Oakland, California

Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port city, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the San Francisco Bay Area, the eighth most populated city in California, and the 45th most populated city in the United States. With a population of 433,031 as of 2019,[19] it serves as a trade center for the San Francisco Bay Area; its Port of Oakland is the busiest port in the San Francisco Bay, the entirety of Northern California, and the fifth busiest in the United States of America.[20] An act to incorporate the city was passed on May 4, 1852, and incorporation was later approved on March 25, 1854, which officially made Oakland a city.[4] Oakland is a charter city.[21]

Oakland, California
City
City of Oakland
Oakland skyline, with the eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in background
Flag Seal Coat of arms Wordmark
Nickname(s):  "Oaktown",[1] "The Town"
Motto(s):  "Love life"[2]
Location in Alameda County and the U.S. state of California
Oakland Location within California Oakland Location within the United States
Coordinates: 37°48′16″N 122°16′15″W
Country	United States
State	California
County	Alameda
Region	San Francisco Bay Area
Incorporated	May 4, 1852[3][4]
Named for	The large oak forest that originally covered the area[5]
Government
• Type	Strong mayor[6]
• Mayor	Libby Schaaf (D)[7]
• State senator	Nancy Skinner (D)[8]
• Assemblymembers	Buffy Wicks (D) and Rob Bonta (D)[9]
• U. S. rep.	Barbara Lee (D)[10]
Area [11]
• Total	77.89 sq mi (201.74 km^2)
• Land	55.91 sq mi (144.80 km^2)
• Water	21.98 sq mi (56.94 km^2)  28.48%
Elevation [12]	43 ft (13 m)
Population  (2010)[13]
• Total	390,724
• Estimate  (2019)[14]	433,031
• Rank	1st in Alameda County 8th in California 45th in the United States
• Density	7,745.42/sq mi (2,990.53/km^2)
Demonym(s)	Oaklander
Time zone	UTC– 08:00 (Pacific)
• Summer (DST)	UTC– 07:00 (PDT)
ZIP Codes	94601–94615, 94617-94624, 94649, 94659–94662, 94666[15]
Area codes	510/341
FIPS code	06-53000
GNIS feature IDs	277566, 2411292
Website	www.oaklandca.gov [16][17][18]

Oakland's territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub.[22] Its land served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco.[22] Oakland's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad.[23] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the city's population, increasing its housing stock, and improving its infrastructure. It continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry.

History

Pre-incorporation

The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun natives, who lived there for thousands of years. The Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone (a Miwok word meaning "western people").[24] In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay at Emeryville.

In 1772, the area that later became Oakland was colonized, along with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain.[25] Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente.[26] The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called Encinar (misrendered at an early date and carried forward as "encinal") —Spanish for "oak grove"—due to the large oak forest that covered the area, which eventually led to the city's name.[5]

According to Stanford University historian Albert Camarillo, the Peralta family struggled to keep their land after the incorporation of California into the United States after the Mexican–American War. Camarillo claims the family was the victim of targeted racial violence. He writes in Chicanos in California, "They lost everything when squatters cut down their fruit trees, killed their cattle, destroyed their buildings, and even fenced off the roads leading to the rancho. Especially insidious were the actions of attorney Horace Carpentier, who tricked Vicente Peralta into signing a 'lease' which turned out to be a mortgage against the 19,000-acre rancho. The lands became Carpentier's when Peralta refused to repay the loan he believed was fraudulently incurred. The Peraltas had no choice but to abandon the homesite they had occupied for two generations."[27]

Development of Chinatown

During the 1850s—just as gold was discovered in California—Oakland started growing and further developing because land was becoming too expensive in San Francisco.[28] The Chinese were struggling financially as a result of the First Opium War, the Second Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion, so they began migrating to Oakland, many of whom were recruited to work on railroads. However, the Chinese struggled to settle because they were discriminated against by the white community and their living quarters were burned down on several occasions.[29] The majority of the Chinese migrants lived in unhealthy conditions in China and they often had diseases, so plague spread into San Francisco even though the Chinese were thoroughly inspected for diseases upon their arrival to San Francisco.[29]

City beginnings

1857 map of Oakland

In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland.[30] In 1852, the Town of Oakland was incorporated by the state legislature.[31] During this time, Oakland had 75–100 inhabitants, two hotels, a wharf, two warehouses, and only cattle trails. Two years later, on March 25, 1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland.[32] Horace Carpentier was elected the first mayor, though a scandal ended his mayorship in less than a year.

The city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, the site of today's Port of Oakland.[33]

A number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, and other lines were converted and added over the course of the 1890s. The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of today's publicly owned AC Transit.

Plague epidemic

Oakland was one of the worst affected cities in California that was impacted by the plague epidemic. Quarantine measures were set in place at the Oakland ports requiring the authorities at the port to inspect the arriving vessels for the presence of infected rats.[34] Quarantine authorities at these ports inspected over a thousand vessels per year for plague and yellow fever. By 1908, over 5,000 people were detained in quarantine.[35] Hunters were sent to poison the affected areas in Oakland and shoot the squirrels, but the eradication work was limited in its range because the State Board of Health and the United States Public Health Service were only allotted about $60,000 a year to eradicate the disease. During this period Oakland did not have sufficient health facilities, so some of the infected patients were treated at home.[36]

The State Board of Health along with Oakland also advised physicians to promptly report any cases of infected patients.[37] Yet, in 1919 it still resulted in a small epidemic of Pneumonic plague which killed a dozen people in Oakland.[37] This started when a man went hunting in Contra Costa Valley and killed a squirrel. After eating the squirrel, he fell ill four days later and another household member contracted the plague. This in turn was passed on either directly or indirectly to about a dozen others.[38] The officials in Oakland acted quickly by issuing death certificates to monitor the spread of plague.[37]

Incorporation

One day's output of 1917 automobiles at Chevrolet's major West Coast plant, now the location of Eastmont Town Center

At the time of incorporation in 1852, Oakland had consisted of the territory that lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north. Oakland's rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the nearby town of Alameda being made an island. In 1906, the city's population doubled with refugees made homeless after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire.

In 1908 lawyer, former miner and newspaper owner Homer Wood (1880–1976) suggested to his friend Frank Bilger of Blake and Bilger Rock Quarry and Paving Company that he organize a gathering to establish a Rotary Club east of the bay. On November 27, 1908 Homer took a ferry across the bay in a driving rainstorm and met for lunch with Frank and twenty three other businessmen at the Hotel Metropole at 13th and Jefferson. This gathering became the first meeting of the Tri-City Rotary Club, renamed in 1911 The Rotary Club of Oakland, the third Rotary Club in the world. This group established the tradition of weekly meetings, something most clubs worldwide follow today.[39]

In 1916, General Motors opened an automobile factory in East Oakland called Oakland Assembly. It produced Chevrolet cars and then GMC trucks until 1963, when it was moved to Fremont in southern Alameda County.[40] Also in 1916, the Fageol Motor Company chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923.[41][42] By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including metals, canneries, bakeries, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.[43] By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "Detroit of the West," referring to the major auto manufacturing center in Michigan.[44]

Old Oakland neighborhood

Oakland expanded during the 1920s, as its population expanded with factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built in the 3 years between 1921 and 1924,[45] more than during the 13 years between 1907 and 1920.[46] Many of the large downtown office buildings, apartment buildings, and single-family houses still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; they reflect the architectural styles of the time.

Historic 1920s-era Parkway Theater

In 1924, the Tribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark. It is no longer used by the Oakland Tribune.

Russell Clifford Durant established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street in 1916.[47] The first transcontinental airmail flight finished its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, flown by Army Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker and Navy Lt. Bert Acosta.[48] Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the current Oakland International Airport was soon established four miles (6.4 km) to the southwest.[49]

During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Oakland's Moore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships. Valued at $100 million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District, and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company.[50]

President Franklin D. Roosevelt called on defense industries with government contracts to integrate their workforces and provide opportunities for all Americans. Tens of thousands of laborers came from around the country, especially poor whites and blacks from the Deep South: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas, as well as Missouri and Tennessee. Henry J. Kaiser's representatives recruited sharecroppers and tenant farmers from rural areas to work in his shipyards. African Americans were part of the Great Migration by which five million persons left the South, mostly for the West, from 1940 to 1970. White migrants from the Jim Crow South carried their racial attitudes, causing tensions to rise among black and white workers competing for the better-paying jobs in the Bay Area. The racial harmony Oakland blacks had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated.[51] Also migrating to the area during this time were many Mexican Americans from southwestern states such as New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado. Many worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad, at its major rail yard in West Oakland. Their young men encountered hostility and discrimination by Armed Forces personnel, and tensions broke out in "zoot suit riots" in downtown Oakland in 1943 in the wake of a major disturbance in Los Angeles that year.[52]

View of Lake Merritt looking southwest from the northeastern tip of the lake

In 1946, National City Lines (NCL), a General Motors holding company, acquired 64% of Key System stock; during the next several years NCL engaged in the conspiratorial dissolution of Oakland's electric streetcar system. The city's expensive electric streetcar fleet was converted to the cheaper diesel buses.[53] The state Legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which operates today as AC Transit, the third-largest bus-only transit system in the nation.[54]

Soon after the war, as Oakland's shipbuilding industry declined and the automobile industry went through restructuring, many jobs were lost. Economic competition increased racial tension.[55] In addition, labor unrest increased as workers struggled to protect their livelihoods. Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that had such a strike after World War II.[56]

1960–1999

In 1960, Kaiser Corporation opened its new headquarters; it was the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower west of Chicago" up to that time.[57] In the postwar period, suburban development increased around Oakland, and wealthier residents moved to new housing. Despite the major increases in the number and proportion of African Americans in the city, in 1966 only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black. Tensions between the black community and the largely white police force were high, as expectations during the civil rights era increased to gain social justice and equality before the law. Police abuse of blacks was common.[58][59]

Students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party at Merritt College (then located at a former high school on Grove Street, now occupied by Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute), which emphasized black power, advocated armed self-defense against police brutality, and was involved in several incidents that ended in the deaths of police officers and other Black Panther members. Among their social programs were feeding children and providing other services to the needy.[60] During the 1970s, Oakland began to suffer serious violence and other problems related to gang-controlled dealing of heroin and cocaine when drug kingpin Felix Mitchell created the nation's first large-scale operation of this kind.[55] Both violent crime and property crime increased during this period, and Oakland's murder rate rose to over twice that of San Francisco and New York.[55]

As in many other American cities during the 1980s, crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland. Drug dealing in general, and the dealing of crack cocaine in particular, resulted in elevated rates of violent crime, causing Oakland to consistently be listed as one of America's most crime-ridden cities.[61]

In 1980 Oakland's black population reached its 20th-century peak at approximately 47% of the overall city population.[62]

The 6.9 M_w Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989. The rupture was related to the San Andreas fault system and affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Many structures in Oakland were badly damaged including the double-decker portion of Interstate 880 that collapsed. The eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also sustained damage and was closed to traffic for one month.

