List of mathematical symbols by subject

The following list of mathematical symbols by subject features a selection of the most common symbols used in modern mathematical notation within formulas, grouped by mathematical topic. As it is virtually impossible to list all the symbols ever used in mathematics, only those symbols which occur often in mathematics or mathematics education are included. Many of the characters are standardized, for example in DIN 1302 General mathematical symbols or DIN EN ISO 80000-2 Quantities and units – Part 2: Mathematical signs for science and technology.

The following list is largely limited to non-alphanumeric characters. It is divided by areas of mathematics and grouped within sub-regions. Some symbols have a different meaning depending on the context and appear accordingly several times in the list. Further information on the symbols and their meaning can also be found in the respective linked articles.

Guide

The following information is provided for each mathematical symbol:

Symbol

The symbol as it is represented by LaTeX. If there are several typographic variants, only one of the variants is shown.

Usage

An exemplary use of the symbol in a formula. Letters here stand as a placeholder for numbers, variables or complex expressions. Different possible applications are listed separately.

Articles with usage

Examples of Wikipedia articles in which the symbol is used.

LaTeX

The LaTeX command that creates the icon. Characters from the ASCII character set can be used directly, with a few exceptions (e.g., pound sign #, backslash \, braces {}, and percent sign %). High-and low-position is indicated via the ^ and _ characters, and is not explicitly specified.

HTML

The icon in HTML, if it is defined as a named mark. Non-named characters can be indicated in the form &#xnnnn by specifying the Unicode code point of the next column. High-and low-position can be indicated via  and .

Unicode

The code point of the corresponding Unicode character. Some characters are combining and require the entry of additional characters. For brackets, the code points of opening and closing forms are specified.

Set theory

Definition symbols

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle A\colon B}$	Definition	\colon	∶	U+003A
		${\displaystyle A\colon =B}$
		${\displaystyle A\colon \Leftrightarrow B}$

Set construction

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \varnothing }$ ${\displaystyle \emptyset }$	∅		Empty set	\varnothing, \emptyset	∅	U+2205
${\displaystyle \{~\}}$	{ }	${\displaystyle \{a,b,\ldots \}}$	Set (mathematics)	\{ \}		U+007B/D
${\displaystyle \mid }$	|	${\displaystyle \{a\mid T(a)\}}$		\mid		U+007C
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle \{a\,\colon T(a)\}}$		\colon		U+003A

Set operations

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \cup }$	∪	${\displaystyle A\cup B}$	Union (set theory)	\cup	∪	U+222A
${\displaystyle \bigcup }$	⋃	${\displaystyle \bigcup }$		\bigcup		U+22C3
${\displaystyle \cap }$	∩	${\displaystyle A\cap B}$	Intersection (set theory)	\cap	∩	U+2229
${\displaystyle \bigcap }$	⋂	${\displaystyle \bigcap }$		\bigcap		U+22C2
${\displaystyle \setminus }$	∖	${\displaystyle A\setminus B}$	Difference (set theory)	\setminus		U+2216
${\displaystyle \triangle }$	∆	${\displaystyle A\,\triangle \,B}$	Symmetric difference	\triangle	Δ	U+2206
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle A\times B}$	Cartesian product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle {\dot {\cup }}}$	⊍	${\displaystyle A\,{\dot {\cup }}\,B}$	Disjoint union	\dot\cup		U+228D
${\displaystyle \uplus }$	⊎	${\displaystyle A\uplus B}$		\uplus	⊎	U+228E
${\displaystyle \sqcup }$	⊔	${\displaystyle A\sqcup B}$		\sqcup		U+2294
${\displaystyle {\dot {\cap }}}$	⩀	${\displaystyle A{\dot {\cap }}B}$	Intersection (set theory)	\dot\cap		U+2A40
${\displaystyle \sqcap }$	⊓	${\displaystyle A\sqcap B}$		\sqcap		U+2293
	⩄			\capwedge	⩄	U+2A44
	⫛		Transversal intersection	\mlcp	⫛	U+2ADB
${\displaystyle {}^{\mathrm {C} }}$	∁	${\displaystyle A^{\mathrm {C} }}$	Complement (set theory)	\mathrm{C}		U+2201
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}$		\overline{A}		U+0305
${\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}$	𝒫	${\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(A)}$	Power set	\mathcal{P}		U+1D4AB
${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}$	𝔓	${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}(A)}$		\mathfrak{P}		U+1D513
${\displaystyle \wp }$	℘	${\displaystyle \wp (A)}$		\wp		U+2118
${\displaystyle \bigwedge }$	⋀	${\displaystyle {\bigwedge }_{x\in A}}$	Infimum and supremum	\bigwedge		U+22C0
${\displaystyle \bigvee }$	⋁	${\displaystyle {\bigvee }_{x\in A}}$		\bigvee		U+22C1

