List of amphibians of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. It is situated in the middle of Indian Ocean. Because of being an island, Sri Lanka has rich endemic terrestrial and freshwater fauna, including vertebrates and several invertebrates.

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Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. They have soft glandular skin and live in all habitats of the world except for the ice caps. They complete an amphibious lifestyle where larval stages live in water and adults live on or closer to land. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators.

Sri Lanka is host to over 120 species of amphibians, of which over 90 species are endemic to the country.[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.[2] During the past decade many more new amphibians have been found in Sri Lanka.[3]

The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species.[4] In 1996 the number of amphibian species rose to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Rohan Pethiyagoda and Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Madhava Meegaskumbura et al. revised the number to around 140 species,[5] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.[6] As at 2019, 122 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 113 endemics.[7][8] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.

Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes.[3] Most of the new species are of the genus Philautus which was assigned to genus Pseudophilautus recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus Philautus (sensu stricto) in Sri Lanka. Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are extinct.[9] In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe et al. described another endemic Pseudophilautus species P. dilmah. In January 2019, the new species, P. conniffae was discovered in southern Sri Lanka.[10]

Sri Lanka has the highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species in Asia.[2] In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of the remaining species are on the verge of extinction. Of the world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 are from Sri Lanka.[3] Habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others.

Amphibian diversity of Sri Lanka
Low vulnerability Threatened Extinct Insufficient data
Least concern
Near threatened
Vulnerable
Endangered
Critically endangered
Extinct in the wild
Extinct
Data deficient
Not evaluated

Order Anura: frogs
Common name Species

(authority)

 Endemicity Status
Family Bufonidae: true toads
Kandyan dwarf toad Adenomus kandianus
(Günther, 1872)		 Endemic
[11]
Kelaart's dwarf toad

Adenomus kelaartii
(Günther, 1858)		 Endemic
[12]
Kotagama's dwarf toad

Duttaphrynus kotagamai
Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994		 Endemic
[13]
Common Indian toad

Duttaphrynus melanostictus
Schneider, 1799
[14]
Noellert's toad Duttaphrynus noellerti
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998		 Endemic
[15]
Ferguson's toad

Duttaphrynus scaber
Schneider, 1799
[16]
Marbled toad

Duttaphrynus stomaticus
Lütken, 1862
[17]
Family Dicroglossidae: fork-tongued frogs
Indian skipper frog Euphlyctis mudigere
(Joshy, Alam, Kurabayashi, Sumida, and Kuramoto,

2009)
[18]
Green pond frog

Euphlyctis hexadactylus
(Lesson, 1834)
[19]
Jerdon's bullfrog

Hoplobatrachus crassus
(Jerdon, 1853)
[20]
Sri Lanka rock frog

Nannophrys ceylonensis
(Günther, 1868)		 Endemic
[21]
Gunther's streamlined frog Nannophrys guentheri
Boulenger, 1882		 Endemic
[22]
Kirtisinghe's rock frog

Nannophrys marmorata
Kirtisinghe, 1946		 Endemic
[23]
Nayak rock frog Nannophrys naeyakai
Fernando, Wickramasingha & Rodrigo, 2007		 Endemic
[24]
Indian burrowing frog

Sphaerotheca breviceps
(Schneider, 1799)
[25]
Sri Lanka burrowing frog Sphaerotheca rolandae
(Dubois, 1983)		 Endemic
[26]
Common Indian cricket frog

Minervarya agricola
(Jerdon, 1853)
[27]
Montane frog

Minervarya greenii
(Boulenger, 1904)		 Endemic
[28]
Kirtisinghe's frog

Minervarya kirtisinghei
Manamendra-Arachchi & Gabadage, 1994		 Endemic
[29]
Family Microhylidae: narrow-mouthed frogs
Karunaratne's narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla karunaratnei
Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996		 Endemic
[30]
Mihintale red narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla mihintalei
Wijayathilaka, Garg, Senevirathne, Karunarathna, Biju & Meegaskumbura, 2016		 Endemic
Ornate narrow-mouthed frog

Microhyla ornata
(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
[31]
Sri Lanka rice frog Microhyla zeylanica
Parker & Hill, 1949		 Endemic
[32]
Sri Lankan painted frog