On October 20, 1991, a massive firestorm swept down from the Berkeley/Oakland hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, 150 people were injured, and nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. With the loss of life and an estimated economic loss of US$1.5 billion, this was the worst urban firestorm in American history, until 2017.[63][64]

During the mid-1990s, Oakland's economy began to recover as it transitioned to new types of jobs. In addition, the city participated in large development and urban renewal projects, concentrated especially in the downtown area, at the Port of Oakland, and at the Oakland International Airport.[65]

Panorama of Oakland, California, from the top of Mountain View Cemetery

2000s

Oak Tree growing in Frank H. Ogawa Plaza

After his 1999 inauguration, Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris' public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.[66] Brown's plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases and gentrification, which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities.[67]

Due to allegations of misconduct by the Oakland Police Department, the City of Oakland has paid claims for a total of US$57 million during the 2001–2011 timeframe to plaintiffs claiming police abuse; this is the largest sum paid by any city in California.[68] On October 10, 2011, protesters and civic activists began "Occupy Oakland" demonstrations at Frank Ogawa Plaza in Downtown Oakland.[69][70]

African-Americans dropped to 28% of Oakland's population in 2010, from nearly half in 1980, due to fast-rising rents and an extreme housing crisis in the region.[71]

The city inspected many warehouses and live/work spaces after a fire broke out in the Ghost Ship warehouse, killing 36 people in 2016.[72]

Oakland is the second U.S. city, after Denver, to decriminalize psilocybin mushrooms. In June 2019, the City Council passed the resolution in a unanimous vote ending the investigation and imposition of criminal penalties for use and possession of natural entheogens.[73][74]

In November 2019, two homeless mothers and their children moved into a vacant three bedroom house in West Oakland. The group, calling themselves Moms 4 Housing, said their goal was to protest what they said was a large number of vacant houses in Oakland owned by redevelopment companies while the city experienced a housing crisis.[75] Two months later they were evicted from the house by three dozen sheriff's deputies, as hundreds of supporters demonstrated in favor of the women.[76] The incident received nationwide coverage.[77] The company that owns the house later said they would sell it to a nonprofit affordable housing group.[78] As of 2019, Oakland's per-capita homeless rate is higher than San Francisco and Berkeley.

Geography and cityscape

Aerial view of Downtown

Satellite picture of Oakland in 2019

Oakland is in the eastern region of the San Francisco Bay. In 1991, the City Hall tower was at 37.805302°N 122.272539°W (NAD83). (The building still exists, but like the rest of the Bay Area, it has shifted northwest perhaps 0.6 meters in the last twenty years.)

The United States Census Bureau says the city's total area is 78.0 square miles (202 km²), including 55.8 square miles (145 km²) of land and 22.2 square miles (57 km²) (28.48 percent) of water.

Oakland's highest point is near Grizzly Peak Blvd, east of Berkeley, just over 1,760 feet (540 m) above sea level at about 37.8786°N 122.2241°W. Oakland has 19 miles (31 km) of shoreline,[79] but Radio Beach is the only beach in Oakland.

Oaklanders refer to their city's terrain as "the flatlands" and "the hills". Until recent waves of gentrification, these terms also symbolized Oakland's deep economic divide, with "the hills" being more affluent communities. About two-thirds of Oakland lies in the flat plain of the East Bay, with one-third rising into the foothills and hills of the East Bay range.

Ruptures along the nearby San Andreas Fault caused severe earth movement in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1906 and 1989. San Andreas quakes induces creep (movement occurring on earthquake faults) in the Hayward fault, which runs directly through Oakland, Berkeley, San Jose and other Bay Area cities.[80]

Lake Merritt panorama

14th and Franklin

Neighborhoods

Latham Square

The north end of the Adams Point district, as seen from Lakeshore Avenue on the east shore of the lake

Upper Rockridge

Oakland has more than 50 distinct neighborhoods. The city's greater divisions include downtown Oakland and its greater Central Business District, Lake Merritt, East Oakland, North Oakland, West Oakland, and the Oakland Hills. East Oakland, which includes the East Oakland Hills, encompasses more than half of Oakland's land area, stretching from Lakeshore Avenue on the east shore of Lake Merritt southeast to the San Leandro border. North Oakland encompasses the neighborhoods between downtown and Berkeley and Emeryville. West Oakland is the area between downtown and the Bay, partially surrounded by the Oakland Point, and encompassing the Port of Oakland. In 2011, Oakland was ranked the 10th most walkable city in the United States.[81]

Oakland's Chinatown district is one of the oldest in the nation.

17th Street looking east

Lake Merritt, an urban estuary near downtown, is a mix of fresh and salt water draining in and out from the Oakland Harbor at the San Francisco Bay and one of Oakland's most notable features.[82] It was designated the United States' first official wildlife refuge in 1870.[83] Originally a marsh-lined wildlife haven, Lake Merritt was dredged and bordered with parks from the 1890s to the 1910s. Despite this reduction in habitat, Oakland is home to a number of rare and endangered species, many of which are localized to serpentine soils and bedrock. Lake Merritt is surrounded by residential and business districts, including downtown and Grand Lake.

Lake Merritt, towards the southern end

The city of Piedmont, incorporated in Oakland's central foothills after the 1906 earthquake, is a small independent city surrounded by the city of Oakland.

Climate and vegetation

Oakland has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate with an average of 260 sunny days per year. In general, the city features warm, dry summers, and mild, wet winters. Lake Merritt, a large estuary centrally located east of Downtown, was announced as the United States' first official wildlife refuge.

Based on data gathered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oakland is ranked No. 1 in climate among U.S. cities.[84] Oakland's climate is typified by the temperate and seasonal Mediterranean climate. Summers are usually dry and warm and winters are mild and damp. It has features found in both nearby coastal cities such as San Francisco and inland cities such as San Jose, making it warmer than San Francisco and cooler than San Jose. Its position on San Francisco Bay across from the Bay Bridge means the northern part of the city can have cooling maritime fog. It is far enough inland that the fog often burns off by midday, allowing it to have typically sunny California days. The hills tend to have more fog than the flatlands, as the fog drifts down from Berkeley.

The U.S. Weather Bureau kept weather records in downtown Oakland from October 4, 1894, to July 31, 1958. During that time, the record high temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 1957, and the record low temperature was 24 °F (−4 °C) on January 23, 1949. Dry, warm offshore "Diablo" winds (similar to the Santa Ana winds of Southern California) sometimes occur, especially in fall, and raise the fire danger. In 1991, such an episode allowed the catastrophic Oakland Hills fire to spread and consume many homes. The wettest year was 1940 with 38.65 inches (982 mm) and the driest year was 1910 with 12.02 inches (305 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 15.35 inches (390 mm) in January 1911. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 4.27 inches (108 mm) on February 12, 1904.[85] Rainfall near the bayfront is only 23 inches (580 mm), but is higher in the Oakland Hills to the east (up to 30 inches [760 mm]).

The higher rainfall in the hills supports woods of oak, madrona, pine, fir and a few redwood groves in the wetter areas. Before being logged in the 19th century, some of the tallest redwood trees in California (used for navigation by ships entering the Golden Gate) may have stood in the Oakland Hills. One old stump 30 feet (9.1 m) in diameter can be seen near Redwood Regional Park. Sunny, drier slopes are grassy or covered in scattered oaks and chaparral brush. Australian eucalyptus trees have been extensively planted in many areas, as they come from a similar climate.

The National Weather Service today has two official weather stations in Oakland: Oakland International Airport and the Oakland Museum (established 1970).

Climate data for Oakland Museum (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1970–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	78 (26)	82 (28)	88 (31)	97 (36)	105 (41)	106 (41)	103 (39)	99 (37)	109 (43)	103 (39)	84 (29)	75 (24)	109 (43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	67.0 (19.4)	72.4 (22.4)	75.9 (24.4)	82.8 (28.2)	85.5 (29.7)	89.1 (31.7)	87.3 (30.7)	88.7 (31.5)	89.7 (32.1)	87.8 (31.0)	75.8 (24.3)	66.5 (19.2)	94.7 (34.8)
Average high °F (°C)	58.0 (14.4)	61.8 (16.6)	63.6 (17.6)	66.0 (18.9)	68.8 (20.4)	71.2 (21.8)	71.7 (22.1)	73.0 (22.8)	74.1 (23.4)	71.7 (22.1)	64.6 (18.1)	58.1 (14.5)	66.6 (19.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)	51.4 (10.8)	54.7 (12.6)	56.4 (13.6)	58.3 (14.6)	61.1 (16.2)	63.5 (17.5)	64.3 (17.9)	65.6 (18.7)	66.0 (18.9)	63.3 (17.4)	57.1 (13.9)	51.8 (11.0)	59.2 (15.1)
Average low °F (°C)	44.7 (7.1)	47.7 (8.7)	49.1 (9.5)	50.5 (10.3)	53.5 (11.9)	55.7 (13.2)	56.9 (13.8)	58.1 (14.5)	57.8 (14.3)	55.1 (12.8)	49.8 (9.9)	45.4 (7.4)	51.9 (11.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	38.0 (3.3)	40.0 (4.4)	42.2 (5.7)	45.2 (7.3)	49.1 (9.5)	51.9 (11.1)	54.0 (12.2)	55.5 (13.1)	53.8 (12.1)	49.0 (9.4)	41.6 (5.3)	37.3 (2.9)	36.0 (2.2)
Record low °F (°C)	30 (−1)	29 (−2)	34 (1)	37 (3)	43 (6)	48 (9)	51 (11)	50 (10)	48 (9)	43 (6)	36 (2)	26 (−3)	26 (−3)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.59 (117)	4.65 (118)	3.52 (89)	1.32 (34)	0.73 (19)	0.12 (3.0)	0.00 (0.00)	0.07 (1.8)	0.23 (5.8)	1.29 (33)	3.07 (78)	4.44 (113)	24.09 (612)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in.)	10.2	10.5	10.7	5.9	3.4	1.0	0.1	0.4	1.2	3.5	8.1	10.4	69.1
Source: NOAA[86][87]

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1860	1,543		—
1870	10,500		580.5%
1880	34,555		229.1%
1890	48,682		40.9%
1900	66,960		37.5%
1910	150,174		124.3%
1920	216,261		44.0%
1930	284,063		31.4%
1940	302,163		6.4%
1950	384,575		27.3%
1960	367,548		−4.4%
1970	361,561		−1.6%
1980	339,337		−6.1%
1990	372,242		9.7%
2000	399,484		7.3%
2010	390,724		−2.2%
2019 (est.)	433,031	[14]	10.8%
U.S. Decennial Census[88]