Set relations

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \subset }$	⊂	${\displaystyle A\subset B}$	Subset	\subset	⊂	U+2282
${\displaystyle \subsetneq }$	⊊	${\displaystyle A\subsetneq B}$		\subsetneq		U+228A
${\displaystyle \subseteq }$	⊆	${\displaystyle A\subseteq B}$		\subseteq	⊆	U+2286
	⟃	A ⟃ B			U+27C3
${\displaystyle \supset }$	⊃	${\displaystyle A\supset B}$	Superset	\supset	⊃	U+2283
${\displaystyle \supsetneq }$	⊋	${\displaystyle A\supsetneq B}$		\supsetneq		U+228B
${\displaystyle \supseteq }$	⊇	${\displaystyle A\supseteq B}$		\supseteq	⊇	U+2287
	⟄	A ⟄ B			U+27C3
${\displaystyle \not \subset }$	⊄	${\displaystyle A\not \subset B}$		\not\subset		U+2284
${\displaystyle \not \supset }$	⊅	${\displaystyle A\not \supset B}$	Superset	\not\supset		U+2285
${\displaystyle \not \subseteq }$	⊈	${\displaystyle A\not \subseteq B}$		\not\subseteq		U+2288
${\displaystyle \not \supseteq }$	⊉	${\displaystyle A\not \supseteq B}$	Superset	\not\supseteq		U+2289
${\displaystyle \in }$	∈	${\displaystyle a\in A}$	Element (mathematics)	\in	∈	U+2208
${\displaystyle \ni }$	∋	${\displaystyle A\ni a}$		\ni, \owns	∋	U+220B
${\displaystyle \notin }$	∉	${\displaystyle a\notin A}$		\notin	∉	U+2209
${\displaystyle \not \ni }$	∌	${\displaystyle A\not \ni a}$		\not\ni		U+220C

Note: The symbols ${\displaystyle \subset }$ and ${\displaystyle \supset }$ are used inconsistently and often do not exclude the equality of the two quantities.

Number sets

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }$	𝔸		Algebraic number	\mathbb{A}		U+1D538
${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$	ℂ		Complex number	\mathbb{C}		U+2102
${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$	ℍ		Quaternion	\mathbb{H}		U+210D
${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$	ℕ		Natural number	\mathbb{N}		U+2115
${\displaystyle \mathbb {J} }$	𝕁			\mathbb{J}		U+1D541
${\displaystyle \mathbb {W} }$	𝕎			\mathbb{W}		U+1D54E
${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$	ℚ		Rational number	\mathbb{Q}		U+211A
${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$	ℝ		Real number	\mathbb{R}		U+211D
${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$	ℤ		Integer	\mathbb{Z}		U+2124

Cardinality

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |A|}$	Cardinality	\vert		U+007C
${\displaystyle \#}$	#	${\displaystyle \#A}$		\#		U+0023
${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c}}}$	𝔠		Cardinality of the continuum	\mathfrak{c}		U+1D520
${\displaystyle \aleph }$	ℵ	${\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}$, ${\displaystyle \aleph _{1}}$, ...	Aleph number	\aleph		U+2135
${\displaystyle \beth }$	ℶ	${\displaystyle \beth _{0}}$, ${\displaystyle \beth _{1}}$, ...	Beth number	\beth		U+2136

Arithmetic

Arithmetic operators

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle +}$	+	${\displaystyle a+b}$	Addition	+	+	U+002B
${\displaystyle -}$	−	${\displaystyle a-b}$	Subtraction	-	−	U+2212
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle a\cdot b}$	Multiplication	\cdot	·	U+22C5
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle a\times b}$		\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle$ :}	:	${\displaystyle a:b}$	Division (mathematics)	::	∶	U+003A
${\displaystyle /}$	∕	${\displaystyle a/b}$		/	⁄	U+2215
${\displaystyle \div }$	÷	${\displaystyle a\div b}$		\div	÷	U+00F7
${\displaystyle {\frac {~~}{~~}}}$	⁄	${\displaystyle {\tfrac {a}{b}}}$		\frac		U+2044
${\displaystyle -}$	−	${\displaystyle -a}$	Unary minus	-	−	U+2212
${\displaystyle \pm }$	±	${\displaystyle \pm a}$	Plus or minus sign	\pm	±	U+00B1
${\displaystyle \mp }$	∓	${\displaystyle \mp a}$		\mp	∓	U+2213
${\displaystyle (~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (a)}$	Bracket	( )		U+0028/9
${\displaystyle [~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [a]}$		[ ]		U+005B/D

Equality signs

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle =}$	=	${\displaystyle a=b}$	Equality (mathematics)	=		U+003D
${\displaystyle \neq }$	≠	${\displaystyle a\neq b}$	Inequality (mathematics)	\neq	≠	U+2260
${\displaystyle \equiv }$	≡	${\displaystyle a\equiv b}$	Identity (mathematics)	\equiv	≡	U+2261
${\displaystyle \approx }$	≈	${\displaystyle a\approx b}$	Approximation	\approx	≈	U+2248
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle a\sim b}$	Equivalence class	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle \propto }$	∝	${\displaystyle a\propto b}$	Proportionality (mathematics)	\propto	∝	U+221D
${\displaystyle {\widehat {=}}}$	≙	${\displaystyle a\,{\widehat {=}}\,b}$	Correspondence (mathematics)	\widehat{=}		U+2259
${\displaystyle {\overset {?}{=}}}$	≟	${\displaystyle a\,{\overset {?}{=}}\,b}$		\overset{?}{=}		U+225F

Comparison

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle <}$	<	${\displaystyle a<b}$	<	&lt;	U+003C
${\displaystyle >}$	>	${\displaystyle a>b}$	>	&gt;	U+003E
${\displaystyle \leq }$	≤	${\displaystyle a\leq b}$	\le, \leq	&le;	U+2264
${\displaystyle \leqq }$	≦	${\displaystyle a\leqq b}$	\leqq	&#8806;	U+2266
${\displaystyle \geq }$	≥	${\displaystyle a\geq b}$	\ge, \geq	&ge;	U+2265
${\displaystyle \geqq }$	≧	${\displaystyle a\geqq b}$	\geqq	&#8807;	U+2267
${\displaystyle \ll }$	≪	${\displaystyle a\ll b}$	\ll	&#8810;	U+226A
${\displaystyle \gg }$	≫	${\displaystyle a\gg b}$	\gg	&#8811;	U+226B
${\displaystyle \gtrless }$	≷	${\displaystyle a\gtrless b}$	\gtrless	&#8823;	U+2277