Uperodon taprobanicus
(Parker, 1934)
[33]
Nagao's pug-snouted frog Uperodon nagaoi
(Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001)		 Endemic
[34]
Sri Lanka dot frog

Uperodon obscurus
(Günther, 1864)		 Endemic
[35]
Half-webbed pug-snouted frog Uperodon palmatus
(Parker, 1934)		 Endemic
[36]
White-bellied pug-snout frog

Uperodon rohani

(Garg, Senevirathne, Wijayathilaka, Phuge, Deuti, Manamendra-Arachchi, Meegaskumbura, and Biju, 2018)

 Endemic
[37]
Marbled balloon frog

Uperodon systoma
(Schneider, 1799)
[38]
Family Ranidae: true frogs
Sri Lankan golden-backed frog Indosylvirana serendipi
Biju et al., 2014		 Endemic
[39]
Gravenhorst's frog Hydrophylax gracilis
Gravenhorst, 1829		 Endemic
[40]
Bronzed frog Indosylvirana temporalis
(Günther, 1864)		 Endemic
[41]
Family Nyctibatrachidae: robust frogs
Corrugated water frog

Lankanectes corrugatus
(Peters, 1863)		 Endemic
[42]

 Lankanectes pera
Senevirathne et al., 2018		 Endemic
Family Rhacophoridae: shrub frogs
Pseudophilautus abundus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[43]

 Pseudophilautus adspersus
(Günther, 1872)		 Endemic
[44]

 Pseudophilautus alto
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[45]

 Pseudophilautus asankai
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[46]

 Pseudophilautus auratus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[47]
Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai
Wickramasinghe et al., 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus caeruleus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[49]
Pseudophilautus cavirostris
(Günther, 1869)		 Endemic
[50]

 Pseudophilautus conniffae
Batuwita, De Silva & Udugampala, 2019		 Endemic

Pseudophilautus cuspis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[51]
Pseudophilautus dayawansai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus decoris
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[52]
Pseudophilautus dilmah
(Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon & Wickramasinghe, 2015)		 Endemic
[53]
Pseudophilautus dimbullae
(Shreve, 1940)		 Endemic
[54]
Pseudophilautus eximius
(Shreve, 1940)		 Endemic
[55]
Pseudophilautus extirpo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[56]

 Pseudophilautus femoralis
(Günther, 1864)		 Endemic
[57]

 Pseudophilautus fergusonianus
(Ahl, 1927)		 Endemic
[58]
Pseudophilautus folicola
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[59]

 Pseudophilautus frankenbergi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[60]
Pseudophilautus fulvus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[61]
Pseudophilautus hallidayi
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[62]
Pseudophilautus halyi
(Boulenger, 1904)		 Endemic
[63]
Pseudophilautus hankeni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Archchi, 2011		 Endemic
[64]

 Pseudophilautus hoffmanni
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[65]
Pseudophilautus hoipolloi
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[66]

 Pseudophilautus hypomelas
(Günther, 1876)		 Endemic
[67]
Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus karunarathnai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus leucorhinus
(Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856)		 Endemic
[68]
Pseudophilautus limbus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[69]
Pseudophilautus lunatus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[70]

 Pseudophilautus macropus
(Günther, 1869)		 Endemic
[71]
Pseudophilautus maia
(Meegaskumbara et al., 2007)		 Endemic
[72]
Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi
(Ahl, 1927)		 Endemic
[73]

 Pseudophilautus microtympanum
(Günther, 1859)		 Endemic
[74]
Pseudophilautus mittermeieri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[75]

 Pseudophilautus mooreorum
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[76]

 Pseudophilautus nanus
(Günther, 1869)		 Endemic
[77]

 Pseudophilautus nasutus
(Günther, 1869)		 Endemic
[78]
Pseudophilautus nemus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[79]
Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus ocularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[80]

 Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus
(Günther, 1872)		 Endemic
[81]
Pseudophilautus papillosus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[82]
Pseudophilautus pardus
(Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider and Pethiyagoda, 2007)		 Endemic
[83]
Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia
(Boulenger, 1904)		 Endemic
[84]