Race and ethnicity

Map of racial distribution in San Francisco Bay Area, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic, or Other (yellow)

Racial composition	2018	2010[89]	1990[90]	1970[90]	1940[90]
White	35.1%	34.5%	32.5%	59.1%	95.3%
—Non-Hispanic	29.0%	25.9%	28.3%	52.0%[91]	n/a
Black or African American	25.2%	28.0%	43.9%	34.5%	2.8%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	26.5%	25.3%	13.9%	7.6%[91]	n/a
Asian	15.3%	16.8%	14.8%	4.8%	–

The 2010 United States Census[89] reported Oakland had a population of 390,724. The population density was 5,009.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,934.1/km²). The racial makeup of Oakland was 134,925 (34.5%) White (non-Hispanic White 25.9%), 129,471 (28.0%) African American, 3,040 (0.8%) Native American, 65,811 (16.8%) Asian (8.7% Chinese, 2.2% Vietnamese, 1.6% Filipino, 0.7% Cambodian, 0.7% Laotian, 0.6% Korean, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Indian, 0.1% Mongolian), 2,222 (0.6%) Pacific Islander (0.3% Tongan), 53,378 (13.7%) from other races, and 21,877 (5.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99,068 persons (25.4%). 18.1% of the population were of Mexican descent, 1.9% Salvadoran, 1.3% Guatemalan, and 0.7% Puerto Rican.

Demographic profile[89] 2010 Total Population 390,724 – 100% Hispanic or Latino 99,068 – 25.3% White 134,925 – 34.5% African American 109,471 – 28.0% Asian 65,811 – 16.8% American Indian and Alaska Native 3,040 – 0.8% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander 2,222 – 0.6% Other 53,378 – 13.7% Two or more races 21,877 – 5.6%

2018 United States Census American Community Survey estimates

Racial Makeup of Oakland (2018)[92]

  White alone (35.06%)

  Black alone (23.18%)

  Native American alone (0.87%)

  Asian Alone (15.32%)

  Pacific Islander Alone (0.77%)

  Other Race alone (17.79%)

  Two or more races (7.01%)

Racial Makeup of Oakland excluding Hispanics from racial categories (2018)[92]

  White alone (29.00%)

  Black alone (22.75%)

  Native American alone (0.36%)

  Asian Alone (15.19%)

  Pacific Islander Alone (0.69%)

  Some other race alone (0.34%)

  Two or more races (5.19%)

  Hispanic Any Race (26.48%)

According to 2018 US Census Bureau estimates, Oakland's population rose to 429,114, and was 35.1% White (29.0% Non-Hispanic White and 6.1% Hispanic White), 23.2% Black or African American, 0.9% Native American and Alaskan Native, 15.3% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 17.8% Some Other Race, and 7.0% from two or more races.[92]

White Americans are now the largest racial/ethnic group at either 35.1% (including White Hispanics) or 29.0% (excluding White Hispanics).[92]

Hispanics have been the second largest ethnic group since 2012 when they displaced the Black population. However, Black Americans still form the 2nd largest racial group. By ethnicity, 26.5% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 73.5% is Non-Hispanic (of any race).[92] The majority of Hispanics self-identify as Other Race (65.9%) with the remainder choosing White (22.9%), Multiracial (6.9%), Black (1.6%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (2.0%), Asian (0.5%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.3%).[92]

The Black population are the third largest ethnic group, and 2nd largest racial group at either 25.2% (including Black Hispanics) or 22.8% excluding Black Hispanics.[92]

The Asian population continues to remain the fourth largest group at 15.2% of the population.[92]

Educational attainment and income

The greater Oakland area has the fifth largest cluster of "elite zip codes" ranked by the number of households with the highest combination of income and education.[93] 37.9% of residents over 25 years of age have bachelor's degree or higher.[94] Oakland ranked among the top cities with residents with bachelor's degrees and graduate degrees per square mile.[95]

Oakland ranks in the top 20 of American cities in median household income, with a 2012 value of US$51,863.[96] In 2012, the median income for a household in the city was US$51,863 and the median income for a family was US$59,459. The mean income for a household was US$77,888 and the mean income for a family was US$90,948. Males had a median income of US$50,140 versus US$50,304 for females.[97] The unemployment rate as of December 2013 was 9.7%.[98]

In 2007 approximately 15.3 percent of families and 17.0 percent of the general population were below the poverty line, including 27.9 percent of those under age 18 and 13.1 percent of those age 65 or over. 0.7% of the population is homeless.[99] Home ownership is 41%[99] and 14% of rental units are subsidized.[99]

As of the census[100] of 2000, 19.4% of the population and 16.2% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Households

The census reported 382,586 people (97.9% of the population) lived in households, 5,675 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,463 (0.6%) were institutionalized.

There were 153,791 households, out of which 44,762 (29.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 50,797 (33.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 24,122 (15.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8,799 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 11,289 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3,442 (2.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 52,103 households (33.9%) were made up of individuals, and 13,778 (9.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 83,718 families (54.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.27.

The population was spread out, with 83,120 people (21.3%) under the age of 18, 36,272 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 129,139 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 98,634 people (25.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 43,559 people (11.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.

There were 169,710 housing units at an average density of 2,175.7 per square mile (840.0/km²), of which 153,791 were occupied, of which 63,142 (41.1%) were owner-occupied, and 90,649 (58.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. 166,662 people (42.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 215,924 people (55.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Shifting of cultures

Oakland has consistently ranked as one of the most ethnically diverse major cities in the country.[101][102] A 2019 analysis by WalletHub showed that Oakland was the most ethnoracially diverse city in the United States.[103] The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, whites, declined from 95.3% in 1940 to 32.5% by 1990, due to a combination of factors, including suburbanization. Oakland became a destination for African Americans in the Great Migration during and after World War II as they gained high-paying jobs in the defense industry. Blacks have formed a plurality in Oakland for many years, peaking in 1980 at about 47% of the population.

Oakland's black population decreased by nearly 25 percent between 2000 and 2010.[104] The city's demographics have changed due to a combination of rising housing prices associated with gentrification and with blacks relocating to better housing in Bay Area suburbs or moving to the Southern United States in a reverse migration, where conditions are considered to have improved.[105][106][107] This trends and cultural shifts have led to a decline among some of Oakland's long standing black institutions, such as churches, businesses and nightclubs, which had developed during the growing years of the 1950s through 1970.[108]

In the 2010 census African Americans maintained their status as Oakland's single largest ethnic group, with 27% of the population, followed by non-Hispanic whites at 25.9%, and Hispanics of any race at 25.4%.[109] Ethnic Asians constitute 17%, followed by smaller minority groups.

Many immigrants have settled in the city. Immigrants and others have marched by the thousands down Oakland's International Boulevard in support of legal reforms benefiting undocumented immigrants.[110]

An analysis by the Urban Institute of U.S. Census 2000 numbers showed Oakland had the third-highest concentration of gays and lesbians among the 50 largest U.S. cities, behind San Francisco and Seattle. Census data showed that among incorporated places that have at least 500 female couples, Oakland had the nation's largest proportion. In the 2000 census, 2,650 lesbian couples identified as such in Oakland; one in every 41 Oakland couples identified as a same-sex female partnership.[111][112]

Gentrification

As of 2020, the San Francisco-Oakland Metro shows indications of having the greatest intensity of gentrification nationally, with over 31% of eligible neighborhoods gentrifying. Gentrifying neighborhoods showed significant increases in median home value, median household income, percentage of college educated residents, but also in economic inequality.[113]

Historically low-income neighborhoods have been rapidly changed by new, higher-income residents as high-wage tech workers and expensive housing have continued to push lower-wage residents out of Oakland.[114] In West Oakland, for example, median household income rose from $80,700 to $86,300 between 2010 and 2017, while the percent of population with four-year degrees rose from one-third to nearly one-half, according to the National Community Reinvestment Coalition.[115]

Big tech companies have continued to transform the communities and culture of Oakland as modern apartments have appeared, housing prices have spiked, and many prior working-class residents have moved to suburbs further inland.[116]

According to 2015 data compiled by the Bay Area Equity Atlas, 91% of low-income households of color were either in neighborhoods that were gentrifying or were at risk of gentrification at the time.[117] The number was higher for individual low-income communities, with 96% of Native American households in neighborhoods that either experienced gentrification or were at risk of being gentrified, followed by Latino households at 94%, Black households at 92%, and Asian or Pacific Islander households at 88%.[117]

Economy

The iconic Tribune Tower, from 13th St. and Franklin St. in Downtown

Oakland has seen a huge construction boom in the late 2010s.

Oakland is a major West Coast port, and the fifth busiest in the United States by cargo volume.[118] The Port of Oakland handles 99% of all containerized goods moving through Northern California, representing $41 billion worth of international trade.[119][120] There are nearly 200,000 jobs related to marine cargo transport in the Oakland area.[121] These jobs range from minimum wage hourly positions to Transportation Storage and Distribution Managers who earn an annual average salary of US$91,520.[122]

The Port of Oakland was an early innovator/pioneer in the technologies of Intermodal Containerized Shipping. The city is also home to several major corporations including Kaiser Permanente, Clorox, and Dreyer's ice cream.[123] Tech companies such as Ask.com and Pandora Radio are in Oakland,[124] and in recent years many start-up high tech and green energy companies have found a home in the downtown neighborhoods of Uptown, City Center, Jack London Square and Lake Merritt Financial District.[125] In 2014, Oakland was the fifth ranked city for tech entrepreneurs by total venture capital investment.[126] In 2015 Uber announced plans to build and house 3,000 employees in a new office at the site of the old Sears building, which is being redeveloped with plans to open in late 2017.[127][128]

As of 2013, the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward metropolitan area has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$360.4 billion, ranking eighth among metropolitan areas in the United States.[129] In 2014, Oakland was amongst the best cities to start a career, the highest ranked city in California after San Francisco. Additionally, Oakland ranked fourth in cities with professional opportunities.[130] Numerous companies in San Francisco continue to expand in or migrate over to Oakland.[131]

Oakland experienced an increase of both its population and of land values in the early-to-mid first decade of the 21st century. The 10k Plan, which began during former mayor Elihu Harris' administration, and intensified during former mayor Jerry Brown's administration resulted in several thousand units of new multi-family housing and development.

