divided by 11380 GWh/year[26] equals 61,636.27998 Gg CO2 divided by 11,380 GWh equals 5.4 kg CO2/kWh
5. A graph of a power station's generation over a specified period of time can be seen on the Energy Exchange Istanbul (EXIST) transparency platform "Real-Time Generation" option, with the total above the graph.[50] Recent generation by unit can be seen on the "Final Daily Production Program" option by first entering the company name and then dropping down the list of unit names.[51] Even so some small power stations may not show on the platform if they do not sell to the grid (that is they are just autoproducers).
6. By routine calculations from the 2 columns to the left as described in Capacity_factor#Sample_calculations - note that there are 366 days in 2020
7. Where the construction year is not known, the start of the current EDPK operational license is shown – nevertheless there may have been "pre-licenses" before that.
8. Public information about a power station (e.g. Cenal) can be displayed from the Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority database as follows. Click the bracketed letter link in its cell below (e.g. [n]) and copy the license number (e.g. EÜ/4315-42/02574) into the "Lisans No." box on the query screen.[53] Tick "Ben robot değilim" (I am not a robot) and then press the "Sorgula" (query) button. A translation of the column headers and drop down selection may be helpful.[54].
9. To attempt to list operational coal-fired power stations from the licence database enter: "Lisans Durumu"="Yürülükte" (license status=In force),"Tesis Türü"="Termik" (facility type=Thermal) and "Tesis Durumu"="İşletmede" (facility status=In business). Then tick "Ben robot değilim" (I am not a robot) and "Sorgula" (Query) which should list licensed, operational thermal power stations.[53] Click "Raporla" (Report) to download it. Repeat with "Tesis Durumu"="Kısmi İşletmede" (facility status=Partly in business). Using your spreadsheet software merge the 2 downloads, select "Yakıt Türü"="Kömür" (Fuel=Coal) OR "İthal Kömür" (Imported Coal) OR "Yerli Kömür" (Local Coal) OR "Yerli Asfaltit" (Local Asphaltite). Then sort by "Tesis Adı"(Facility Name). A translation of the column headers and drop down selection may be helpful.[55].
10. The link at the top of this column queried with "Tesis Durumu"="Kısmi İşletmede" (Facility Status=İn Partial Business) on 13 February 2020 shows this. It also claims that Kirazlıdere in Lapseki in Çanakkale is under construction but from other web sources we can see that is wrong.

1. EÜ/101-44/020
2. EÜ/4969-177/2877
3. EÜ/8263-5/04139
4. EÜ/101-43/019
5. EÜ/8140-9/04101
6. EÜ/6660-5/03613
7. EÜ/1813-3/1274
8. EÜ/4969-230/2930
9. EÜ/4969-196/2896
10. EÜ/1435-26/1041
11. EÜ/1160-3/833
12. EÜ/4969-120/2820
13. EÜ/4969-2/2702
14. EÜ/3734-19/2290
15. EÜ/4315-42/02574
16. EÜ/6083-2/03428
17. EÜ/4969-240/2940
18. EÜ/5358-1/03178
19. EÜ/5088-4/03041
20. EÜ/4969-16/2716
21. EÜ/5603-8/03299
22. EÜ/4969-46/2746
23. EÜ/4969-33/2733
24. EÜ/4969-24/2724
25. EÜ/4969-153/2853
26. EÜ/8886-12/04341
27. EÜ/2116-8/1490
28. EÜ/4969-202/2902
29. EÜ/4537/02625
30. EÜ/4969-204/2904
31. EÜ/5358-2/03180
32. EÜ/4969-259/2959
33. EÜ/4969-211/2911
34. EÜ/4969-212/2912
35. EÜ/5642-3/03300
36. EÜ/4969-166/2866
37. EÜ/1866-11/1342
38. EÜ/4969-236/2936
39. EÜ/4447/02616
40. EÜ/5906-18/03394
41. EÜ/6604-3/03635
42. EÜ/5642-1/03298
43. EÜ/308-3/424
44. EÜ/298-1/415
45. EÜ/5642-4/03301
46. EÜ/5327/03164
47. EÜ/5358-3/03181
48. EÜ/369-1/479
49. EÜ/369-1/479
50. EÜ/369-1/479

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• Çınar Engineering Consultancy (March 2020). Afşin C power station environmental impact report (Report) (in Turkish). Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning.

• Aytaç, Orhan (May 2020). Ülkemi̇zdeki̇ Kömür Yakitli Santrallar Çevre Mevzuatiyla uyumlu mu? [Are Turkey's coal-fired power stations in accordance with environmental laws?] (PDF) (Report) (in Turkish). TMMOB Maki̇na Mühendi̇sleri̇ Odasi. ISBN 978-605-01-1367-9.

See also

Category:Coal mines in Turkey

External links

• "Interactive map of coal plants". Global Energy Monitor.
• "Map of European coal plants including Turkey". Europe Beyond Coal.