Divisibility

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \mid }$	∣	${\displaystyle a\mid b}$	\mid		U+2223
${\displaystyle \nmid }$	∤	${\displaystyle a\nmid b}$	\nmid		U+2224
${\displaystyle \perp }$	⊥	${\displaystyle a\perp b}$	\perp	⊥	U+22A5
${\displaystyle \sqcap }$	⊓	${\displaystyle a\sqcap b}$	\sqcap		U+2293
${\displaystyle \wedge }$	∧	${\displaystyle a\wedge b}$	\wedge	∧	U+2227
${\displaystyle \sqcup }$	⊔	${\displaystyle a\sqcup b}$	\sqcup	∧	U+2294
${\displaystyle \vee }$	∨	${\displaystyle a\vee b}$	\vee	∨	U+2228
${\displaystyle \equiv }$	≡	${\displaystyle a\equiv b{\pmod {m}}}$	\equiv	≡	U+2261

Intervals

Symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	${\displaystyle [a,b]}$	( ) [ ]		U+0028/9 U+005B/D
${\displaystyle ]~~[}$	${\displaystyle ]a,b[}$
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	${\displaystyle (a,b)}$
${\displaystyle [~~[}$	${\displaystyle [a,b[}$
${\displaystyle [~~)}$	${\displaystyle [a,b)}$
${\displaystyle ]~~]}$	${\displaystyle ]a,b]}$
${\displaystyle (~~]}$	${\displaystyle (a,b]}$

Elementary functions

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |x|}$	\vert		U+007C
${\displaystyle \left[~~\right]}$		${\displaystyle \left[x\right]}$	[ ]		U+005B/D
${\displaystyle \lfloor ~~\rfloor }$	⌊ ⌋	${\displaystyle \lfloor x\rfloor }$	\lfloor \rfloor	⌊ ⌋	U+230A/B
${\displaystyle \lceil ~~\rceil }$	⌈ ⌉	${\displaystyle \lceil x\rceil }$	\lceil \rceil	⌈ ⌉	U+2308/9
${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\,}}}$	√	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}}}$	\sqrt	√	U+221A
		${\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{x}}}$	\sqrt[n]{x}
${\displaystyle \%}$	%	${\displaystyle x\,\%}$	\%		U+0025

Note: the power function is not represented by its own icon, but by the positioning of the exponent as a superscript.

Complex numbers

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \Re }$	ℜ	${\displaystyle \Re (z)}$	\Re		U+211C
${\displaystyle \Im }$	ℑ	${\displaystyle \Im (z)}$	\Im		U+2111
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}$	\bar		U+0305
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle z^{\ast }}$	\ast	∗	U+002A
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	|	${\displaystyle |z|}$	\vert		U+007C
${\displaystyle \arg {}}$		${\displaystyle \arg(z)}$	\arg

Remark: real and imaginary parts of a complex number are often also denoted by ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} }$ and ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Im} }$.

Mathematical constants

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \pi }$	π		Pi	\pi	{{pi}}	U+03C0
e or e	e		e (mathematics)	e or \rm{e}	e}} or {{math|e}}	U+0065
${\displaystyle \varphi }$	φ		Golden ratio	\varphi	φ	U+03C6
i or i	i		Imaginary unit	i or \rm{i}	i}} or {{math|i}}	U+0069

See also: mathematical constant for symbols of additional mathematical constants.

Calculus

Sequences and series

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \sum }$	∑	${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n},\sum _{i\in I}}$	Summation	\sum	∑	U+2211
${\displaystyle \prod }$	∏	${\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{n},\prod _{i\in I}}$	Product (mathematics)	\prod	∏	U+220F
${\displaystyle \coprod }$	∐	${\displaystyle \coprod _{i=1}^{n},\coprod _{i\in I}}$	Coproduct	\coprod		U+2210
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (a_{n})}$	Sequence	( )		U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle a_{n}\to a}$	Limit of a sequence	\to	→	U+2192
${\displaystyle \infty }$	∞	${\displaystyle n\to \infty }$	Infinity	\infty	∞	U+221E

Functions

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle f\colon A\to B}$	Function (mathematics)	\to	→	U+2192
		${\displaystyle A\,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,B}$
${\displaystyle \mapsto }$	↦	${\displaystyle f\colon x\mapsto y}$		\mapsto	&mapstoright;	U+21A6
		${\displaystyle x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y}$
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle f(x)}$	Image (mathematics)	( )	( or )	U+0028/9
		${\displaystyle f(X)}$
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle f[X]}$		[ ]	[ or ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle \vert }$	|	${\displaystyle f\vert _{X}}$	Restriction (mathematics)	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle f(\cdot )}$	Free variable	\cdot		U+22C5
${\displaystyle {}^{-1}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle f^{-1}}$	Inverse function	-1		U+207B
${\displaystyle \circ }$	∘	${\displaystyle f\circ g}$	Function composition	\circ	∘	U+2218
${\displaystyle \ast }$	∗	${\displaystyle f\ast g}$	Convolution	\ast	∗	U+2217
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	◌̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}$	Fourier transform	\hat		U+0302