Top employers

As of 2019, the top employers in the city were:[132]

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Kaiser Permanente	12,000+
2	County of Alameda	8,000–10,000
3	Oakland Unified School District	5,000–5,500
4	City of Oakland	4000–4500
5	Bay Area Rapid Transit	3,500–4,000
6	State of California	3,000–3,500
7	United Parcel Service	2,500–3,000
8	Southwest Airlines	2,500–3,000
9	Children's Hospital Oakland	2,500–3,000
10	Internal Revenue Service	2,500–3,000

Tourism

View from Tribune Tower at night

In 2013, over 2.5 million people visited Oakland, injecting US$1.3 billion into the economy.[133] Oakland has been experiencing an increase in hotel demand. Occupancy is 74%, while RevPAR (Revenue Per Available Room) increased by 14%, the highest increase of any big city in the western region of the United States.[134] Both Oakland and San Francisco were forecasted to experience the highest increases in ADR (Average daily rate).[135]

Downtown Oakland at night from 12th and Franklin

In recent years, Oakland has gained national recognition as a travel destination. In 2012, Oakland was named the top North American city to visit, highlighting its growing number of sophisticated restaurants and bars, top music venues, and increasing nightlife appeal.[136] Oakland also took the No. 16 spot in "America's Coolest Cities", ranked by metrics like entertainment options and recreational opportunities per capita, etc.[137] In 2013, Oakland topped the No. 1 spot in "America's Most Exciting Cities", notably having the most movie theaters, theater companies, and museums per square mile.[138] In "America's Most Hipster Cities", Oakland took the number-5 spot, cited for luring San Francisco "hippies" into the city.[139] Oakland has also increased its travel destination allure internationally.[140]

Arts and culture

Oakland has a significant art scene and claims the highest concentration of artists per capita in the United States.[141] In 2013, Oakland was designated as one of America's top twelve art communities, recognizing Downtown (including Uptown), Chinatown, Old Oakland, and Jack London Square as communities "that have most successfully combined art, artists and venues for creativity and expression with independent businesses, retail shops and restaurants, and a walkable lifestyle to make vibrant neighborhoods."[142]

Galleries exist in various parts of Oakland, with the newest additions centered mostly in the Uptown area. Oakland ranked 11th in cities for designers and artists.[143] The city is a renowned culinary hotbed, offering both a wide variety and innovative approaches to diverse cuisines in restaurants and markets, often featuring locally grown produce and international styles such as French, Italian, Portuguese/Spanish, Ethiopian, Asian, Latin American, as well as Caribbean, Southern United States/Louisiana Creole, etc., all of which reflects the culinary traditions of the city's ethnically diverse population. Historically a focal point of the West Coast blues and jazz scenes, Oakland is also home to musicians representing such genres as rhythm and blues, gospel, funk, punk, heavy metal, Rap/Gangsta rap, and hip hop.

Attractions

Frank H. Ogawa Memorial Torii at the Gardens of Lake Merritt

Fox Oakland Theater first opened in 1928. The theatre is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As seen in 2018.

Free walking tours are offered by the City.

• African American Museum and Library at Oakland
• AXIS Dance Company
• Chabot Space and Science Center
• Children's Fairyland
• Chinatown
• Dunsmuir House
• Fox Oakland Theatre, concert venue
• Jack London Square
• Joaquin Miller Park
• Lake Merritt, Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, oldest wildlife/bird sanctuary in North America, Lake Merritt Garden Center, Bonsai Garden
• Lake Temescal
• Mountain View Cemetery, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and resting place of many famous Californians
• Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, home of baseball's Oakland Athletics, and (until January 2020) of the Oakland Raiders of the NFL
• Oakland Aviation Museum
• Oakland California Temple, includes the gardens, visitors' center, family history center, & concert hall
• Oakland Museum of California
• Oakland Public Library
• Oakland Symphony
• Oakland Zoo
• Oakland Arena, directly adjacent to the Oakland Coliseum, former home to the Golden State Warriors of the NBA
• Paramount Theatre
• Pardee Home
• Peralta Hacienda Historical Park, Museum of History and Culture
• Redwood Regional Park
• Preservation Park
• USS Potomac, Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential yacht

Nightlife

A night view of the Downtown skyline and Lakeside Apartments District as seen from the East 18th Street Pier

Downtown Oakland has an assortment of bars and nightclubs. They include dive bars, dance clubs, modern lounges and jazz bars. The Paramount Theater features headlining musical tours and productions, while Fox Oakland Theatre draws various musical genres including jam bands, rock, punk, blues, jazz, and reggae. The Paramount and Fox theaters often book simultaneous events, creating busy nights uptown.[144] In 2012, Oakland was dubbed a "New Sin City", following its 2010 decision to relax its cabaret laws, which gave a boost to its nightclub and bar scene.[145]

Recent years have seen the growth of the Oakland Art Murmur event, occurring in the Uptown neighborhood the first Friday evening of every month.[146] The event attracts around 20,000 people along twenty city blocks, featuring live performances, food trucks, and over 30 galleries and venues.[147][148]

"There is no there there"

The HERETHERE sculpture straddling the Oakland–Berkeley border

Gertrude Stein wrote about Oakland in her 1937 book Everybody's Autobiography "There is no there there", upon learning that the neighborhood where she lived as a child had been torn down to make way for an industrial park. The quote is sometimes misconstrued to refer to Oakland as a whole.[149][150]

Modern-day Oakland has made steps to rebuke Stein's claim with a statue downtown titled There. In 2005 a sculpture called HERETHERE was installed by the City of Berkeley on the Berkeley-Oakland border at Martin Luther King Jr. Way. The sculpture consists of eight-foot-tall letters spelling "HERE" and "THERE" in front of the BART tracks as they descend from their elevated section in Oakland to the subway through Berkeley.[151]

Sports

Oakland currently has professional teams in three sports: baseball, soccer, indoor football. The Oakland Athletics MLB club won three consecutive World Series championships in 1972, 1973, and 1974, and appeared in another three consecutive World Series from 1988 to 1990, winning their fourth championship in 1989. On November 28, 2018, the Athletics announced plans to build a new ballpark at Howard Terminal, set to open in 2023.[152] The Oakland Roots SC are a soccer team that was formed in 2018. The Roots began play in 2019 in a new third division professional league called National Independent Soccer Association, however, the team announced that it would move to the second division and play in the USL Championship from the 2021 season onwards. In 2020, the Oakland Panthers of the Indoor Football League will begin play.

Oakland's former football team, the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL), won Super Bowl XI in 1976, Super Bowl XV in 1980, and Super Bowl XVIII in 1983, while they were in Los Angeles. They also appeared in Super Bowl II in 1967 and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. The Raiders left Oakland for Los Angeles in 1982, where they won a third Super Bowl championship and returned to Oakland in 1995. The Raiders have since relocated to Las Vegas and are now known as the Las Vegas Raiders.

Oakland's former basketball team, the Golden State Warriors won the 1974–75, 2014–15, 2016–17, and the 2017–18 NBA championships, while losing in 2016 and 2019. The Warriors announced in April 2014 that they would leave Oakland once their new arena was built across the Bay in San Francisco. In 2019, the Warriors moved to Chase Center across the Bay. Since the team remained in the Bay Area, they decided not to revert to the San Francisco Warriors name it had in its first stint with the city.

Club	Sport	Founded	League	Venue
Oakland Athletics	Baseball	1901 (in Oakland since 1968)	Major League Baseball	Oakland Coliseum
Oakland Roots SC	Soccer	2019	National Independent Soccer Association, (to join USL Championship in 2021)[153]	Laney College
Oakland Panthers	Arena football	2020	Indoor Football League	Oakland Arena

The Oakland Coliseum, home of the Oakland Athletics baseball team

Oakland's former sports teams include:

• Oakland Raiders, National Football League, 1960–1981, 1995–2019. (played at the Oakland Coliseum before relocating to Las Vegas in 2020.)
• Golden State Warriors, National Basketball Association, 1971–2019. (played in Oakland Arena before moving back to San Francisco for the 2019–20 season.)
• Oakland Oaks, Pacific Coast League of Baseball, 1903–1955. (The Oaks played at Oaks Park in Emeryville after 1912.)
• Oakland Larks, West Coast Negro Baseball League, 1946.
• Oakland Hornets, member of American Football League (1944)
• Oakland Oaks, American Basketball League, 1962.
• Oakland Oaks, American Basketball Association, 1967–1969.
• Oakland Seals, National Hockey League, 1967–1976.
• Oakland Clippers, National Professional Soccer League, 1967; North American Soccer League, 1968.
• Oakland Stompers, North American Soccer League, 1978.
• Oakland Invaders, United States Football League, 1983–1985.
• Oakland Skates, Roller Hockey International, 1993–1996.
• Oakland Slammers, International Basketball League, 2005–2006.

Parks and recreation

J. Mora Moss House in Mosswood Park was built in 1864 by San Francisco businessman Joseph Moravia Moss in the Carpenter Gothic style. The building houses Parks and Recreation offices and storage.

Parks

The Cascade Waterfall, Joaquin Miller Park

Oakland has many parks and recreation centers which total 5,937 acres (2,403 ha). In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that Oakland had the 18th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[154] In 2013, Oakland ranked 4th among American cities as an urban destination for nature lovers.[155]

Some of the city's most notable parks include:

• Joaquin Miller Park
• Joseph Knowland State Arboretum and Park, home of the Oakland Zoo
• Lake Merritt
• Morcom Rose Garden best from July through October
• Mosswood Park
• Allendale Park
• Peralta Hacienda Historical Park,[156] headquarters of the Peralta rancho, Rancho San Antonio
• William Joseph McInnes Botanic Garden and Campus Arboretum on the Mills College campus

Additionally, the following seven East Bay Regional Parks are entirely or partially in the city of Oakland:

• Anthony Chabot Regional Park
• Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve
• Leona Canyon Regional Open Space Preserve
• Redwood Regional Park
• Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
• Roberts Regional Recreation Area
• Temescal Regional Park

French Trail, Redwood Regional Park

Places of worship

The Oakland California Temple at sunset

Exterior view of the Cathedral of Christ the Light

Major places of worship in Oakland include –

• 31st Street Islamic Center, Islam
• Allen Temple Baptist Church, American Baptist Churches USA and the Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc.
• Ascension Cathedral, Greek Orthodox
• Beth Jacob Congregation, Modern Orthodox Judaism
• Cathedral of Christ the Light, Roman Catholic
• Chinese Community Church, United Methodist
• Elmhurst Seventh-day Adventist Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church
• First Congregational Church of Oakland, United Church of Christ
• First Presbyterian Church of Oakland, Presbyterian
• First Unitarian Church, Unitarian
• Green Pastures, Evangelistic Outreach Association
• His Gospel Christian Fellowship
• Islamic Cultural Center of Northern California, Islam
• Light-House Mosque, Islam
• Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses, Jehovah's Witnesses
• Oakland California Temple, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
• Oakland City Church
• Second Bethel Missionary Baptist Church
• St. Paul Lutheran Church, Lutheran
• St. Vartan Armenian Church, Armenian Apostolic Church
• Temple Beth Abraham, United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
• Temple Sinai, Reform Judaism

Law and government

Oakland City Hall and central plaza in 1917. Built of framed steel with unreinforced masonry infill at a cost of US$2 million in 1914. The structure was the tallest building in the city until the Tribune Tower was built in 1923.

