List of firsts in aviation

This is a list of outright firsts in aviation. For a comprehensive list of women's records, see Women in aviation.

1920 Stained glass window of the monk Eilmer of Malmesbury holding his wings (early 11th century)

First person to fly

The first flight (including gliding) by a person is unknown. Several have been suggested.

• In 559 A.D., several prisoners of Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi, including Yuan Huangtou of Ye, were said to have been forced to launch themselves from a tower attached to a kite, as an experiment. Only Yuan Huangtou survived, only to be executed later.[notes 1]
• In the 9th century, Abbas ibn Firnas is reported to have attempted a short gliding flight with wings covered with feathers, but was injured during the landing.
• In the early 11th century, Eilmer of Malmesbury, an English Benedictine monk, attempted a gliding flight using wings. He is recorded as travelling a modest distance before breaking his legs on landing.[1]
• Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi is said to have glided over the Bosphorus strait from the Galata Tower to Uskudar district in Istanbul between 1630 and 1632.[2][3]
• In 1633 his brother Lagari Hasan Çelebi may have survived a flight on a 7-winged rocket powered by gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.[4][5]

None of these historical accounts are adequately supported by corroborating evidence or have been widely accepted. The first confirmed human flight was accomplished by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier in a tethered Montgolfier balloon in 1783.

Lighter than air (aerostats)

Contemporary drawing of the Montgolfier hot air balloon that made the first confirmed flight by man, 1783

• First animals to fly in a balloon: a sheep called Montauciel, a duck and a rooster were sent on a balloon flight by the Montgolfier brothers on September 19, 1783[6][7]
• First manned flight Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier went aloft in a tethered Montgolfier hot air balloon on October 15, 1783.[8]
• First manned free flight in an untethered balloon Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Marquis d'Arlandes flew in a Montgolfier hot air balloon from the Château de la Muette to the Butte-aux-Cailles, Paris, on November 21, 1783.[9][10]
• First manned gas balloon flight: Professor Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert flew from Paris to Nesles-la-Vallée in a hydrogen-filled balloon on December 1, 1783.[11]
• First women to fly: The Marchioness and Countess of Montalembert, the Countess of Podenas and Miss de Lagarde ascended in a tethered balloon over Paris, on May 20, 1784.
• First woman in free flight in an untethered balloon: Élisabeth Thible flew over Lyon singing arias on June 4, 1784, in order to entertain Gustav III of Sweden.[12]
• First flight in a steerable balloon (or airship): On July 15, 1784, the Robert brothers (Les Frères Robert) flew for 45 minutes from Saint-Cloud to Meudon with M. Collin-Hullin and Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres, in their elongated balloon. The steerable craft, designed by Jacques Charles, followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals (1783–85) for a dirigible balloon, with a rudder, but the use of oars as a means of propulsion was not successful.[11]
• First flight across the English Channel: Jean-Pierre Blanchard and John Jeffries crossed the Channel in a balloon on January 7, 1785.[13]
• First aviation disaster: On May 10, 1785, the town of Tullamore, County Offaly, Ireland, was seriously damaged when the crash of a hot air balloon resulted in a fire that burned down about 100 houses.[14]
• First known fatalities in an air crash: Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Pierre Romain died when their Rozière balloon deflated and crashed to the ground near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, on June 15, 1785.[15]
• First jump from a balloon with a parachute: Jean-Pierre Blanchard used a parachute in 1793 to escape his hot air balloon when it ruptured.
• First successful jump from a balloon with a parachute: Andre Jacques Garnerin in Paris in 1797.[16]
• First woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute: Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse jumped from an altitude of 900 m (3,000 ft) on October 12, 1799.
• First woman to pilot her own balloon: Sophie Blanchard flew solo from the garden of the Cloister of the Jacobins in Toulouse on August 18, 1805.
• First woman to be killed in an aviation accident: Sophie Blanchard was killed when her hydrogen-filled balloon caught fire and crashed to the ground on July 6, 1819.[17]
• First successful steerable powered balloon: The Giffard dirigible was invented by Henri Giffard, who piloted it from the Hippodrome in Paris to Trappes on September 24, 1852.[18]
• First balloon mail service: Paris used balloons to pass vital information over Prussian lines during the five-month Siege of Paris in 1870–71.[19]
• First tethered balloon for passengers: Developed by Henri Giffard in the Tuileries Garden, Paris, in 1878.
• First flight in an airship powered by an internal combustion engine: Alberto Santos Dumont, 1898.[20]
• First flight of a rigid airship: Theodor Kober and Ferdinand von Zeppelin's LZ 1 first flew from the Bodensee on July 2, 1900, using a set of seventeen, hydrogen-filled internal gas cells for lift within a light metal structure and powered with a pair of Daimler inline-4 engines of 14 hp (10 kW) each.
• First woman to pilot a powered aircraft: Rose Isabel Spencer, in Stanley Spencer's Airship Number 1, at Crystal Palace, London on July 14, 1902.[21][22]

The Breitling Orbiter 3 in which the first non-stop balloon circumnavigation was achieved in 1999