 Pseudophilautus poppiae
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[85]
Pseudophilautus popularis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[86]
Pseudophilautus procax
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[87]

 Pseudophilautus puranappu
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus regius
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[88]

 Pseudophilautus reticulatus
(Günther, 1864)		 Endemic
[89]
Pseudophilautus rugatus
(Ahl, 1927)		 Endemic
[90]

 Pseudophilautus rus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[91]
Pseudophilautus samarakoon
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[48]
Pseudophilautus sarasinorum
(Müller, 1887)		 Endemic
[92]

 Pseudophilautus schmarda
(Kelaart, 1854)		 Endemic
[93]
Pseudophilautus schneideri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011		 Endemic
[94]

 Pseudophilautus semiruber
(Annandale, 1913)		 Endemic
[95]

 Pseudophilautus silus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[96]
Pseudophilautus silvaticus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[97]
Pseudophilautus simba
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[98]
Pseudophilautus singu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009		 Endemic
[99]
Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai
Wickramasinghe et al. 2013		 Endemic
[100]
Pseudophilautus sordidus
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[101]
Pseudophilautus stellatus
(Kelaart, 1853)		 Endemic
[102]
Pseudophilautus steineri
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[103]

 Pseudophilautus stictomerus
(Günther, 1876)		 Endemic
[104]

 Pseudophilautus stuarti
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005		 Endemic
[105]

 Pseudophilautus tanu
Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009		 Endemic
[106]

 Pseudophilautus temporalis
(Günther, 1864)		 Endemic
[107]

 Pseudophilautus variabilis
(Günther, 1859)		 Endemic
[108]

 Pseudophilautus viridis
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[109]
Pseudophilautus zal
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[110]
Pseudophilautus zimmeri
(Ahl, 1927)		 Endemic
[111]

 Pseudophilautus zorro
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005		 Endemic
[112]
Common hour-glass tree frog

Polypedates cruciger
Blyth, 1852		 Endemic
[113]
Indian tree frog

Polypedates maculatus
(Gray, 1834)
[114]
Ranwella's spined tree frog Polypedates ranwellai
Wickramasinghe, Munindrasasa & Fernando, 2012		 Endemic
[115]
Montane hour-glass tree frog

Taruga eques
Günther, 1858		 Endemic
[116]
Morningside hour-glass tree frog Taruga fastigo
Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001		 Endemic
[117]
Long-snouted tree frog Taruga longinasus
(Ahl, 1931)		 Endemic
[118]

Order Gymnophiona: caecilians
Common name Species

(authority)

 Endemicity Status
Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians
Ceylon caecilian

Ichthyophis glutinosus
(Linnaeus, 1758)		 Endemic
[119]
Pattipola caecilian Ichthyophis orthoplicatus
Taylor, 1965		 Endemic
[120]
Lesser yellow-banded caecilian Ichthyophis pseudangularis
Taylor, 1965		 Endemic
[121]