Oakland has a mayor-council government. The mayor is elected at-large for a four-year term. The Oakland City Council has eight council members representing seven districts in Oakland with one member elected at-large and others from single-member districts; council members serve staggered four-year terms. The mayor appoints a city administrator, subject to the confirmation by the City Council, who is the city's chief administrative officer. Other city officers include: city attorney (elected), city auditor (elected), and city clerk (appointed by city administrator).[157] Oakland's mayor is limited to two terms. There are no term limits for the city council. Council member Larry Reid, also serving as vice-mayor, was elected to a fifth term in November 2012.[158]

Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake until US$80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was complete in 1995.[159] City offices had to be housed in leased space and other locations.

Jean Quan was elected mayor in November 2010, beating Don Perata and Rebecca Kaplan in the city's first ranked choice balloting.[160] This new system is intended to increase voters' ability to choose preferred candidates, as they can combine ranked votes when several candidates are competing.

Oakland is also part of Alameda County, for which the Government of Alameda County is defined and authorized under the California Constitution, California law, and the Charter of the County of Alameda.[161] The County government provides countywide services such as elections and voter registration, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, and social services. The County government is primarily composed of the elected five-member Board of Supervisors, other elected offices including the Sheriff/Coroner, the District Attorney, Assessor, Auditor-Controller/County Clerk/Recorder, and Treasurer/Tax Collector, and numerous county departments and entities under the supervision of the County Administrator.

In the California State Legislature, Oakland is in the 9th Senate District, represented by Democrat Nancy Skinner,[8] and is split between the 15th and 18th Assembly districts, represented by Buffy Wicks and Rob Bonta, respectively.[9] In the United States House of Representatives, Oakland is in California's 13th congressional district, represented by Democrat Barbara Lee.[10]

Politics

City Hall next to City Center

Oakland was a Republican Party bastion from the 1860s to the 1950s, with positions expressed by the Republican-oriented Oakland Tribune newspaper. At the time, the GOP was more moderate than it has become in the 21st century, and some members belonged to a progressive tradition across the Northern Tier of states. In the 1960s, the majority of voters began to favor liberal policies and the Democratic Party.[162][163] Oakland has the second highest percentage of registered Democrats of any of the incorporated cities in Alameda County, with Berkeley coming in first.

The last Republican presidential candidate to receive at least one-third of vote in Oakland was Richard Nixon in 1972. Since then, the Republican percentage of the vote has declined in each successive election.

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Oakland has 245,111 registered voters. Of those, 159,771 (65.2%) are registered Democrats, 9,544 (3.9%) are registered Republicans, and 65,416 (26.7%) have declined to state a political party.[164] Oakland is widely regarded as being one of the most liberal major cities in the nation. The Cook Partisan Voting Index of Congressional District 13, which includes Oakland and Berkeley, is D+40, making it the most Democratic congressional district in California and the fourth most Democratic district in the US.[165]

Crime

Oakland Homicides[lower-alpha 1]

1992	175[168]
1995	153[169]
1996	102[169]
2000	85[170]
2001	87[170]
2002	113[170]
2003	114[170]
2004	88[170]
2005	94[170]
2006	148[170]
2007	127[170]
2008	125[170]
2009	110[170]
2010	95[170]
2011	110[170]
2012	131[170]
2013	92[170]
2014	86[171]
2015	83[172]
2016	85[172]
2017	72[173]
2018	75[167]
2019	78[166]
2020	109[166]

A 2014 study by the Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law & Social Policy at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law examined crime in the city from 1987 to 2012 and concluded that "The story of crime in Oakland over the last 25 years is a nuanced one, as there are both positive and negative aspects of the crime trends."[174] Crime dramatically decreased since the early 1990s but the city has continued to suffer from serious violent crime problems.[174] Crime trends generally tracked comparison cities of Fresno, Richmond, Sacramento, and Stockton "in terms of direction if not magnitude"; this suggested that crime trends are regional rather than city-specific.[174]

A 2007 journal article identified crime in Oakland as being fueled by the dramatic increase of street narcotics sales and use since the 1970s, with Oakland becoming a major west-coast hub for heroin and cocaine distribution. Subsequent battle for control over the lucrative narcotics trade incited gang conflicts and violence, with shootings becoming a regular occurrence. A concurrent rise in rape, robbery, burglary, auto-theft and other crimes occurred as well. Prior to 1960, there had been successful government-funded social programs whereby rebellious teens were enrolled in youth centers that would teach them proper values and improve their behavior. However, similar programs since then have been inconsistent.[175]

By the 1970s, the police and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) used military tactics such as SWAT teams, infiltration and counter intelligence in an attempt to counter groups such as the Black Panthers (responsible for several police ambushes), the S.L.A. and organized drug gangs such as the "69 Mob", with increases in arrests, prosecutions, and imprisonment.[175] During the first decade of the 21st century, Oakland has consistently been listed as one of the most dangerous large cities in the United States.[176]

The number of Oakland Police Department officers has varied from a low of 626 (in 1996 and in 2012) to a high of 814 (in 2002).[174] There were 723 officers at the end of 2015.[168] The city's strategic plan recommended 925 officers, and an independent study commissioned by the city in the mid-1990s recommended 1,200 officers.[177][178][179]

Among Oakland's 35 police patrol beats, violent crime remains a serious problem in specific East and West Oakland neighborhoods. In 2008, homicides were concentrated: 72% occurred in three City Council districts, District 3 in West Oakland and Districts 6 and 7 in East Oakland, although these districts have 44% of Oakland's residents.[180]

In 2012, Oakland implemented Operation Ceasefire, a gang violence reduction plan used in other cities, based in part on the research and strategies of author David M. Kennedy.[181][182][183][184]

Education

Primary and secondary education

The Oakland Unified School District (OUSD), which covers the city except for Sheffield Village, operates most of Oakland's public schools. Due to financial troubles and administrative failures, it was in receivership by the state of California from 2002 to 2008.[185] As of 2015, the Oakland Unified School District includes 86 division-run schools and 32 charter schools; the district also manages several adult education programs. As of 2015 there are 48,181 K–12 students; among division-run schools, there are 4,600 plus employees.[186]

OUSD test scores historically lag behind the rest of California, in particular due to a high proportion of English-language learners.[187] Some individual schools have much better performance than the citywide average. As of 2013, for example, over half the students at Hillcrest Elementary School in the Montclair upper hills neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the English portion of the test, and students at Lincoln Elementary School in the Chinatown neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the math portion.[188]

Oakland's three largest public high schools are Oakland High School, Oakland Technical High School, and Skyline High School. Other Oakland public high schools include Castlemont High School, Fremont High School, and McClymonds High School, briefly known as Castlemont Community of Small Schools, Fremont Federation of High Schools, and McClymonds Educational Complex, respectively.

Among charter schools in the district, North Oakland Community Charter School (NOCCS), an elementary and middle school, is one of the few public progressive schools in the country. Other charter schools include the Oakland Military Institute, Oakland School for the Arts, Bay Area Technology School, East Bay Innovation Academy, and Oakland Charter Academy.[189]

There are several religious and secular private high schools, including The College Preparatory School, Head-Royce School, Bishop O'Dowd High School, Holy Names High School, St. Elizabeth High School and Oakland Hebrew Day School. Catholic schools in Oakland are operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland also include eight K–8 schools (plus one in Piedmont on the Oakland city border). Northern Light School is a private nonprofit elementary and middle school. Bentley School is an Independent Co-educational K–12, college preparatory school on two campuses in Oakland and Lafayette, California.

Funding

In 2017, the Oakland Unified School District has received funding from Pandora in partnership with Little Kids Rock, towards expanding music education programs within the schools. The result from these donations has given teachers from 20 additional Oakland- area schools the ability to participate in an eight-hour professional development workshop, and receive music education instruction from Little Kids Rock. The donation includes providing new instruments, that will benefit over 2000 Oakland students.[190]

Colleges and universities

Accredited colleges and universities include:

• Peralta Community College District
  • Laney College
  • Merritt College
• California College of the Arts (formerly the California College of Arts and Crafts)
• Holy Names University (formerly Holy Names College)
• Lincoln University
• Mills College (Julia Morgan School for Girls is a private middle school for girls housed on the campus)
• Patten University
• Samuel Merritt College (a health science college)

• Oakland is also the home of the headquarters of the University of California system, the University of California Office of the President.

In 2001, the SFSU Oakland Multimedia Center was opened, allowing San Francisco State University to conduct classes near downtown Oakland.[191] The Oakland Higher Education Consortium and the City of Oakland's Community and Economic Development Agency (CEDA) opened the Oakland Higher Education Center downtown in 2002 to provide "access to multiple higher education service providers within a shared urban facility." Member schools include primary user California State University, East Bay as well as Lincoln University, New College of California, Saint Mary's College of California, SFSU Multimedia Studies Program, UC Berkeley Extension, University of Phoenix and Peralta Community College District.[192][193]

Media

Oakland is served by major television stations broadcasting primarily out of San Francisco and San Jose. The region's Fox O&O, KTVU 2, is based in (and licensed to) Oakland at Jack London Square along with co-owned independent station KICU-TV 36 (licensed to San Jose). In addition, the city is served by various AM and FM radio stations as well; AM stations KKSF 910, KMKY 1310 and KNEW 960 are licensed to Oakland.

Oakland was served by the Oakland Tribune, which published its first newspaper on February 21, 1874. The Tribune Tower, which features a large clock, is an Oakland landmark. At key times throughout the day (8:00 am, noon and 5:00 pm), the clock tower carillon plays a variety of classic melodies, which change daily. In 2007, the Oakland Tribune moved its offices from the tower to an East Oakland location, before folding in 2011.[194]

The East Bay Express, a locally owned free weekly paper, is based in Jack London Square and distributed throughout the East Bay.

Oaklandwiki is a thriving (mostly) English-language LocalWiki.

Infrastructure

Air and rail

Oakland residents have access to the three major airports of the San Francisco Bay Area: Oakland International Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and San Jose International Airport. Oakland International Airport, within Oakland's city limits, is 4 mi (6.4 km) south of downtown Oakland and serves domestic and international destinations. AC Transit provides 24-hour service to the airport, and BART's Coliseum–Oakland International Airport automated guideway transit line provides frequent service between the airport and Oakland Coliseum station.