• First trans-Atlantic rigid airship flight: The British rigid airship R34 made the first trans-Atlantic flight by a rigid airship from July 2 to July 6, 1919, in a westerly direction from her base at RAF East Fortune to Mineola, New York, the first-ever east–west trans-Atlantic aircraft flight of any type.[23][24]
• World's first helium-filled rigid airship to fly: The United States Navy's USS Shenandoah, modeled after a German World War I Kaiserliche Marine Type U "height-climber" reconnaissance Zeppelin (L 49), had her "first lift" with helium in her gas cells, holding some 2.1 million ft³ (59,000 m³) on August 20, 1923; and her first powered flight by September 24 of that year, being commissioned into USN service on October 10, 1923.[25]
• First people to reach the stratosphere: Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer ascended to the height of 51,000 ft (15,500 m) in a hydrogen-filled balloon over Augsburg, Germany, on May 27, 1931.[26]
• First crossing of the Atlantic by balloon: Ben Abruzzo, Maxie Anderson, and Larry Newman in the helium-filled Double Eagle II, on August 17, 1978.
• First non-stop balloon crossing of North America: Maxie and Kris Anderson in the helium-filled Kitty Hawk, on May 12, 1980.[27]
• First trans-Pacific crossing by balloon: Ben Abruzzo, Larry Newman, Ron Clark and Rocky Aoki, in gas-filled Double Eagle V, in November 1981.
• First non-stop balloon crossing of the Australian continent: Dick Smith and co-pilot John Wallington in a Cameron-R77 Rozière balloon, the Australian Geographic Flyer,[28] on June 18, 1993.[29]
• First trans-Pacific solo flight in a balloon: Steve Fossett flew in a helium balloon from Seoul, South Korea, to Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, on February 21, 1995.[30]
• First non-stop balloon flight around the Earth: Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones flew from Château d'Oex, Switzerland, to Egypt, on board the balloon Breitling Orbiter 3, between March 1 and March 21, 1999, taking a total time of 19 days, 21 hours and 47 minutes.[31]
• First east-west crossing of the Tasman Sea by balloon: Dick Smith and co-pilot John Wallington, against generally prevailing winds, in February 2000.[32]
• First solo non-stop balloon flight around the Earth: Steve Fossett, in the 10-story high balloon Spirit of Freedom, circumnavigated the globe between June 19 and July 3, 2002.[33]

Heavier than air

Pioneer era 1853–1916

Otto Lilienthal in mid-flight, c. 1895

• First manned glider flight: In 1853, an unnamed boy rode as passenger in an uncontrolled glider flown by George Cayley.[34][35]
• First controlled manned glider flight: Otto Lilienthal, in 1891.[36]

The Wright brothers' Wright Flyer making the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered airplane in 1903. Orville piloting while Wilbur observes

• First controlled, sustained flight in a powered airplane: The Wright brothers are widely regarded as the inventors of the first fixed-wing aircraft to achieve sustained, controlled flight, the Wright Flyer. Orville Wright made the first successful flight in this aircraft on December 17, 1903, travelling 37 m (120 ft) at a speed of 10.9 km/h (6.8 mph).[37]
• First circular flight by a powered airplane: Wilbur Wright flew 1,240 m (4,080 ft) in about a minute and a half on September 20, 1904.[38]
• First aircraft to use ailerons for lateral control: Robert Esnault-Pelterie's October 1904 glider used ailerons, although they were only given that name in 1908 by Henry Farman.[39]
• First heavier-than-air unaided takeoff and flight of more than 25 m (82 ft) in Europe: On October 23, 1906, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flew a distance of 60 m (200 ft) in his 14-bis aircraft at the Chateau de Bagatelle, Paris, winning the Archdeacon Prize.[40]
• First flight certified and registered by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI): On November 12, 1906, in the presence of official observers from the newly founded FAI, Alberto Santos Dumont took-off and flew with his 14-bis aircraft, without liftoff aid, over a distance of 220 m (720 ft) at the Chateau de Bagatelle, Paris.[41]
• First airplane passenger: Léon Delagrange, with pilot Henri Farman, on March 29, 1908.[42]
• First use of the modern aircraft flight control system: Originally devised by French aviator Robert Esnault-Pelterie, in April 1908 Louis Blériot's Blériot VIII first took to the air with Esnault-Pelterie's control layout, using a joystick for elevator/aileron control, and a pivoted foot-bar for rudder control.[43][44]
• First person to die in a crash of a powered airplane: Thomas Etholen Selfridge, a passenger on an aircraft piloted by Orville Wright which crashed at Fort Myer on September 17, 1908.[45] Wright was badly injured, and was hospitalised for seven weeks.
• First return flight between two towns: Louis Blériot flew from Toury to Artenay, and back on October 30, 1908, covering a combined distance of 23 km (14 mi).[46]
• First official pilot's licence issued: Issued by the Aéro Club de France, licence number 1 is issued to Louis Blériot on January 7, 1909.[47]