Limits

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \uparrow }$	↑	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\uparrow a}f(x)}$	Limit of a function	\uparrow	↑	U+2191
${\displaystyle \nearrow }$	↗	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\nearrow a}f(x)}$		\nearrow		U+2197
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a}f(x)}$		\to	→	U+2192
${\displaystyle \searrow }$	↘	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\searrow a}f(x)}$		\searrow		U+2198
${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	↓	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\downarrow a}f(x)}$		\downarrow	↓	U+2193
${\displaystyle ^{+}}$	⁺	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a^{+}}f(x)}$		^+	⁺	U+207A
${\displaystyle ^{-}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a^{-}}f(x)}$		^-	⁻	U+207B

Asymptotic behaviour

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle f\sim }$	Asymptotic analysis	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle o}$	o	${\displaystyle f\in o(g)}$	Big O notation	o		U+006F
${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}}$	𝒪	${\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {O}}(g)}$		\mathcal{O}		U+1D4AA
${\displaystyle \Theta }$	Θ	${\displaystyle f\in \Theta (g)}$		\Theta	Θ	U+0398
${\displaystyle \Omega }$	Ω	${\displaystyle f\in \Omega (g)}$		\Omega	Ω	U+03A9
${\displaystyle \omega }$	ω	${\displaystyle f\in \omega (g)}$		\omega	ω	U+03C9

Differential calculus

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle {}'}$	′ ″	${\displaystyle f',f''}$	Lagrange's notation	\prime	′	U+2032,U+2033
${\displaystyle ^{V}}$		${\displaystyle f^{IV},f^{V},f^{VI}}$		^{V}	<sup>&#8547;</sup>
${\displaystyle {}^{(~)}}$	⁽ ⁾	${\displaystyle f^{(4)},f^{(5)},f^{(n)}}$		^{( )}	<sup>( )</sup>	U+207D/E
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	◌̇	${\displaystyle {\dot {f}},{\ddot {f}}}$	Newton's notation	\dot, \ddot		U+0307
${\displaystyle d}$	d	${\displaystyle dx}$	Leibniz's notation	d	d	U+0064
		${\displaystyle {\frac {df}{dx}}}$
		${\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}f}$
		${\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}f}$
		${\displaystyle df}$
${\displaystyle \partial }$	∂	${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}}$	Partial derivative	\partial	&part;	U+2202

Integral calculus

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \int }$	∫	${\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}}$ , ${\displaystyle \displaystyle \int _{G}}$	Integral	\int	∫	U+222B
${\displaystyle \oint }$	∮	${\displaystyle \oint _{\gamma }}$	Curve integral	\oint		U+222E
${\displaystyle \iint }$	∬	${\displaystyle \iint _{\mathcal {F}}}$	Surface integral	\iint		U+222C
${\displaystyle \iiint }$	∭	${\displaystyle \iiint _{V}}$	Volume integral	\iiint		U+222D

Vector calculus

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \nabla }$	∇	${\displaystyle \nabla f}$	Gradient	\nabla	∇	U+2207
		${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot F}$	Divergence
		${\displaystyle \nabla \times F}$	Curl (mathematics)
${\displaystyle \Delta }$	∆	${\displaystyle \Delta f}$	Laplace operator	\Delta	Δ	U+2206
${\displaystyle \square }$	□	${\displaystyle \square f}$	D'Alembert operator	\square		U+25A1

Topology

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \partial }$	∂	${\displaystyle \partial U}$	Boundary (topology)	\partial	∂	U+2202
${\displaystyle {}^{\circ }}$	˚	${\displaystyle U^{\circ }}$	Interior (topology)	\circ	°	U+02DA
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {U}}}$	Closure (topology)	\overline		U+0305
${\displaystyle {\dot {~}}}$	◌̇	${\displaystyle {\dot {U}}(x)}$	Punctured neighbourhood	\dot		— U+0307

Functional analysis

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle {}'}$	′	${\displaystyle V'}$	Dual space	\prime	′	U+2032/3
${\displaystyle {}''}$	″	${\displaystyle V''}$
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	◌̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {X}}}$	Complete metric space	\hat		U+0302
${\displaystyle \hookrightarrow }$	↪	${\displaystyle X\hookrightarrow Y}$	Embedding	\hookrightarrow		U+21AA

Linear algebra and geometry

Elementary geometry

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [AB]}$	Line segment	[ ]		U+005B/D
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |AB|}$		\vert		U+007C
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}}$		\overline		U+0305
${\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {~~}}}$	⃗	${\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AB}}}$	Euclidean vector and Affine space	\vec		U+20D7
${\displaystyle \angle }$	∠	${\displaystyle \angle ABC}$	Angle	\angle	∠	U+2220
${\displaystyle \triangle }$	△	${\displaystyle \triangle ABC}$	Triangle	\triangle		U+25B3
${\displaystyle \square }$	□	${\displaystyle \square {\mathit {ABCD}}}$	Quadrilateral	\square		U+25A1
${\displaystyle \parallel }$	∥	${\displaystyle g\parallel h}$	Parallel (geometry)	\parallel		U+2225
${\displaystyle \nparallel }$	∦	${\displaystyle g\nparallel h}$		\nparallel		U+2226
${\displaystyle \perp }$	⟂	${\displaystyle g\perp h}$	Orthogonality	\perp	⊥	U+27C2

Vectors and matrices

Symbol	Articles with usage	LaTeX
${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}\end{pmatrix}}}$	Vector (mathematics and physics)	\begin{pmatrix} ... \end{pmatrix} or \left( \begin{array}{...} ... \end{array} \right)
${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}\\\vdots \\v_{m}\end{pmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&\!\ldots \!&a_{1n}\\\vdots &\!\ddots \!&\vdots \\a_{m1}&\!\ldots \!&a_{mn}\end{pmatrix}}}$	Matrix (mathematics)