References
  1. "Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka" (PDF). The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-955-8177-63-1.
  2. "The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka". iucn.org. IUCN. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
  3. Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B., ed. (2006). The fauna of Sri Lanka: status of taxonomy, research and conservation (PDF). IUCN Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. pp. 125–131. ISBN 978-955-8177-51-8.
  4. "Diversification of Shrub Frogs (Rhacophoridae, Pseudophilautus) in Sri Lanka – Timing and Geographic Context". Novataxa. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  5. Meegaskumbura, M.; Bossuyt, F.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Bahir, M.; Milinkovitch, M. C.; Schneider, C. J. (2002). "Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot" (PDF). Science. 298 (5592): 379. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.477.4345. doi:10.1126/science.298.5592.379. PMID 12376694.
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  8. "A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka—Lankanectes pera". Zootaxa 4461(4):519-538. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  9. Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum; Schneider, Christopher J.; Pethiyagoda, Rohan (25 January 2007). "New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1397: 1–15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1397.1.1. ISSN 1175-5326.
  10. "Description of a new species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from southern Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
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  13. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Bufo kotagamai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  14. Peter Paul van Dijk; Djoko Iskandar; Michael Wai Neng Lau; Gu Huiqing; Geng Baorong; Lue Kuangyang; Chou Wenhao; Yuan Zhigang; Bosco Chan; Sushil Dutta; et al. (2004). "Duttaphrynus melanostictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  15. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Duttaphrynus noellerti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  16. Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Bufo scaber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  18. Muhammad Sharif Khan; Theodore Papenfuss; Steven Anderson; Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani; Sergius Kuzmin; Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Mozafar Sharifi (2008). "Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  19. Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Duttaphrynus melanostictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  20. Anand Padhye; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Sushil Dutta; Tej Kumar Shrestha; Sabitry Bordoloi (2004). "Hoplobatrachus crassus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  21. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Nannophrys ceylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  22. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Nannophrys guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  24. Samantha Fernando (2008). "Nannophrys naeyakai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  26. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Sphaerotheca rolandae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  27. Nelsoon Annandale (1919). "Fejervarya syhadrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1919. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  29. Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Fejervarya kirtisinghei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  32. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Microhyla zeylanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  34. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Ramanella nagaoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  35. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Ramanella obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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  39. S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Hylarana aurantiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  40. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Hylarana gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  41. S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Hylarana temporalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  42. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Lankanectes corrugatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  43. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus abundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  44. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Philautus adspersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  45. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus alto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  46. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus asankai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  47. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus auratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  49. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus caeruleus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  50. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus cavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  51. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus cuspis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  52. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus decoris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  53. Mendis Wickramasinghe; Imesh Nuwan Bandara; Dulan Ranga Vidanapathirana; Kamani Tennakoon; Sameera Samarakoon; Nethu Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus dilmah". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 June 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  54. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus dimbullae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  55. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus eximius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  56. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus extirpo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  57. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; S.D. Biju (2004). "Philautus femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  58. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus fergusonianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  59. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus folicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  60. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus frankenbergi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  61. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus fulvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  62. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus hallidayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  63. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus halyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  64. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2011). "Philautus hankeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  65. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Philautus hoffmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  66. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus hoipolloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  67. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus hypomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  68. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; S.D. Biju; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus leucorhinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  69. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus limbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  70. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus lunatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  71. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus macropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  72. Madhava Meegaskumbura (2007). "Philautus maia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  73. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus malcolmsmithi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  74. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus microtympanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  75. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus mittermeieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  76. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus mooreorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  77. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus nanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  78. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  79. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus nemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  80. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus ocularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  81. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus oxyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  82. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus papillosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  83. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2007). "Philautus pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  84. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus pleurotaenia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  85. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus poppiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  86. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus popularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  87. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus procax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  88. Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Karunarathna, S.; Angulo, A. (2009). "Philautus regius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  89. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus reticulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  90. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus rugatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  91. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus rus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  92. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus sarasinorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  93. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus schmarda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  94. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Madhava Meegaskumbura (2011). "Philautus schneideri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  95. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus semiruber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  96. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus silus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  97. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus silvaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  98. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus simba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  99. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Madhava Meegaskumbura; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2009). "Philautus singu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  100. Mendis Wickramasinghe (2013). "Philautus sirilwijesundarai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  101. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus sordidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  102. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus stellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  103. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus steineri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  104. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus stictomerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  105. Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus stuarti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  106. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Madhava Meegaskumbura; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2009). "Philautus tanu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  107. S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Philautus temporalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  108. S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Philautus variabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  109. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  110. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus zal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  111. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus zimmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  112. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus zorro". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  113. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Channa Bambaradeniya (2004). "Polypedates cruciger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  114. Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Karthikeyan Vasudevan; Chelmala Srinivasulu; S.P. Vijayakumar; Debjani Roy; Saibul Sengupta; Annemarie Ohler; Ghazi S.M. Asmat (2004). "Polypedates maculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  115. Mendis Wickramasinghe (2004). "Polypedates ranwellai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  116. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Polypedates eques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  117. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Polypedates fastigo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  118. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Polypedates longinasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  119. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; David Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Oommen V. Oommen (2004). "Ichthyophis glutinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  120. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; David Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Oommen V. Oommen; Alex Kupfer (2004). "Ichthyophis orthoplicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  121. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; David Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Oommen V. Oommen (2004). "Ichthyophis pseudangularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 28 March 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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