Louis Blériot in the process of crossing the English Channel, 1909

• First ditching of an airplane in the sea: Hubert Latham, while attempting to complete the first powered flight across the English Channel in an Antoinette IV monoplane on July 19, 1909, instead became the first person to perform a water landing when his aircraft suffered engine failure.[48]
• First airplane flight across the English Channel: Louis Blériot crossed the Channel on July 25, 1909 in a Blériot XI,[49] winning the Daily Mail prize of £1,000.[50]
• First pig to fly on an airplane (or any animal): John Moore-Brabazon, in the Short Biplane No. 2 (not a Voisin as sometimes reported) took a pig named Icarus II aloft on November 4, 1909, as a joke to prove the adage that pigs could fly.[51][52]
• First flight in complete darkness: Henry Farman, flies a Farman biplane on March 1, 1910 at night without the benefit of moonlight, which had made previous night flights possible.[53]
• First woman to earn a pilot license: Raymonde de Laroche on March 8, 1910.[54][55]
• First documented and witnessed seaplane flight under power from water's surface: Henri Fabre, piloting the Fabre Hydravion (named Le Canard - the duck), at Martigues, France, on March 28, 1910.[56]
• First aircraft flight simulator: The aircraft manufacturer Antoinette completed the construction of a simulator to teach pupils to fly their monoplanes on May 7, 1910.[57]
• First Chief of State to fly on an airplane: Ferdinand I of Bulgaria was a passenger in a Farman III biplane flown by Jules de Laminne on July 15, 1910, during a visit in Belgium.[58]
• First air-to-ground and ground-to-air radio communications: Frederick Walker Baldwin and Douglas McCurdy sent a morse radio message "Another chapter in aerial achievement is recorded in the sending of this wireless message from an aeroplane in flight" from a Curtiss biplane while in flight, which was received by a nearby ground station on August 27, 1910.[59] They were also responsible for the first radio message received by an aircraft in flight, on March 6, 1911.[60]
• First flight across the Alps: Peruvian aviator Jorge Chávez was the first to fly over the Swiss Alps, doing so in a Blériot XI on 23 September 1910, having achieved an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[61]
• First mid-air collision between two airplanes: An Antoinette IV monoplane, piloted by René Thomas, rammed Bertram Dickson's Farman III biplane on October 1, 1910.[62][63]
• First shipboard take-off and landing by an airplane: Eugene Burton Ely, in a Curtiss Model D pusher, took off from a temporary platform aboard light cruiser USS Birmingham on November 14, 1910.[64] Ely was also the first to land an airplane on a ship, touching down on a temporary platform aboard armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania on January 11, 1911.[65]
• The first non-stop flight from London to Paris: Pierre Prier flew a Blériot XI on April 12, 1911 from London to Paris in 3 hours and 56 minutes.[66]
• First woman to die in a crash of a powered airplane: Denise Moore fell from a Farman III, on July 21, 1911.[67]
• First flight across the Continental Divide of the Americas: Cromwell Dixon flew over the Rocky Mountains in a Curtiss pusher on September 30, 1911, reaching an altitude of 2,200 m (7,100 ft).[68]

Armour Company poster showing Calbraith Perry Rodgers's Vin Fiz Flyer transcontinental flight route, autumn 1911

• First ordnance dropped from an airplane: Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti dropped grenades from his Etrich Taube airplane on Ottoman troops in Libya on November 1, 1911.[69]
• First transcontinental flight across North America: Calbraith Perry Rodgers piloted the Vin Fiz Wright Model EX pusher biplane through a seventy-plus-stop trek across the United States from Sheepshead Bay, New York to Long Beach, California from September 17 to December 10, 1911.[70]
• First parachute jump from an airplane: According to some sources, Grant Morton jumped from a Wright Model B over Venice, California, in 1911.[71][72] However credit is generally given to Albert Berry, who jumped from a Benoist biplane over Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, on March 1, 1912.[73][71]
• First night mission: Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti during the campaign against the Ottoman Empire on March 4, 1912 [74]
• First woman to fly across the English Channel: Harriet Quimby flew from Dover to Hardelot-Plage on April 16, 1912.[75]
• First airplane flight across the Irish Sea: Denys Corbett Wilson took 100 minutes to fly a Blériot XI from Goodwick in Wales to Enniscorthy in Ireland, on April 22, 1912.[76]
• First take-off by an airplane from a moving ship: Commander Charles R. Samson took off from a platform aboard the battleship HMS Hibernia in a Short Improved S.27 No. 38, on May 9, 1912.[77]
• First flight of an all-metal aircraft: The Reissner Canard, designed by Professor Hans Reissner (with engineering help from Hugo Junkers), whose structure and skin were both all metal, was first flown on May 23, 1912 by Robert Gsell.[78][79]
• First aircraft to be captured: was that of Captain Moizo of the Italian Servizio Aeronautico, on September 10, 1912 during the Italo-Turkish War, but sources disagree on whether he was shot down, or had mechanical problems.[80][81]
• First use of a flight data recorder: Invented by George M. Dyott and used in the 1913 Dyott monoplane. It used three pointers to record movements of the control surfaces on a strip of paper run between two rollers.[82]
• First four-engine aircraft to fly: The Russian Russo-Baltic Wagon Works Большой Балтийский (Bolshoi Baltiskiy - Great Baltic), developed by Igor Sikorsky; took to the air on May 10, 1913 after having two additional engines installed in pusher configuration, in tandem behind the pair of installed engines; when the original pair were found to leave it underpowered.[83]
• First bombing attack against a surface ship: Didier Masson and Captain Joaquín Bauche Alcalde dropped dynamite bombs on Federalist gunboats at Guaymas, Mexico, on May 10, 1913 while flying for Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza[84]
• First propaganda leaflet flight: Didier Masson distributed propaganda leaflets from the air for the Mexican Revolutionist Venustiano Carranza, post May 10, 1913.[84]