Vector calculus

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle v\cdot w}$	Dot product	\cdot	·	U+22C5
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (v,w)}$		( )		U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle v,w\rangle }$ ${\displaystyle \langle v\,|\,w\rangle }$		\langle \rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle v\times w}$	Cross product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [v,w]}$		[ ]		U+005B/D
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (u,v,w)}$	Triple product	( )		U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \otimes }$	⊗	${\displaystyle v\otimes w}$	Dyadic product	\otimes	⊗	U+2297
${\displaystyle \wedge }$	∧	${\displaystyle v\wedge w}$	Exterior algebra	\wedge	∧	U+2227
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |v|}$	Euclidean norm	\vert		U+007C
${\displaystyle \|~~\|}$	‖	${\displaystyle \|v\|}$	Norm (mathematics)			U+2016
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {v}}}$	Unit vector	\hat{}		U+0302

Matrix calculus

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle A\cdot B}$	Matrix multiplication	\cdot	·	U+22C5
${\displaystyle \circ }$	∘	${\displaystyle A\circ B}$	Hadamard product (matrices)	\circ		U+2218
${\displaystyle \oslash }$	⊘	${\displaystyle A\oslash B}$	Hadamard product (matrices)	\oslash		U+2298
${\displaystyle \otimes }$	⊗	${\displaystyle A\otimes B}$	Kronecker product	\otimes	⊗	U+2297
${\displaystyle {}^{\mathrm {T} }}$	T	${\displaystyle A^{\mathrm {T} }}$	Transposed matrix	^T		U+0054
${\displaystyle {}^{\intercal }}$	⊺	${\displaystyle A^{\intercal }}$		\intercal		U+22BA
${\displaystyle {}^{\mathrm {H} }}$	H	${\displaystyle A^{\mathrm {H} }}$	Conjugate transpose	^H		U+0048
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle A^{\ast }}$		\ast	∗	U+002A
${\displaystyle {}^{\dagger }}$	†	${\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}$		\dagger	†	U+2020
${\displaystyle {}^{-1}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle A^{-1}}$	Inverse matrix	-1		U+207B
${\displaystyle {}^{+}}$	+	${\displaystyle A^{+}}$	Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse	+	+	U+002B
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| A |	${\displaystyle |A|}$	Determinant	\vert		U+007C
${\displaystyle \|~~\|}$	‖	${\displaystyle \|A\|}$	Matrix norm			U+2016

Vector spaces

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle +}$	+	${\displaystyle V+W}$	Direct sum of modules	+	+	U+002B
${\displaystyle \oplus }$	⊕	${\displaystyle V\oplus W}$		\oplus	⊕	U+2295
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle V\times W}$	Direct product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle \otimes }$	⊗	${\displaystyle V\otimes W}$	Tensor product	\otimes	⊗	U+2297
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle V\,/\,U}$	Quotient space (linear algebra)	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle {}^{\perp }}$	⟂	${\displaystyle U^{\perp }}$	Orthogonal complement	\perp	⊥	U+27C2
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle V^{\ast }}$	Dual space	\ast	∗	U+002A
${\displaystyle {}^{0}}$	0	${\displaystyle X^{0}}$		0		U+0030
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle X\rangle }$	Linear hull	\langle \rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9

Algebra

Relations

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \circ }$	∘	${\displaystyle R\circ S}$	Composition of relations	\circ		U+2218
		${\displaystyle a\circ b}$	Operation (mathematics)
${\displaystyle \bullet }$	•	${\displaystyle a\bullet b}$		\bullet	•	U+2219
${\displaystyle \ast }$	∗	${\displaystyle a\ast b}$		\ast	∗	U+2217
${\displaystyle \leq }$	≤	${\displaystyle a\leq b}$	Order relation	\leq	≤	U+2264
${\displaystyle \prec }$	≺	${\displaystyle a\prec b}$	Successor ordinal	\prec		U+227A
${\displaystyle \succ }$	≻	${\displaystyle a\succ b}$		\succ		U+227B
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle a\sim b}$	Equivalence relation	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [a]}$	Equivalence class	[ ]		U+005B/D
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle M/\sim }$	Quotient set	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle {}^{-1}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle R^{-1}}$	Inverse relation	-1		U+207B
${\displaystyle {}^{+}}$	+	${\displaystyle R^{+}}$	Transitive closure	+		U+002B
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle R^{\ast }}$	Reflexive closure	\ast	∗	U+002A