The city has regional and long-distance passenger train service provided by Amtrak, with stations near Jack London Square and the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum. Amtrak's California Zephyr has its western terminus at the nearby Emeryville station.

Historically, the city was served by several train companies, which terminated in different terminals. Santa Fe trains terminated at its Oakland depot, actually located within the city limits of Emeryville at 40th and San Pablo. Southern Pacific trains ended at the 16th Street Station.[195] Western Pacific trains ended at the 3rd and Washington station. However, a common feature was that the different railroads continued one more stop to a station at Oakland Pier.[196] From this latter point passengers would ride ferries to San Francisco.

Mass transit and bicycling

The Lake Merritt BART station

The 12th St. BART subway entrance leading to 14th St.

The most recent census data compiled in 2007 before gasoline price spikes in 2008, show 24.3 percent of Oaklanders used public transportation, walked or used "other means" to commute to work, not including telecommuting,[197] with 17 percent of Oakland households being "car free" and/or statistically categorized as having "no vehicles available."[198]

Bus transit service in Oakland and the inner East Bay is provided by the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District, AC Transit. The district originated in 1958 after the conspiratorial dissolution of the Key System of streetcars. Many AC Transit lines follow old routes of the Key System.[54]

Construction of AC Transit's Westbound 12th St station

Intercity bus companies that serve Oakland include Greyhound, BoltBus, Megabus, USAsia, and Hoang Transportation.[199]

The metropolitan area is served by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) from eight stations in Oakland. The system has headquarters in Oakland, with major transfer hubs at MacArthur and 19th Street stations. BART's headquarters was in a building above the Lake Merritt BART station until 2006, when it relocated to the Kaiser Center due to seismic safety concerns.

The Alameda / Oakland Ferry operates ferry service from Jack London Square to Alameda, Oracle Park, Pier 41, the San Francisco Ferry Building, and the South San Francisco Ferry Terminal. Oakland licenses taxi cabs, and has zoned cab stands in its downtown, including a bicycle pedi-cab service.

The Oakland City Council adopted a Bicycle Master Plan in 1999 as a part of the Land Use and Transportation (LUTE) element of Oakland's 1998 General Plan. The creation of the plan was to promote alternatives to the private automobile.[200] The Oakland City Council reaffirmed the bike plan in 2005, revised it in 2007, and reaffirmed it in 2012.[201][200] From 1999 to 2007, the city installed 900 bike racks throughout Oakland, accommodating over 2,000 bicycles.[202] By the end of 2017, over 160 bikeway miles and 9,900 bike parking spaces were constructed.[203] Facilities for parking thousands of bicycles have been installed downtown and in other commercial districts throughout Oakland.[204] According to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2011 American Community Survey, Oakland came in 7th place out of the 100 largest cities in the nation by percentage of people that chose to commute by bike in 2011.[205]

Motorized scooters

In July 2019, the City of Oakland Department of Transportation announced that it had issued official permits for the deployment of shared e-scooters to four companies: Bird, Clevr, Lime, and Lyft.[206] Oakland requires these operators to educate users on the correct and safe use of scooters, to distribute the scooters equitably throughout the city, to ensure accessibility, and to provide insurance and indemnification.[207]

Bridges, freeways, and tunnels

Oakland is served by several major highways: Eastbound Bay Bridge traffic entering Oakland then splits into three freeways at the MacArthur Maze freeway interchange: Interstate 580 (MacArthur Freeway) heads southeast toward Hayward and eventually to the California Central Valley; Interstate 880 (Nimitz Freeway) runs south to San Jose; and the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80/I-580) runs north, providing connections to Sacramento and San Rafael, respectively. Interstate 980 (Williams Freeway) begins its eastbound journey at I-880 in Downtown Oakland before turning into State Route 24 (Grove Shafter Freeway) at I-580. State Route 13 begins as the Warren Freeway at I-580, and runs through a scenic valley in the Montclair District before entering Berkeley. A stub of a planned freeway was constructed at the High Street exit from the Nimitz Freeway, but that freeway extension plan was abandoned.

Portion of the collapsed Cypress Viaduct from the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

At the time of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Cypress Street Viaduct double-deck segment of the Nimitz Freeway collapsed, killing 42 people. The old freeway segment had passed through the middle of West Oakland, forming a barrier between West Oakland neighborhoods. Following the earthquake, this section was rerouted around the perimeter of West Oakland and rebuilt in 1997–2001. The east span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also suffered damage from the quake when a 50-foot (15-m) section of the upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck; the damaged section was repaired within a month of the earthquake. As a result of Loma Prieta, a significant seismic retrofit was performed on the western span of the Bay Bridge. The eastern span has now been replaced with a dramatic single-tower self-anchoring suspension span.

Two underwater tunnels, the Webster and Posey Tubes, connect the main island of Alameda to downtown Oakland, coming above ground in Chinatown. In addition, the Park Street, Fruitvale, and High Street bridges connect Alameda to East Oakland over the Oakland Estuary.

In the hills, the Leimert Bridge crosses Dimond Canyon, connecting the Oakmore neighborhood to Park Boulevard. The Caldecott Tunnel carries Highway 24 through the Berkeley Hills, connecting central Contra Costa County to Oakland. The Caldecott has four bores.

Freight rail

Freight service, which consists primarily of moving shipping containers to and from the Port of Oakland, is provided today by Union Pacific Railroad (UP), and to a lesser extent by BNSF Railway (which now shares the tracks of the UP between Richmond and Oakland).

Historically, Oakland was served by several railroads. Besides the transcontinental line of the Southern Pacific, there was also the Santa Fe (whose Oakland terminal was actually in Emeryville), the Western Pacific Railroad (who built a pier adjacent to the SP's), and the Sacramento Northern Railroad (eventually absorbed by the Western Pacific, which in turn was absorbed by UP in 1983).

Shipping

As one of the three major ports on the West Coast of the United States, the Port of Oakland is the largest seaport on San Francisco Bay and the fifth busiest container port in the United States. It was one of the earliest seaports to switch to containerization and to intermodal container transfer,[208] thereby displacing the Port of San Francisco, which never modernized its waterfront. One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. In the 1980s, the Port of Oakland began the evaluation of development of an intermodal container transfer capability, i.e., facilities that now allow trans-loading of containers from vessels to either trucks or rail modes.[209]

Utilities

Water and sewage treatment are provided by East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG & E) provides natural gas and electricity service. Municipal garbage collection is franchised to Waste Management, Inc. Telecommunications and subscriber television services are provided by multiple private corporations and other service providers in accordance with the competitive objectives of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

Oakland tops the list of the 50 largest US cities using electricity from renewable sources.[210]

Healthcare

Alta Bates Summit Medical Center

Originating in Oakland, Kaiser Permanente is an HMO started in 1942, during World War II, by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser to provide medical care for Kaiser Shipyards workers. It is the largest managed care organization in the United States and the largest non-governmental health care provider in the world.[211] It is headquartered at One Kaiser Plaza in Downtown Oakland and maintains a large medical center in the Piedmont Avenue neighborhood.

Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, an East Bay hospital system, maintains its Summit Campus in the neighborhood known as "Pill Hill" north of downtown. Until 2000, it was the Summit Medical Center before merging with Berkeley-based Alta Bates. All campuses now operate under the Sutter Health network.

Alameda County Medical Center is operated by the county and provides medical services to county residents, including the medically indigent who do not have health insurance. The main campus, Highland Hospital in East Oakland, is the trauma center for the northern area of the East Bay.

Children's Hospital Oakland is the primary medical center specializing in pediatrics in the East Bay. It is a designated Level I pediatric trauma center and the only independent children's hospital in Northern California.

There are also several community health centers in Oakland.[212] Some examples include Lifelong Medical Care, Asian Health Services, and Roots Community Health Center.

Notable people

International relations

Sister cities

Oakland has 13 sister cities:[213]

City	Division	Country	Year of Partnership
Fukuoka	Fukuoka Prefecture	Japan	1962
Sekondi-Takoradi	Western	Ghana	1975
Nakhodka	Primorsky Krai	Russia	1975
Dalian	Liaoning	China	1982
Funchal	Madeira	Portugal	1999
Santiago de Cuba	Santiago de Cuba	Cuba	2000
Da Nang	N/A	Vietnam	2005
Benin City	Edo	Nigeria	2010
Port-de-Paix	Nord-Ouest	Haiti	2011
Oakleigh	City of Monash	Australia
Foshan	Guangdong	China
Bauchi	Bauchi	Nigeria
Ocho Rios	Saint Ann	Jamaica

Friendship cities

Oakland has 18 friendship cities:[213]

• Agadir, Morocco
• Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
• Changping District, Beijing, China
• Chengdu, Sichuan, China
• Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
• Haikou, Hainan, China
• Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
• Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
• Jurong, Jiangsu, China
• Maoming, Guangdong, China
• Mianyang, Sichuan, China
• Nanning, Guangxi, China
• Pudong, Shanghai, China
• Qingdao, Shandong, China
• Tanggu District, Tianjin, China
• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
• Weifang, Shandong, China

See also

• San Francisco Bay Area
• Northern California Megaregion
• List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area
• Mayors of Oakland
• Oakland tallest buildings
• Oakland Ebonics controversy

Notes

1. The homicide rate is not the same as murder rate. Murders are a subset of homicides. In 2000, for insurance, there were 109 homicides in Oakland, of which 102 were classified as murders;[166] similarly in 2018, there were 75 homicides: 68 murders and 7 categorized as justifiable homicides or killings in self-defense.[167]