Pyotr Nesterov with the Nieuport IV.G he looped in 1913

• First loop: Pyotr Nesterov looped a Nieuport IV, on September 9, 1913.[85]
• First flight across the Mediterranean: Roland Garros flew a Morane-Saulnier G from the South of France to Tunisia, on September 23, 1913.[86]
• First aircraft to exceed 160 km/h (100 mph) in level flight Maurice Prévost flew a Deperdussin Monocoque in the 1913 Gordon Bennett Trophy race averaging over 160 km/h (100 mph) during a lap on September 28, 1913.[87]
• First dogfight: Dean Ivan Lamb flying a Curtiss pusher and Phil Rader in a Christofferson biplane traded pistol shots while airborne, during the Siege of Naco, Mexico in November or December 1913.[88]
• First scheduled commercial airplane flight:Tony Jannus flew a Benoist XIV biplane flying-boat of the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line from St. Petersburg to Tampa in 23 minutes on January 1, 1914 with a paying passenger. This service ran until May 5, 1914.[89]
• First piloted flight indoors: Lincoln Beachey flew inside the Palace of Machinery intended for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, in San Francisco, California on either February 16 or 17, 1914.[90]
• First flight across the North Sea: On July 30, 1914, Tryggve Gran flew the 510 km (320 mi) from Cruden Bay in Scotland to Jæren in Norway in 4 hours and 10 minutes.[91]
• First aircraft downed by ground fire: On August 20, 1914 during the Battle of Cer, an Austro-Hungarian Lohner B.I of Fliegerkompagnie 13 was damaged by Royal Serbian Army small arms fire near Lešnica. The pilot escaped and the Serbs failed to repair his aircraft.
• First aircraft intentionally downed by another aircraft: Pyotr Nesterov rammed an Austrian Albatros B.II of FLIK 11 with his Morane-Saulnier G on September 7, 1914 following previous attempts using a grappling hook. Both aircraft were destroyed and all were killed.[92]
• First aircraft to shoot down another aircraft: A French Voisin III, piloted by Sergeant Joseph Frantz, and Corporal Louis Quénault as passenger, engaged a German Aviatik B.II near Rheims on October 5, 1914. After expending his machine-gun ammunition, Quénault shot the German pilot (Wilhelm Schlichting) with his rifle, causing the Aviatik to crash.[93]
• First female military pilot: Eugenie Mikhailovna Shakhovskaya was a reconnaissance pilot in the Imperial Russian Air Service, having been ordered to active service on November 19, 1914.[94]
• First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a fixed forward-firing machine gun: Roland Garros, while with Escadrille 23 of the Aéronautique Militaire worked with Raymond Saulnier on a synchronized machine gun, however when that failed, they attached steel wedges to the propeller blades, and he proceeded to down three German aircraft in March 1915 before his engine failed behind enemy lines.[95]

Kurt Wintgens' Fokker M.5K/MG used on July 1, 1915

• First aerial victory for a fighter aircraft armed with a forward-firing synchronized machine gun: Leutnant Kurt Wintgens of Feldflieger Abteilung 6b of the German Army's Fliegertruppe air arm, flying a Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker, downed a French Morane-Saulnier L near Lunéville, France, on July 1, 1915.[96][97]
• First female combat fighter pilot: Marie Marvingt flew combat missions for France in 1915.[98][99]
• First sinking of a ship with an aerial torpedo: Charles Edmonds in a Short 184 torpedoed and sank an abandoned Turkish supply ship in the Sea of Marmara on August 12, 1915.[100][101]
• First downing of a military aircraft with artillery fire: Serbian Army private Radoje Ljutovac hit an Austro-Hungarian aircraft on September 30, 1915 during a bombing raid on Kragujevac.[102][103]
• First combat search and rescue by airplane: Richard Bell Davies landed his Nieuport 10 to rescue another pilot who had been shot down in Bulgaria on November 19, 1915.[104]
• First medical evacuation (medevac) by air: Louis Paulhan evacuated the seriously ill Milan Stefanik from the Serbian front in 1915.[105]