Group theory

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \simeq }$	≃	${\displaystyle G\simeq H}$	Group isomorphism	\simeq		U+2243
${\displaystyle \cong }$	≅	${\displaystyle G\cong H}$		\cong	≅	U+2245
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle G\times H}$	Direct product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle \rtimes }$	⋊	${\displaystyle G\rtimes H}$	Semidirect product	\rtimes		U+22CA
${\displaystyle \wr }$	≀	${\displaystyle G\,\wr \,H}$	Wreath product	\wr		U+2240
${\displaystyle \leq }$	≤	${\displaystyle U\leq G}$	Subgroup	\leq	≤	U+2264
${\displaystyle <}$	<	${\displaystyle U<G}$		\lt	&lt;	U+003C
${\displaystyle \vartriangleleft }$	⊲	${\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}$	Normal subgroup	\vartriangleleft		U+22B3
${\displaystyle \trianglelefteq }$	⊴	${\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}$		\trianglelefteq		U+22B4
${\displaystyle \not \vartriangleleft }$	⋪	${\displaystyle N\not \vartriangleleft G}$		\not\vartriangleleft		U+22EA
${\displaystyle \not \trianglelefteq }$	⋬	${\displaystyle N\not \trianglelefteq G}$		\not\trianglelefteq		U+22EC
${\displaystyle \vartriangleright }$	⊳	${\displaystyle G\vartriangleright N}$		\vartriangleright		U+22B3
${\displaystyle \trianglerighteq }$	⊵	${\displaystyle G\trianglerighteq N}$		\trianglerighteq		U+22B5
${\displaystyle \not \vartriangleright }$	⋫	${\displaystyle G\not \vartriangleright N}$		\not\vartriangleright		U+22EB
${\displaystyle \not \trianglerighteq }$	⋭	${\displaystyle G\not \trianglerighteq N}$		\not\trianglerighteq		U+22ED
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle G/N}$	Quotient group	/	&frasl;	U+002F
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle (G\colon U)}$	Index of a subgroup	\colon		U+003A
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle E\rangle }$	Generating set of a group	\langle \rangle	&lang; &rang;	U+27E8/9
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [g,h]}$	Commutator	[ ]		U+005B/D

Field theory

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle L/K}$	Field extension	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle \mid }$	|	${\displaystyle L\mid K}$		\mid		U+007C
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle L\colon K}$		\colon		U+003A
		${\displaystyle [L\colon K]}$	Degree of a field extension
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {K}}}$	Algebraic closure	\overline		U+0305
${\displaystyle ()}$	( )	${\displaystyle K(\alpha )}$	Field extension, Algebraic number field	( )		U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }$	𝕂		Field (mathematics)	\mathbb{K}		U+1D542
${\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }$	𝔽		Finite field	\mathbb{F}		U+1D53D

Ring theory

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	∗	${\displaystyle R^{\ast }}$	Group of units	\ast	∗	U+2217
${\displaystyle {}^{\times }}$	⨯	${\displaystyle R^{\times }}$		\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle \vartriangleleft }$	⊲	${\displaystyle I\vartriangleleft R}$	Ideal (ring theory)	\vartriangleleft		U+22B2
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle R/I}$	Quotient ring	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle R[X]}$	Polynomial ring	[ ]		U+005B/D
${\displaystyle [[~~]]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle R[[X]],R((X))}$	Formal power series	[[ ]]		U+005B/D

Combinatorics

Symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle$ !}	${\displaystyle n!}$	Factorial	!		U+0021
	${\displaystyle !n}$	Derangement
	${\displaystyle n!!}$	Double factorial
${\displaystyle {\tbinom {~}{~}}}$	${\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}$	Combination	\binom		U+0028/9
	${\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{r}}}}$	Multinomial coefficient
${\displaystyle \left(\!{\tbinom {~}{~}}\!\right)}$	${\displaystyle \left(\!{\tbinom {n}{k}}\!\right)}$	Multiset	(( ))		U+0028/9
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	${\displaystyle n^{\overline {m}}}$	Pochhammer symbol	\overline		U+0305
	${\displaystyle n^{\underline {m}}}$		\underline		U+0332
${\displaystyle \#}$	${\displaystyle n\#}$	Primorial	\#		U+0023

Stochastics

Probability theory

Symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle P}$	${\displaystyle P(A)}$	Probability measure	P		U+2119
${\displaystyle \mid }$	${\displaystyle P(A\mid B)}$	Conditional probability	\mid		U+007C
${\displaystyle /}$	${\displaystyle P(A/B)}$		/	⁄	U+2215
${\displaystyle E}$	${\displaystyle E(X)}$	Expected value	E		U+1D53C
${\displaystyle V}$	${\displaystyle V(X)}$	Variance	V		U+1D54D
${\displaystyle \sigma }$	${\displaystyle \sigma (X)}$	Standard deviation	\sigma	σ	U+03C3
	${\displaystyle \sigma (X,Y)}$	Covariance
${\displaystyle \rho }$	${\displaystyle \rho (X,Y)}$	Correlation	\rho	ρ	U+03C1
${\displaystyle \sim }$	${\displaystyle X\sim F}$	Probability distribution	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle \approx }$	${\displaystyle X\approx F}$		\approx	≈	U+2248
${\displaystyle {\displaystyle \perp }}$	${\displaystyle A\perp B}$	Independence (probability theory)	\perp	⊥	U+22A5

Remark: for operators there are several notational variants; instead of round brackets also square brackets are used

Statistics

Symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	${\displaystyle {\bar {x}}}$	Average	\bar	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	${\displaystyle \langle X\rangle }$		\langle \rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	${\displaystyle {\hat {p}}}$	Estimator	\hat	̂	U+0302

Logic

Please note that current Wikipedia guidelines advise against unnecessary use of ∀, ∃, and ⇔ and instead recommend writing out "for all", "there exists", and "if and only if." The same is true of abbreviations such as "iff", "s.t.", and "WLOG".