References

1. SCANLON, TOM (November 22, 1992). "The New Motown : Call it 'Oaktown.' It's funky, it's thriving. It's definitely not L.A. or New York. And it just may be the Hip-Hop Capital of America". Los Angeles Times.
2. "Debate over Oakland motto exposes racial divide, identity crisis". sfchronicle.com. April 16, 2016.
3. "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on February 21, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
4. Joseph Eugene Baker (1914). Past and present of Alameda County, California. 1. S.J. Clarke. pp. 55, 65, 358, 360–361.
5. "Oakland's Early History, Edson F. Adams, 1932". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
6. "Elected Officials". City of Oakland, California. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
7. "Mayor". City of Oakland, California. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
8. "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
9. "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
10. "California's 13th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
11. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
12. "Oakland". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
13. "Oakland (city) QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
14. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
15. "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
16. "In Photos: Goodbye, Oaklandnet.com". City of Oakland. April 20, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
17. "Hello, Oaklandca.gov!". City of Oakland. April 23, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
18. "oaklandnet.com" was the past official website before April 2018, on which date the domain was permanently moved to "oaklandca.gov".
19. "E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State — January 1, 2018 and 2019". California Department of Finance. 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
20. "Port of Oakland – History". Port of Oakland. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
21. "Legal Briefs" (PDF). City of Oakland Office of the City Attorney. May 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2015.
22. Joseph Eugene Baker (1914). Past and present of Alameda County, California. 1. S.J. Clarke. pp. 49–51.
23. Joseph Eugene Baker (1914). Past and present of Alameda County, California. 1. S.J. Clarke. p. 365.
24. Milliken, Randall. "Ohlone Tribal Regions Map". Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
25. "Oakland-california.co.tv". Oakland-california.co.tv. Archived from the original on April 11, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
26. "Oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz". Oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
27. Camarillo, Albert (1979). Chicanos in California: A History of Mexican Americans in California (1 ed.). Boyd & Fraser. p. 16. ISBN 978-0878351282. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
28. Armentrout, Ma, L. Eve (February 27, 2015). Hometown Chinatown : the history of Oakland's Chinese community. New York. ISBN 9781138862791. OCLC 898926053.
29. Iris, Chang (March 2004). The Chinese in America : A Narrative History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780142004173. OCLC 55136302.
30. "History of the Port of Oakland: 1850–1934" (PDF). waterfrontaction.org. p. 1.
31. Statutes of California, 1852, p.180
32. Statutes of California, 1854, pp.183–187
33. Levi, Ryan (May 9, 2019). "How Old Oakland's Historic Buildings Survived Decay (and Demolition)". KQED. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
34. "Quarantine Ordered Against Bubonic Rats". The New York Times. 1925. ProQuest 103474660.
35. Harrison, Mark (2012). Contagion : How Commerce has Spread Disease. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300123579. OCLC 785865143.
36. A piece of my mind : a new collection of essays from JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association. Young, Roxanne K. Chicago: AMA Press. 2000. ISBN 9781579470821. OCLC 48003418.CS1 maint: others (link)
37. Kellogg, W. H. (1935). "The plague situation". American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. 25 (3): 319–322. doi:10.2105/ajph.25.3.319. PMC 1559064. PMID 18014177.
38. Kellogg, W. H. (1920). "An epidemic of pneumonic plague". American Journal of Public Health. 10 (7): 599–605. doi:10.2105/ajph.10.7.599. PMC 1362744. PMID 18010342.
39. Hamilton, Linda Parker, The Rotary Club of Oakland, A Century of Service and Friendship, Stories to Last. ISBN 978-0-615-57936-8
40. "Oakland History Room. 1917 promotional photograph of a day's output at the Chevrolet factory". Oaklandhistory.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
41. Wes Hammond. "Highway Nostalgia. Manufacturing Trucks Adjacent to the Lincoln Highway: Fageol Truck and Coach Company. Oakland, California, 1916–1938". The Traveler: The Newsletter of the Lincoln Highway Association—California Chapter. Lincolnhighwayassoc.org. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
42. "Vintage Tractors. 'Fageol'". Vintagetractors.com. January 7, 1919. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
43. "Photo collection: 'New or greatly enlarged industrial establishments of Oakland and East Bay cities.' by Oakland (Calif.) Chamber of Commerce. ca. 1917. Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room". Content.cdlib.org. February 24, 2007. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
44. "Oakland Tribune, May 5, 1929. 'Chrysler plant'". Newspaperarchive.com. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
45. "East Oakland Community Information Book 2001" (PDF). Alameda County Health Services Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008.
46. Prentice, Helaine Kaplan, Rehab Right, Ten-Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-172-4
47. "Aerofiles.com. 'Durant'". Aerofiles.com. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
48. "U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. 'The U.S. Post Office Flies the Mail, 1918–1924'". Centennialofflight.gov. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
49. Western Aerospace Museum. Oakland Airport Timeline. Archived October 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
50. "H.G. Prince Employees [1918]". Oakland Museum of California. Archived from the original on June 26, 2003. Oakland's location, where rail and water transportation meet, made it an ideal site for canneries. Shippers brought produce from all over California for canning at several large plants—including the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which developed the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company, which took over the H. G. Prince Company between 1925 and 1930. In 1943, the Oakland Tribune reported that the $100,000,000 canning industry in Oakland ranked second only to shipbuilding in value.
51. Zinko, Carolyne (September 26, 2007). "WWII meant opportunity for many women, oppression for others". The San Francisco Chronicle.
52. Ruben Llamas, Eye from the Edge: A Memoir of West Oakland, California
53. UNITED STATES, v. NATIONAL CITY LINES, Inc., et al.—186 F.2d 562—AltLaw Archived November 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
54. Elena Conis (2002). "From Horses to Hybrid: A Century of East Bay Transport". Journalism.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
55. Heather Mac Donald (Autumn 1999). "Jerry Brown's No-Nonsense New Age for Oakland". City Journal. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008.
56. Weir, Stan (November 22, 2005). "1946: The Oakland General Strike". libcom.org. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
57. Adamson, Jeremy Elwell; Maloof, Sam (2001). The furniture of Sam Maloof. ISBN 978-0-393-73080-7. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
58. Inside the Panther Revolution, Robyn Cean Spencer, Chapter 13, p. 302
59. monthlyreview.org
60. Tyler, Carolyn (October 19, 2016). "Oakland Museum of CA celebrates 50th anniversary of Black Panthers". abc7news.com.
61. Craig Reinarman; Harry G. Levine (1997). Crack In America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. University of California Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-520-20242-9.
62. "Bay Area Census – City of Oakland – 1970–1990 Census data". www.bayareacensus.ca.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
63. Catastrophe: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time, Stephen J. Spignesi, Citadel, 2004, pp 292–94
64. "Some faults revealed by firestorm remain uncorrected". www.ktvu.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
65. Edward Iwata, of the examiner staff (February 16, 1997). "On the road to economic success, where we work". San Francisco Examiner.
66. Gammon, Robert (January 3, 2007). "Inflating the Numbers, The Brown administration came very close on the 10K Plan. So why the grade inflation?". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008.
67. Salazar, Alex (Spring 2006). "Designing a Socially Just Downtown". National Housing Institute (145). Archived from the original on December 12, 2006.
68. KTVU – Investigation reveals East Bay city paying out extraordinary police abuse settlements November 14, 2011 Archived August 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
69. "Wall Street protesters: We're in for the long haul" Archived February 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg Businessweek. Accessed: October 3, 2011.
70. Lessig, Lawrence (October 5, 2011). "#OccupyWallSt, Then #OccupyKSt, Then #OccupyMainSt". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
71. Levin, Sam (June 2018). "'We're being pushed out': The displacement of black Oakland". The Guardian.
72. "Update: Fire Chief Defends Response To Deadly Ghost Ship Fire". SFGATE. May 16, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
73. Shalby, Colleen. "Oakland becomes 2nd U.S. city to decriminalize magic mushrooms". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
74. Branson-Potts, Hailey (June 22, 2019). "How a trip on magic mushrooms helped decriminalize psychedelic plants in a California city". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
75. Cowan, Jill; Dougherty, Conor (January 15, 2019). "Homeless Mothers Are Removed From an Oakland House". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
76. "Sheriff's deputies with guns drawn evict homeless moms from Oakland home". DTVU. January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
77. Elassar, Alaa. "Homeless mothers with Oakland's 'Moms 4 Housing' have been forcibly evicted from a vacant home they were occupying". CNN. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
78. Ravani, Sarah (January 20, 2019). "Moms 4 Housing: Deal reached to negotiate sale of West Oakland house to nonprofit". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
79. "Oakland and Alameda Waterfront Parks". Waterfront Action, Inc. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
80. Schmidt, David; Bürgmann, Roland (1999). "Modeling surface creep on the Hayward fault using rate-and-state friction". The Berkeley Seismological Laboratory. The Regents of the University of California. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
81. Said, Carolyn (July 20, 2011). "S.F., Oakland in top 10 most walkable U.S. cities". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
82. Lake Merritt Institute. Retrieved April 12, 2011. Archived February 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
83. "A Brief History". Lake Merritt Institute. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
84. "Relocation information: Oakland Facts". Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011. As published in 1993 by Rand McNally.
85. "Oakland, California – Climate Summary". Wrcc.dri.edu. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
86. "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
87. "CA Oakland Museum". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
88. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
89. "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Oakland city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
90. "California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
91. From 15% sample
92. "B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE – Oakland city, California – 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
93. "Washington: A World Apart". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
94. "Community Facts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
95. Winter, Michael. "New measure ranks San Francisco the 'smartest' U.S. city". USA Today. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
96. Jun S. (June 17, 2016). "Oakland Demographics". oakland.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2016. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
97. "Community Facts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
98. "Milestones in 2013". State of the City 2013 Report. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
99. Designing a Socially Just Downtown Archived December 12, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, NHI, by Alex Salazar, Spring 2006, retrieved August 12, 2007
100. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
101. Ness, Carol (April 1, 2001). "S.F.'s Diversity Comeuppance". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
102. "The Top 10 Most Diverse Cities in America". CNBC.com. May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
103. "Most & Least Ethnically Diverse Cities in the U.S." WallletHub. February 12, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
104. Kuruvila, Matthai (March 11, 2011). "Oakland's black experience still inherent to city". The San Francisco Chronicle.
105. Ahearn, Lorraine (March 22, 2009). "Census: Blacks are moving to the South". News-Record.com. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
106. "Oakland city, California—Fact Sheet—American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
107. Johnson, Jason B. (June 5, 2006). "News Analysis / In Oakland, Jerry Brown Finds All Politics Is Local / Mayoral front-runner hits the streets". The San Francisco Chronicle.
108. Fulbright, Leslie (April 9, 2007). "S.F. moves to stem African American exodus". SF Gate. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
109. Frey, William H. (May 4, 2011). "Melting Pot Cities and Suburbs: Racial and Ethnic Change in Metro America in the 2000s" (PDF). Metropolitan Policy Program. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 5, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