Felixstowe Porte Baby with Bristol Scout composite before flight, 1916

• First black military pilot: Ahmet Ali Çelikten a.k.a. Arap Ahmet Ali was the first black military pilot, served in Ottoman Aviation Squadrons from 1914 or 1915.[106][107][108][84][109]
• First flight of a parasite or composite airplane: A Felixstowe Porte Baby carried aloft and then launched a Bristol Scout while in flight on May 17, 1916.[110]
• First air-to-air rocket attack to down an aircraft: Eight aces including Nungesser downed six observation balloons on May 22, 1916 while flying Nieuport 16s armed with Le Prieur rockets, blinding the German Army for a French counter-attack on Fort Douaumont.[111]
• First air-to-ground rocket attack: A roving Nieuport 16 equipped with Le Prieur rockets found a large ammunition dump, on June 29, 1916 and blew it up.[112]
• First submarine sunk by aircraft: HMS B10 was sunk by Lohner L aircraft of the Kaiserliche und Königliche Seeflugwesen (Austrian Naval Air Service) while tied up at Venice on August 9, 1916.[113]
• First submarine sunk while underway by aircraft: French submarine Foucault was bombed by two Austro-Hungarian Lohner L seaplanes while off Cattaro on September 15, 1916, which resulted in Foucault being forced to surface and her crew to abandon ship.[114]

Practical flight 1917-1938

Dunning landing a Sopwith Pup on HMS Furious in 1917

• First landing by an airplane on a moving ship: Squadron Commander Edwin Dunning landed a Sopwith Pup on HMS Furious on August 2, 1917.[115]
• First flight by an all-metal aircraft with a stressed skin monocoque primary structure: by the Zeppelin-Lindau (Dornier) D.I cantilever biplane on June 4, 1918. It would also be the first such aircraft to enter production.[116][117]
• First flight by an airplane across the Andes: Luis Candelaria flew from Zapala, Argentina, to Cunco, Chile, in a Morane-Saulnier Type L parasol monoplane on April 13, 1918, reaching an altitude of 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[118]
• First attack by aircraft launched from an aircraft carrier: Sopwith Camels flown from HMS Furious for the Tondern raid on July 19, 1918 destroyed Zeppelins L 54 and L 60.[119]
• First flight across the Andes above highest peaks: Teniente Dagoberto Godoy crossed from Chile to Argentina in a Bristol M.1C, on December 12, 1918, reaching an altitude of 6,300 m (20,700 ft), without oxygen.
• First transatlantic flight: Albert Cushing Read with a crew of five in a US Navy Curtiss NC flying boat, the NC-4, flew from New York City to Plymouth, England via the Azores and Portugal from May 8–31, 1919, stopping 23 times.[120]

Alcock and Brown beginning their non-stop transatlantic flight in their Vickers Vimy, 1919

• First non–stop transatlantic flight: John Alcock and Arthur Brown flew a Vickers Vimy from St. John's, Newfoundland, to Clifden, Ireland, on June 14–15, 1919.[121]
• First stowaways (human and animals) on a transatlantic air journey: July 2-6, 1919, on the rigid airship R34, William Ballantyne and his small tabby cat, Wopsie, smuggled themselves on board the airship R34 as the first transatlantic stowaways in the flight from the UK to Mineola, Long Island. There were also two homing pigeons. Thus, these were the first three animals to fly across the Atlantic aboard a manned aircraft, with Wopsie the cat being the first known land quadruped to fly across a major body of water. Ballantyne returned to the UK by ship.[122][123]
• First England to Australia flight: brothers Keith and Ross Macpherson Smith, with mechanics Sergeant Wallace H. Shiers and James M. Bennett, flew from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome to Darwin in a Vickers Vimy on December 10, 1919, winning a prize of £A10,000.[124]
• First Rome to Tokyo flight: Arturo Ferrarin (and engineer Gino Cappannini) in an Ansaldo SVA biplane in winning the Rome–Tokyo Raid on May 31, 1920
• First African–American or Native American or black person to obtain an international pilot's license: Bessie Coleman on June 15, 1921 on a Nieuport 82.[125][126]
• First capital ship sunk by aircraft: Under orders from Brigadier General William L. Mitchell, one Handley-Page O/400 and six Martin NBS-1 bombers led by Capt. Walter R. Lawson bombed the captured ex-German World War I battleship, Ostfriesland during a series of airpower tests, sinking it on July 21, 1921.[127]
• First crop duster: John Macready successfully flew a Curtiss Jenny that had been specially modified in a joint U.S. Department of Agriculture, and U.S. Army Signal Corps project from McCook Field in Dayton, Ohio to spray crops with lead arsenate to control a caterpillar infestation on August 3, 1921.[128][129]
• First flight to sustain a speed over 320 km/h (200 mph) : Joseph Sadi-Lecointe flew a Nieuport-Delage Sesquiplan racer over a distance of 100 km (62 mi) at an average speed in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph) on September 30, 1922.[130]
• First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic (with aircraft replacement): Artur de Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho flew from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in a total of three Fairey III floatplanes between March 30 and June 17, 1922.[131] The first to use astronomical navigation (and to rely solely on it during the crossing), with an artificial horizon for aeronautical use.[132][133]
• First autogyro/autogiro flight: Alejandro Gomez Spencer made the first successful Autogyro flight in the Cierva C.4 on January 9, 1923 (O.C.), previous designs having failed to achieve flight.[134]
• First aerial refueling: A De Havilland Airco DH.4B biplane of the United States Army Air Service successfully refuelled another DH.4B, piloted by Lowell Smith, in mid-air on June 27, 1923.[135]
• First flight from Portugal to China: Using two different aircraft, Sarmento de Beires and Brito Pais flew 16,380 km (10,180 mi) in 115 hours 45 minutes of flying time[136][137] from Vila Nova de Milfontes, Alentejo to Shenzhen, near Hong Kong, between April 7 and June 20, 1924,[138][139]