Operators

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \land }$	∧	${\displaystyle A\land B}$	Logical conjunction	\land	∧	U+2227
${\displaystyle \lor }$	∨	${\displaystyle A\lor B}$	Logical disjunction	\lor	∨	U+2228
${\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow }$	⇔	${\displaystyle A\Leftrightarrow B}$	Logical equivalence	\Leftrightarrow	⇔	U+21D4
${\displaystyle \leftrightarrow }$	↔	${\displaystyle A\leftrightarrow B}$		\leftrightarrow	↔	U+2194
${\displaystyle \Rightarrow }$	⇒	${\displaystyle A\Rightarrow B}$	Logical consequence	\Rightarrow	⇒	U+21D2
${\displaystyle \rightarrow }$	→	${\displaystyle A\rightarrow B}$		\rightarrow	→	U+2192
${\displaystyle \oplus }$	⊕	${\displaystyle A\oplus B}$	Exclusive or	\oplus	⊕	U+2295
${\displaystyle \veebar }$	⊻	${\displaystyle A\,\veebar \,B}$		\veebar		U+22BB
${\displaystyle {\dot {\lor }}}$	⩒	${\displaystyle A\,{\dot {\lor }}\,B}$		\dot\lor		U+2A52
${\displaystyle \lnot }$	¬	${\displaystyle \lnot A}$	Logical negation	\lnot	¬	U+00AC
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}$		\bar		U+0305
${\displaystyle \leftarrow }$	←	${\displaystyle A\leftarrow B}$	Converse implication	\leftarrow	←	U+2190

Quantifiers

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Interpretation	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \forall }$	∀	${\displaystyle \forall \,x}$	Universal quantification	\forall	∀	U+2200
${\displaystyle \bigwedge }$	⋀	${\displaystyle \bigwedge _{x}}$		\bigwedge		U+22C0
${\displaystyle \exists }$	∃	${\displaystyle \exists \,x}$	Existential quantification	\exists	∃	U+2203
${\displaystyle \bigvee }$	⋁	${\displaystyle \bigvee _{x}}$		\bigvee		U+22C1
${\displaystyle \exists$ !}	∃!	${\displaystyle \exists$ !\,x}	Uniqueness quantification	\exists!	∃!	U+2203!
${\displaystyle \bigvee ^{\centerdot }}$	⩒	${\displaystyle \bigvee _{x}^{\centerdot }}$		\dot\bigvee		U+2A52
${\displaystyle \nexists }$	∄	${\displaystyle \nexists \,x}$	Existential quantification	\nexists		U+2204

Deduction symbols

Symbol	Unicode symbol	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode
${\displaystyle \vdash }$	⊢	${\displaystyle A\vdash B}$	Propositional calculus, Turnstile	\vdash		U+22A2
${\displaystyle \models }$	⊨	${\displaystyle A\models B}$	Inference	\models		U+22A8
		${\displaystyle \models A}$	Tautology (logic)
${\displaystyle \top }$	⊤	${\displaystyle A\top }$		\top		U+22A4
${\displaystyle \bot }$	⊥	${\displaystyle A\bot }$	Contradiction	\bot	⊥	U+22A5
${\displaystyle \therefore }$	∴	${\displaystyle A\therefore B}$	Deductive reasoning	\therefore		U+2234
${\displaystyle \because }$	∵	${\displaystyle A\because B}$		\because		U+2235
${\displaystyle \blacksquare }$	∎		Q.E.D.	\blacksquare		U+220E
${\displaystyle \Box }$	□			\Box		U+25A1

