List of directly imaged exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The lightest, coldest, and oldest planet directly imaged is Proxima Centauri c, which has a mass of 7 M_Earth, an effective temperature of 39 K, and an age of about 4.8 Ga. This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

• ADI = Angular Differential Imaging
• KLIP = Karhunen–Loève Image Processing
• LOCI = Locally Optimized Combination of Images
• NRM = Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry
• RSDI = Reference Star Differential Imaging
• SDI = Spectral Differential Imaging
• TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images

Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identity of Fomalhaut b is disputed. It may not actually be a true exoplanet.

  †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets

Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star	Exoplanet	Mass (MJ)	Radius (RJ)	Period (yr)	Observed separation (AU)	Eccentricity	Distance to Earth (ly)	Year of discovery	Imaging technique	Ref(s).
Beta Pictoris	Beta Pictoris b	12.7±0.3	1.5±0.2	22.47^+3.77 −2.26	9	0.08^+0.09 −0.05	63.4±0.1	2008	RSDI	[1][2][3][4]
51 Eridani	51 Eridani b	2.6	1.0	?	13	?	96	2014	ADI, KLIP	[5]
HR 8799	HR 8799 e	7.0	1.3	49	14.5	0.14	128	2010	ADI, LOCI
	HR 8799 d	7.0	1.3	100	24.5	0.09	128	2008	ADI, LOCI
	HR 8799 c	7.0	1.3	189	37.4	0.24	128	2008	ADI, LOCI
	HR 8799 b	5.0	1.2	474	69.2	0.17	128	2008	ADI, LOCI
ROXs 42B	ROXs 42Bb	9±3	2.5	Un­known	157	Un­known	440±16	2013	Direct imaging	[6]
2M1207	2M1207b †	4.2	1.5	1620	40.6	0.37	170	2004	Direct imaging
1RXS J1609	1RXS 1609 b†	8–14	1.7	6518	331.1	0.08	470	2008	Direct imaging
2M J044144	2M J044144 b†	5–10			15		456	2010	Direct imaging
Fomalhaut	Fomalhaut b (?)	< 2.0		872–2000	116.0		25	2008/2012	RSDI
LkCa 15	LkCa 15 b †	6.2	1.8	42,315	23.5	0.32	477	2011	NRM
WD 0806-661	WD 0806-661 B†	7–9	?	?	2500	?	62	2011	Direct imaging
DT Virginis	Ross 458(AB) c†	8.5	1.8	33,081	1167.7	0.17	38[7]	2011	Direct imaging
HD 95086	HD 95086 b	5.0	?	?	56	?	295	2013	ADI, LOCI
59 Virginis	Gliese 504 b †	4^+4.5 −1	?	?	43.5	?	57.27	2013	ADI, LOCI
kappa Andromedae	kappa Andromedae b	13^+12 −2	?	242–900	55	0.69–0.85	168.0	2013	ADI, LOCI
FW Tauri	FW Tauri b†	10±4	?	~12,000[8]	330	?	472.93[9]	2013	Direct imaging
HD 106906	HD 106906 b †	11±2	?	?	650	?	300	2013	ADI
GU Piscium	GU Piscium b †	11±2		163,000	2000		155	2014	Direct imaging
VHS 1256-1257	VHS 1256 b †	11.2		3900	102		40	2015	Direct imaging
CVSO 30	CVSO 30 c †	4.7	1.63^+0.87 −0.34[10]	27,000	660		1200	2016	Direct imaging
HIP 65426	HIP 65426 b	6-12	1.5	600	92		363	2017	ADI, TLOCI	[11][12]
PDS 70	PDS 70 b	?	?		21		370	2018	ADI, TLOCI
PDS 70	PDS 70 c	?	?		35		370	2019	SDI
HD 203030	HD 203030 B	11^+4 −3			487		128	2006	SDI	[13]
TYC 9486-927-1	2MASS J2126–8140b	13.3±1.7	?	~900,000	6684	?	80.72±13.86	2006/2016	Direct imaging	[14]

References

1. Wang; et al. (2016). "The Orbit and Transit Prospects for β Pictoris b Constrained with One Milliarcsecond Astrometry". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (4): 97. arXiv:1607.05272. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...97W. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97. S2CID 119181273.
2. Bonnefoy; et al. (2014). "Physical and orbital properties of β Pictoris b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 567: L9. arXiv:1407.4001. Bibcode:2014A&A...567L...9B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424041. S2CID 55863534.
3. Currie, Thayne; et al. (2013). "A Combined Very Large Telescope and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly Imaged Planet, β Pictoris b". The Astrophysical Journal. 776 (1): 15. arXiv:1306.0610. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776...15C. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/15. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118825345.
4. Morzinski; et al. (2015). "Magellan Adaptive Optics First-light Observations of the Exoplanet β Pic b. II. 3-5 μm Direct Imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the Empirical Bolometric Luminosity of a Self-luminous Giant Planet". The Astrophysical Journal. 815 (2): 108. arXiv:1511.02894. Bibcode:2015ApJ...815..108M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/108. S2CID 118559024.
5. Macintoshi; et al. (2015). "Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager". Science. 350 (6256): 64–7. arXiv:1508.03084. Bibcode:2015Sci...350...64M. doi:10.1126/science.aac5891. PMID 26272904. S2CID 8177945.
6. Currie, Thayne; Daemgen, Sebastian; Debes, John; Lafreniere, David; Itoh, Yoichi; Jayawardhana, Ray; Ratzka, Thorsten; Correia, Serge (2014). "Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Candidate Companion Below/Near the Deuterium-Burning Limit In The Young Binary Star System, ROXs 42B". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 780 (2): 30. arXiv:1310.4825. Bibcode:2014ApJ...780L..30C. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L30. S2CID 118464822.
7. "Ross 458(AB) c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
8. "Planet FW Tau b.". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 21 Feb 2018.
9. "FW Tauri". Universe Guide. Retrieved 21 Feb 2018.
10. "Planet CVSO 30 c". The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2 Nov 2017.
11. "ESO's SPHERE Unveils its First Exoplanet". www.eso.org. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
12. Chauvin; et al. (2017). "Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 605: L9. arXiv:1707.01413. Bibcode:2017A&A...605L...9C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731152. S2CID 102344893.
13. Miles-Páez, Paulo A.; Metchev, Stanimir; Luhman, Kevin L.; Marengo, Massimo; Hulsebus, Alan (2017). "The Prototypical Young L/T-Transition Dwarf HD 203030B Likely Has Planetary Mass". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6): 262. arXiv:1710.11274. Bibcode:2017AJ....154..262M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9711. S2CID 67821107.
14. Deacon, N. R.; Schlieder, J. E.; Murphy, S. J. (2016-02-23). "A nearby young M dwarf with a wide, possibly planetary-mass companion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (3): 3191–3199. arXiv:1601.06162. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457.3191D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw172. hdl:2299/17156. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 18220333.

External links

• "Candidates detected by imaging". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
• "Exoplanets Data Explorer". Retrieved 2011-03-02.
• https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1624a/ - Retrieved 2016-06-16