USAAS Douglas World Cruisers on their world circumnavigation flight in 1924

• First aerial circumnavigation: Pilots Lowell H. Smith, Erik H. Nelson and John Harding Jr., in a pair of Douglas World Cruisers of the United States Army Air Service completed an aerial east–west circumnavigation of the world starting and ending in Seattle Washington, between April 6 and September 28, 1924.[140][notes 2]
• First Amsterdam to Tokyo flight: Pedro Leandro Zanni and mechanic Felipe Beltrame, flew 17,015 km (10,573 mi), with a change of aircraft in Hanoi, from July 26 to October 11, 1924, with a flight time of 119 hours 50 minutes.[141][142]
• First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic (single aircraft): Ramón Franco, Julio Ruiz de Alda Miqueleiz, Juan Manuel Duran and Pablo Rada, made between Spain and South America in the Plus Ultra, in January 1926.

Charles Lindbergh and his monoplane the Spirit of St. Louis that made the non-stop flight from New York to Paris on May 21, 1927

• First solo non-stop New York to Paris transatlantic flight: Charles Lindbergh, flying the Spirit of St. Louis, made the 33-hour journey from New York to Paris on May 20–21, 1927, winning the Orteig Prize.[143]
• First flight from U.S. mainland to Hawaii: U.S. Army lieutenants Albert Francis Hegenberger and Lester J. Maitland flew from California to Hawaii in the Bird of Paradise, a C-2 transport, on June 28–29, 1927.[144]
• First female airline pilot: Marga von Etzdorf was hired by Lufthansa in 1927.[145] One year later, Mary, Lady Heath, was hired by KLM.
• First east–west non–stop transatlantic crossing: the Bremen, a Junkers W 33 flown by Hermann Köhl with James Fitzmaurice as copilot, flew from Baldonnel, Ireland to Greenly Island in Quebec from April 12–13, 1928[146]
• First long distance mass formation flight: Italo Balbo led 60 Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boats from May 25 to June 2, 1928 from Tuscany over the Balearic Islands, along Spanish and French coasts, and finally returning to Italy.[147]
• First transpacific flight (US to Australia): Charles Kingsford Smith and crew, in the Southern Cross, flew from Oakland, California, to Brisbane, Australia, between May 31 and June 9, 1928.[148]
• First woman to fly across the Atlantic (as passenger): Amelia Earhart was flown by Wilmer Stultz and Louis Gordon, in a Fokker F.VII, from Trepassey, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales, on June 17, 1928.[149]
• First sea-launched flight to deliver transatlantic (westbound, Europe-to-USA) mail: Jobst von Studnitz, flying a Heinkel HE 12 floatplane and carrying 11,000 pieces of mail from Europe, was launched from the deck of the new ND-Lloyd liner, the SS Bremen on its maiden voyage, some twenty miles off Fire Island, New York, to deliver the mail to New York City several hours before the ship docked at 58th Street, Brooklyn docks. July 26, 1929.[150]
• First flight over the South Pole: in the "Floyd Bennett", a Ford 4-AT-B trimotor flown by Bernt Balchen with Harold June as co-pilot and Richard E. Byrd navigating, arriving shortly after midnight on November 29, 1929.[151][152]
• First trans-oceanic mass formation flight: Italo Balbo led twelve Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boats from Orbetello Airfield, Italy to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between December 17, 1930 and January 15, 1931 which was documented in the first Italian aviation film Atlantic Flight (1931 film).[147]
• First nonstop flight across the Pacific: Clyde Pangborn and Hugh Herndon flew 41 hours, 13 minutes in a heavily modified Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket named Miss Veedol from Samushiro, Japan, to Wenatchee, Washington, on October 4–5, 1931.[153]
• First female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean: Amelia Earhart, in a Lockheed Vega 5B, flew from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, to Culmore, Ireland, on May 20, 1932.[154]
• First successful helicopter with a single main lifting rotor: Alexei Cheremukhin and Boris Yuriev's TsAGI-1EA, which flew to a record altitude of 605 m (1,985 ft) on August 14, 1932.[155][156]
• First flight over Mount Everest: Lord Clydesdale in a Westland PV-3 and David McIntyre, in a Westland PV-6 flew over Everest on April 3, 1933 during their Houston–Mount Everest flight expedition.[157]
• First scheduled commercial trans-Pacific passenger service: A Pan-American Martin M-130 began a proving flight on November 22, 1935 that led to passengers being carried on a regularly scheduled service from San Francisco to Manila that began on October 21, 1936.[158]
• First trans–polar flight: A Tupolev ANT-25RD flown by Valery Pavlovich Chkalov with copilot Georgi Filippovich Baidukov and navigator Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov from Schelkovo air base on the outskirts of Moscow, to Pearson Field in Vancouver, Washington, crossing the Arctic for the first time from June 18–20, 1937 over a distance of 9,130 km (5,670 mi) in 63 hours and 25 minutes.[159]
• First transatlantic commercial proving flights and quadruple crossing: An Imperial Airways Short Empire flying boat and a Pan-American Sikorsky S-42 flying boat both crossed the Atlantic on July 5, 1937, and then made the return flight. Both aircraft were operating at the extreme limits of their respective ranges, and so commercial service didn't start until a few years later.[160]
• First flight of a commercial aircraft with a pressurized cabin: was made on December 31, 1938 by the Boeing 307 Stratoliner.[161]