110. "Nation Sees Effects of 'Day Without Immigrants'". NPR News. May 1, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
111. Lesbians Step Out With Pride: DeFao, Janine] San Francisco Chronicle, August 27, 2006
112. "2000 Census information on Gay and Lesbian Couples, by Incorporated place Incorporated place, by highest percentage". www.gaydemographics.org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2002.
113. "Gentrification and Disinvestment 2020 » NCRC". NCRC. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
114. "Gentrification and Disinvestment 2020 » NCRC". NCRC. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
115. "Oakland, S.F. neighborhoods fastest gentrifying in U.S." The Mercury News. June 18, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
116. Levin, Sam (July 2, 2019). "'There's no way to stop this': Oakland braces for the arrival of tech firm Square". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
117. "Gentrification risk | Bay Area Equity Atlas". bayareaequityatlas.org. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
118. "North American Container Traffic: 2011 Port Ranking by TEUs" (PDF). American Association of Port Authorities. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
119. "Facts & Figures". Port of Oakland. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
120. "Making California Ports More Competitive" (PDF). California Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
121. "Oakland: Economy". City-Data.com. 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
122. "Transportation Storage and Distribution Managers Data for Oakland, Fremont, Hayward, California". Retrieved August 29, 2011.
123. "Oakland CEDA—Major Employers". Business2oakland.com. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
124. Avalos, George (June 17, 2011). "Shining Internet star Pandora could be a boost for downtown Oakland". Oakland Tribune. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
125. Avalos, George (July 24, 2011). "New economy companies bolster Oakland's workforce". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
126. "Top 10 Cities for Tech Entrepreneurs". Wealth Management. April 29, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
127. Salvador Rodriguez (September 30, 2016). "Uber Is Moving. Its New Neighbors Are a Little Worried". Inc.com. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
128. "Uber Filed an $8m Building Permit for Its New Oakland Headquarters". Fortune.com. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
129. "Top 100 U.S. Metro Economies" (PDF). Metro Economics Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
130. Kiernan, John. "Best & Worst Cities to Start a Career". Wallet Hub. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
131. Torres, Bianca. "Tenant spillover from San Francisco to the East Bay tops 300,000 square feet". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
132. "City of Oakland, California: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended June 30, 2019" (PDF). p. 167.
133. "Tourism Facts and Figures". Visit Oakland. Archived from the original on April 11, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
134. King, Danny. "Hotel Demand Thriving in three secondary U.S. markets". Travel Weekly. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
135. Robert, Mandelbaum. "Recovery Momentum picks up outside major markets". Hotel Management. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
136. "The 45 Places to Go in 2012". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
137. "America's Coolest Cities". Forbes. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
138. "The 10 Most Exciting Cities in America". Movoto. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
139. "America's Most Hipster Cities". Thrillest. November 7, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
140. Boyd, Maya (March 10, 2014). "Travel" The top 5 things to do in California". Metro Travel. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
141. "The Official Travel and Tourism Website of the United States". Retrieved June 11, 2011.
142. "America's Top Twelve ArtPlaces". Art Place America. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
143. "Top 25 Cities for Designers and Artists". Artbistro. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
144. "From the dept. of nightlife | Oakland Tribune Outtakes". Ibabuzz.com. November 5, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
145. "Move Over Vegas, These Are the New Sin Cities". Forbes. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
146. Robert Taylor, Staff Writer (August 14, 2007). "Oakland art galleries creating loud 'Murmur' on first Fridays". InsideBayArea.com. Retrieved August 23, 2007.
147. "A Monthly Night of Art Outgrows its Name". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
148. "Oakland's Art Murmur: A New Roar?". Oakland Art Murmur. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
149. LeBeau, Eleanor (2006). "Sampling Oakland" (PDF). Art Papers (Nov/Dec): 68. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
150. Ward, Jennifer Inez (April 2, 2010). "Here is where the Gertrude Stein quote ends". Oakland Local. Archived from the original on April 6, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
151. "HERETHERE" (Press release). City of Berkeley, Office of Economic Development. May 19, 2005. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
152. "A's settle on a ballpark site and a futuristic stadium". The Mercury News. November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
153. USLChampionship com Staff (September 15, 2020). "USL Championship Welcomes Oakland Roots for 2021 Season". USL Championship. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
154. "City Profiles: Oakland" Archived May 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. "The Trust for Public Land". Retrieved on July 2, 2013.
155. Wang, Annie. "Top 10 Urban Destinations for Nature Lovers". NerdWallet. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
156. Peralta Hacienda. "Peraltahacienda.org". Peraltahacienda.org. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
157. Oakland Municipal Code. Accessed August 31, 2007.
158. "Councilmember Profile ~ City of Oakland, California". oaklandnet.com. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
159. "Peer Review of Base-Isolation Retrofit". Oakland City Hall. Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
160. Gammon, Robert (November 10, 2011). "Breaking news: Jean Quan wins mayor's race". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
161. California Government Code § 23004
162. McArdle, Phil (2007). Oakland Police Department. Images of America. Arcadia. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7385-4726-8.
163. Boyarsky, Bill (2007). Big Daddy: Jesse Unruh and the Art of Power Politics. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-520-92334-8.
164. "CA Secretary of State – Report of Registration – February 10, 2019" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
165. "Partisan Voting Index Districts of the 113th Congress" (PDF). The Cook Political Report. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
166. Rick Hurd & Harry Harris, Sad milestones in Oakland as deadly violence explodes in 2020, Bay Area News Group (January 1, 2021).
167. Rick Hurd, Harry Harris & David DeBolt, 2018 Review: Oakland murders dip to lowest level since 1999; major crimes fall regionally, Bay Area News Group (January 2, 2019).
168. Harry Harris, Oakland’s homicide numbers rise for first time in two years, Bay Area News Group (December 31, 2015).
169. Jim Herron Zamora, Murder rates dropped in S.F., Oakland in '96, San Francisco Chronicle (January 2, 1997).
170. Harry Harris, Oakland sees biggest drop in homicides since 2004, Bay Area News Group (December 31, 2013).
171. Tammerlin Drummond, Oakland killings down in 2014 but still way too many, Bay Area News Group (March 24, 2015).
172. Mark Hedin, Oakland: Rash of homicides in late 2016 push year's toll to 85, Bay Area News Group (March 10, 2017).
173. Darwin BondGraham, Oakland Leaders Attribute Drop in Homicides and Shootings to Ceasefire Program, East Bay Express (January 9, 2017).
174. Bobby McCarthy & Sarah Lawrence, Crime Trends in the City of Oakland: A 25-Year Look (1987–2012)., Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law & Social Policy, University of California, Berkeley School of Law.
175. Rosen, Eva; Sudhir Venkatesh (2007). "Legal Innovation and the Control of Gang Behavior". Annual Review of Law and Social Science. 3 (1): 255–270. doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112724.
176. "Oakland Moves From 3rd To 5th In Most Dangerous City Survey". CBS San Francisco. Bay City News. November 22, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
178. Harry HarrisOakland Tribune. "Gradually, Oakland a less deadly place". Inside Bay Area. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
179. Kerr, Dara (January 3, 2011). "Oakland memorializes the 94 homicides of 2010". North Oakland News. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
180. Spiker, Steve; Garvey, John; Arnold, Kenyatta; Williams, Junious (March 9, 2009). "Homicides in Oakland" (PDF). Urban Strategies Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
181. Tammerlin Drummond, Oakland Tribune Columnist (April 28, 2012). "Drummond: David Kennedy talks Oakland and Ceasefire". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
182. Will Kane (August 15, 2013). "8 arrested in Oakland crime crackdown". SFGate. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
183. "Oakland Boosts 'Operation Ceasefire' After Baby, Father Killed « CBS San Francisco". Sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com. August 8, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
184. Will Kane (August 10, 2013). "Oakland police's new push on Ceasefire program". SFGate. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
185. "Great Oakland Public Schools Leadership Center". goleadershipcenter.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2015.
186. "OUSD Oakland Unified School District Fast Facts 2015-2015" (PDF). Oakland Unified School District. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
187. "Oakland high school test scores lag behind state". Oakland North. Retrieved October 7, 2015.
188. "Test Results Search – 2013 STAR Test Results (CA Dept of Education)". ca.gov.
189. "Oaklandcharter.net". Oaklandcharter.net. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
190. "Pandora – Press Release". press.pandora.com. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
191. The Business Journals by David Goll (November 18, 2001). "East Bay Business Times. November 16, 2001. David Goll. 'Cal State launches centers in Oakland.'". Bizjournals.com. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
192. Oaklandnet.com Oakland Higher Education Consortium. Archived November 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
193. "CSU East Bay. Locations". Ce.csueastbay.edu. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
194. Liedtke, Michael (August 23, 2011). "MediaNews combining most SF Bay area newspapers into 2 new brands, eliminating 120 jobs". Associated Press. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
195. "Railroads". localwiki.org.
196. "The California Zephyr" from "Streamliner Schedules", original reference from the 1950 Official Guide of railroads"
197. "Oakland city, California – Selected Economic Characteristics: 2005–2007". American Community Survey – 3-Year Estimates (data set). U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
198. "Oakland city, California – Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005–2007". American Community Survey – 3-Year Estimates (data set). U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
199. "AIBRA – Find a Station". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
200. "City of Oakland – Bicycle Master Plan" (PDF). December 2007: 15. Retrieved February 12, 2018. [...] creation of a Bicycle Master Plan to promote alternatives to the private automobile [...] Oakland's original plan was completed in 1999 and reaffirmed by City Council in 2005. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
201. "Let's Bike Oakland! (Bike Plan Update, 2017–18)". Retrieved February 12, 2018. The 1999 plan was revised in December 2007 [...] and then reaffirmed in 2012.
202. "City of Oakland – Bicycle Master Plan" (PDF). December 2007: 16. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
203. "Let Us Count the Ways" (PDF). "I (Bike) Oakland" Newsletter (22 ed.): 8. Winter 2018.
204. "Oakland, California, USA – Discover World". www.discoverworld.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
205. "Linus Bike Commends Oakland After It Is Listed in Top 10 Commuter Bike Cities". PRWeb. November 15, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
206. "OakDOT Announces Permits for Shared E-Scooters". City of Oakland. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
207. "Oakland OKs 3,500 rental e-scooters from Bird, Lime, Lyft, Clevr". SFChronicle.com. July 2, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
208. Initial Study: Intermodal Interface Demonstration Project, Port of Oakland, Oakland, California, Earth Metrics and Korve Engineerning, December 20, 1989
209. "Port Of Oakland, Oakland Estuary". Glenn Franco Simmons. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
210. "What is the definition of sustainability, development and resources". Tech Stuffed. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
211. Zendle, Les; Regina E. Herzlinger (2004). Consumer-driven health care: implications for providers, payers, and policymakers. San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. p. 661. ISBN 978-0-7879-5258-7.
212. Maizlish, Neil A. (July 1, 2004). "Glycemic Control in Diabetic Patients Served by Community Health Centers". American Journal of Medical Quality. 19 (4): 172–179. doi:10.1177/106286060401900406. PMID 15368782. S2CID 11934476.
213. "Interactive City Directory". Sister-cities.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2017.

External links

• Official website – oaklandca.gov
• Visit Oakland: Oakland Convention and Visitors Bureau
• Oakland on LocalWiki
• "Oakland". U.S. City Open Data Census. UK: Open Knowledge Foundation. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
• "Oakland". C-SPAN Cities Tour. January 2016.