Jet age, 1939–present

• First flight by a liquid-fueled rocket-powered aircraft: The Heinkel He 176, piloted by Erich Warsitz, made its first flight on June 20, 1939.[162]
• First scheduled commercial transatlantic passenger service: Pan American Boeing 314 Clipper Yankee Clipper flying boats made the first scheduled commcercial flight between New York City and Marseille, France on June 28, 1939.[163]
• First flight by a turbojet-powered aircraft: The Heinkel He 178, piloted by Erich Warsitz, made its maiden flight on August 27, 1939.[164]
• First flight of an aircraft powered by a motorjet/thermojet: Caproni Campini N.1 on August 27, 1940[165]
• First capital ships sunk by aircraft while underway: Japanese Mitsubishi G4M twin-engine torpedo bombers of the Kanoya, Genzan and Mihoro Air Groups sank the HMS Repulse, followed by the accompanying HMS Prince of Wales on December 10, 1941, the first capital ships to be sunk while underway.[166]
• First purpose-built jet bomber to fly: The Arado Ar 234 reconnaissance-bomber made its first flight on July 30, 1943.[167]
• First combat sortie by a rocket-powered aircraft: Major Späte of the EK 16 service test unit flew a Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet interceptor against Allied aircraft on May 13, 1944.[168]
• First jet fighter used in combat: A Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter flown by Leutnant Alfred Schreiber of Ekdo 262 service test unit attacked an RAF 540 Squadron de Havilland Mosquito on July 26, 1944, but failed to shoot it down.[169]
• First turboprop powered aircraft to fly: A modified Gloster Meteor F.I powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent turbine engines driving propellers, became the first turboprop powered aircraft to fly on September 20, 1945.[170]
• First scheduled commercial transatlantic passenger service using landplanes: American Overseas Airlines Douglas DC-4 landplanes provided the first scheduled passenger flight between New York City and Hurn Airport near Bournemouth in England via Gander, Newfoundland, and Shannon, Ireland on October 23, 1945.[171]

Bell X-1, first aircraft confirmed to have exceeded Mach 1, flown by Chuck Yeager on October 14, 1947

• First documented supersonic flight: Chuck Yeager exceeded the speed of sound in a Bell X-1 on October 14, 1947.[172]
• First flight by a jet transport: A Rolls-Royce Nene-powered Vickers VC.1 Viking became the first jet-powered airliner to fly on April 6, 1948.[173]
• First nonstop around-the-world flight: Starting on February 26, Capt. James Gallagher and his crew refuelled inflight four times in Boeing B-50A Superfortress Lucky Lady II while flying around the world, to return to where they started at Carswell AFB in Texas on March 2, 1949.[174]
• First aircraft to exceed Mach 2: Scott Crossfield was first to fly at twice the speed of sound in a Douglas D-558-II Skyrocket on November 20, 1953.[175]
• First manned Jetpack flights: Engineer Wendell Moore made the first flight in February 1961 during the development program at Bell Laboratories.[176]
• First pole-to-pole circumnavigation: was completed by Captains Fred Austin and Harrison Finch in Boeing 707-349C "Pole Cat" which had been leased from the Flying Tiger Line, in 57 hours, 27 minutes on 15 November 1965.[177]
• First woman to fly for a major U.S. airline: Bonnie Tiburzi became the first female pilot for a major U.S. airline in March 1973 with American Airlines.
• First manned free flight by an electrically powered aeroplane: The MB-E1 was HB-3 motor glider modified with an 8-10 kW (11-13 hp) Bosch KM77 electric motor. It first flew on October 23, 1973, and achieved flights of 12 minutes duration at up to an altitude of 380 m (1,247 ft), the limit to its Ni-Cd battery's capacity.
• First supersonic scheduled passenger flights: Concorde, the first supersonic airliner flew from London to Bahrain, and from Paris to Rio de Janeiro on January 21, 1976.[178]
• First downing of three aircraft down with one missile: On 7 January 1981 during Iran–Iraq War, an Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcat piloted by Asadullah Adeli and Mohammad Masbough downed three MiG-23s flying in close formation with one AIM-54 Phoenix missile after hitting the one in the middle.[179][180][181]
• First circumnavigation by helicopter: H. Ross Perot, Jr. and Jay Coburn in a Bell 206L-1 LongRanger II ("Spirit of Texas"), September 1-30, 1982.[182]
• First non-stop, un-refueled flight around the Earth: Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager in the Rutan Model 76 Voyager took 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds to circumnavigate the globe from December 14 to 23, 1986.[178]
• First all-female jet airliner cockpit and flight attendant crew: Beverley Bass captained the American Airlines flight of a Boeing 727 from Washington D.C. to Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1986.[183]
• First helicopter to the North Pole: Dick Smith on April 28, 1987 in Bell Jetranger III VH-DIK.[184]
• First circumnavigation landing at both poles: While flying a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, Dick Smith carried out landings on both poles during 1988 and 1989.[185][186]
• First east-west circumnavigation by helicopter: was completed in a Sikorsky S-76 by Dick Smith in 1995.[187]
• First UK to Australia in a piston engine helicopter Martin Rutty and Timothy Gilbert 1999, Robinson R44 Astro.

Cirrus SR20 test deployment of the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System, flown by Scott D. Anderson in 1998

• First deployment of an airplane recovery parachute: Scott D. Anderson successfully flew 7 test flights of the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System in a Cirrus SR20 during the summer of 1998.[188][189][190]
• First to land a helicopter at both Poles: Quentin Smith & Steve Brooks landed a Robinson R44 at the North Pole in October 2002 and at the South Pole in January 2005,[191]

The Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer that Steve Fossett piloted solo around the world non-stop in 2005

• First solo non-stop fixed-wing aircraft flight around the Earth: Steve Fossett flew from Salina, Kansas, eastbound and back, on a Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, from February 28-March 3, 2005, taking a total time of 67 hours.[192]
• First solo flight by an armless pilot: Just using her legs Jessica Cox earned her pilot's license on May 10, 2008, flying a Ercoupe from San Manuel Airport, Arizona.[193][194]
• First piloted overnight solar-powered flight in a fixed-wing aircraft: Andre Borschberg piloted the Solar Impulse 1 for a continuous flight of more than 24 hours, between July 7–8, 2010.[195]
• First trans-Atlantic flight by autogyro: Norman Surplus flew solo across the Atlantic from Belfast, Maine, to Larne, Northern Ireland in Rotorsport UK MT-03 Autogyro "Roxy" between July 8, 2015 and August 11, 2015.[196][197]
• First piloted non-stop solar-powered transatlantic flight: Bertrand Piccard flew from New York City to Seville in the Solar Impulse 2 between June 20–23, 2016.[198]
• First circumnavigation of the world by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power: Solar Impulse 2 between March 2015 and July 2016; Borschberg and Piccard alternated piloting stages of the journey.[199]
• First electroaerodynamic thrust winged Ion-propelled aircraft test flight: MIT EAD Airframe Version 2 using ionic wind on November 21, 2018.[200]
• First circumnavigation by autogyro: Norman Surplus flew a RotorSport UK MT-03 between June 1, 2015 and June 28, 2019 from McMinnville, Oregon, USA, for an eastbound circumnavigation.[196][197]
• First females to circumnavigate Earth via both poles : Payload Specialist: Jannicke Mikkelsen (Norway), and Flight Attendant: Magdelena Starowicz (Poland), as part of an eight-person flight mission crew of One More Orbit became the first and fastest females to circumnavigate Earth via north and south poles, between July 9, 2019 and July 11, 2019 from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA. Record recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) and GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS.
• First type certificate for an electric aeroplane: The Pipistrel Velis Electro becomes the first electric aircraft in the World to receive a type certificate by EASA, on June 10, 2020.[201] The Velis Electro is powered by a Pipistrel E-811, the first type certified electric aircraft engine for use in general aviation, on May 18, 2020.[202][203]
• First commercial flight of hydrogen fuel cell plane: A retrofitted Piper M350 plane in Cranfield, Bedfordshire in September 2020.

See also

• Australian aviation firsts
• Circumnavigation
• List of circumnavigations
• Firsts in human spaceflight
• Timeline of women in aviation

References

Notes

1. Zizhi Tongjian 167. "（永定三年）使元黄头与诸囚自金凤台各乘纸鸱以飞，黄头独能至紫陌乃堕，仍付御史中丞毕义云饿杀之。" (Rendering: In the 3rd year of Yongding, 559, Gao Yang conducted an experiment by having Yuan Huangtou and a few prisoners launch themselves from a tower in Ye, capital of the Northern Qi. Yuan Huangtou was the only one who survived from this flight, as he glided over the city-wall and fell at Zimo [western segment of Ye] safely, but he was later executed.)
2. Unless specified, most circumnavigation flights were not done along the greatest distance, at the equator, but merely crossed all lines of longitude - often at high latitudes, and as far north as possible.

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