Alphanumeric Symbols

Digits

Caption: Digits

Name	Digits
Double-struck	𝟘 𝟙 𝟚 𝟛 𝟜 𝟝 𝟞 𝟟 𝟠 𝟡

Alphabets

Caption: Alphabets

Name	Sub-type	Alphabet
Double-struck		𝔸 𝔹 ℂ 𝔻 𝔼 𝔽 𝔾 ℍ 𝕀 𝕁 𝕂 𝕃 𝕄 ℕ 𝕆 ℙ ℚ ℝ 𝕊 𝕋 𝕌 𝕍 𝕎 𝕏 𝕐 ℤ
		𝕒 𝕓 𝕔 𝕕 𝕖 𝕗 𝕘 𝕙 𝕚 𝕛 𝕜 𝕝 𝕞 𝕟 𝕠 𝕡 𝕢 𝕣 𝕤 𝕥 𝕦 𝕧 𝕨 𝕩 𝕪 𝕫
	Italic	ⅆ ⅇ ⅈ ⅉ ℽ ℾ ℼ ℿ ⅀
Script/Calligraphy		𝒜 ℬ 𝒞 𝒟 ℰ ℱ 𝒢 ℋ ℐ 𝒥 𝒦 ℒ ℳ 𝒩 𝒪 𝒫 𝒬 ℛ 𝒮 𝒯 𝒰 𝒱 𝒲 𝒳 𝒴 𝒵
		𝒶 𝒷 𝒸 𝒹 ℯ 𝒻 ℊ 𝒽 𝒾 𝒿 𝓀 𝓁 𝓂 𝓃 ℴ 𝓅 𝓆 𝓇 𝓈 𝓉 𝓊 𝓋 𝓌 𝓍 𝓎 𝓏
	Bold	𝓐 𝓑 𝓒 𝓓 𝓔 𝓕 𝓖 𝓗 𝓘 𝓙 𝓚 𝓛 𝓜 𝓝 𝓞 𝓟 𝓠 𝓡 𝓢 𝓣 𝓤 𝓥 𝓦 𝓧 𝓨 𝓩
		𝓪 𝓫 𝓬 𝓭 𝓮 𝓯 𝓰 𝓱 𝓲 𝓳 𝓴 𝓵 𝓶 𝓷 𝓸 𝓹 𝓺 𝓻 𝓼 𝓽 𝓾 𝓿 𝔀 𝔁 𝔂 𝔃
Fraktur		𝔄 𝔅 ℭ 𝔇 𝔈 𝔉 𝔊 ℌ ℑ 𝔍 𝔎 𝔏 𝔐 𝔑 𝔒 𝔓 𝔔 ℜ 𝔖 𝔗 𝔘 𝔙 𝔚 𝔛 𝔜 ℨ
		𝔞 𝔟 𝔠 𝔡 𝔢 𝔣 𝔤 𝔥 𝔦 𝔧 𝔨 𝔩 𝔪 𝔫 𝔬 𝔭 𝔮 𝔯 𝔰 𝔱 𝔲 𝔳 𝔴 𝔵 𝔶 𝔷
	Bold	𝕬 𝕭 𝕮 𝕯 𝕰 𝕱 𝕲 𝕳 𝕴 𝕵 𝕶 𝕷 𝕸 𝕹 𝕺 𝕻 𝕼 𝕽 𝕾 𝕿 𝖀 𝖁 𝖂 𝖃 𝖄 𝖅
		𝖆 𝖇 𝖈 𝖉 𝖊 𝖋 𝖌 𝖍 𝖎 𝖏𝖐 𝖑 𝖒 𝖓 𝖔 𝖕 𝖖 𝖗 𝖘 𝖙 𝖚 𝖛 𝖜 𝖝 𝖞 𝖟
Mono-space		𝙰 𝙱 𝙲 𝙳 𝙴 𝙵 𝙶 𝙷 𝙸 𝙹 𝙺 𝙻 𝙼 𝙽 𝙾 𝙿 𝚀 𝚁 𝚂 𝚃 𝚄 𝚅 𝚆 𝚇 𝚈 𝚉
		𝚊 𝚋 𝚌 𝚍 𝚎 𝚏 𝚐 𝚑 𝚒 𝚓 𝚔 𝚕 𝚖 𝚗 𝚘 𝚙 𝚚 𝚛 𝚜 𝚝 𝚞 𝚟 𝚠 𝚡 𝚢 𝚣
Greek		Α Β Γ ᴦ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Ῥ ☧ Σ Ϲ Τ Υ υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
		α β ᵝ ᵦ γ ᵞ ᵧ δ ᵟ ε ϵ ϶ ζ η Ͱ ͱ θ ϑ ϴ ᶿ ι ᶥ ℩ κ ϰ λ ᴧ μ µ ν ξ ο π ϖ ρ ῥ ῤ ϱ ϼ ᴩ ᵨ σ ς ϲ Ͻ ͻ Ͼ ͼ Ͽ ͽ τ ϒ φ ϕ χ ᵡ ᵪ ψ ᴪ ω
	Italic	𝛢 𝛣 𝛤 𝛥 𝛦 𝛧 𝛨 𝛩 𝛪 𝛫 𝛬 𝛭 𝛮 𝛯 𝛰 𝛱 𝛲 𝛳 𝛴 𝛵 𝛶 𝛷 𝛸 𝛹 𝛺 𝛻
		𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛿 𝜕 𝜀 𝜖 𝜁 𝜂 𝜃 𝜗 𝜄 𝜅 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝜉 𝜊 𝜋 𝜛 𝜌 𝜚 𝜍 𝜎 𝜏 𝜐 𝜑 𝜙 𝜒 𝜘 𝜓 𝜔
	Non-Latin Italic	𝛼 𝛽 𝛤 𝛾 𝛥 𝛿 𝜀 𝜁 𝜂 𝛩 𝜃 𝛳 𝜗 𝜄 𝜅 𝜘 𝛬 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝛯 𝜉 𝛱 𝜋 𝜌 𝜚 𝛴 𝜎 𝜍 𝜏 𝛶 𝜐 𝛷 𝜑 𝜙 𝜒 𝛹 𝜓 𝛺 𝜔
	Bold	𝚨 𝚩 𝚪 𝚫 𝚬 𝚭 𝚮 𝚯 𝚰 𝚱 𝚲 𝚳 𝚴 𝚵 𝚶 𝚷 𝚸 𝚹 𝚺 𝚻 𝚼 𝚽 𝚾 𝚿 𝛀 𝛁
		𝛂 𝛃 𝛄 𝛅 𝛛 𝛆 𝛜 𝛇 𝛈 𝛉 𝛝 𝛊 𝛋 𝛞 𝛌 𝛍 𝛎 𝛏 𝛐 𝛑 𝛡 𝛒 𝛠 𝛓 𝛔 𝛕 𝛖 𝛗 𝛟 𝛘 𝛙 𝛚
	Bold Italic	𝜜 𝜝 𝜞 𝜟 𝜠 𝜡 𝜢 𝜣 𝜤 𝜥 𝜦 𝜧 𝜨 𝜩 𝜪 𝜫 𝜬 𝜭 𝜮 𝜯 𝜰 𝜱 𝜲 𝜳 𝜴 𝜵
		𝜶 𝜷 𝜸 𝜹 𝝏 𝜺 𝝐 𝜻 𝜼 𝜽 𝝑 𝜾 𝜿 𝝀 𝝁 𝝂 𝝃 𝝄 𝝅 𝝕 𝝆 𝝔 𝝇 𝝈 𝝉 𝝊 𝝋 𝝓 𝝌 𝝒 𝝍 𝝎
	Double-struck	ℽ ℾ ℼ ℿ ⅀

Greek Letters

Greek alphabet

Name	Greek Letter	Bold	Italic	Bold Italic	Sans-Serif Bold	Sans-Serif Bold Italic	ALP	Double struck bold	Misc
Alpha	Α α	𝚨 𝛂	𝛢 𝛼	𝜜 𝜶	𝝖 𝝰	𝞐 𝞪	⍺ ⍶
Beta	Β β ᵝ ᵦ	𝚩 𝛃	𝛣 𝛽	𝜝 𝜷	𝝗 𝝱	𝞑 𝞫
Gamma	Γ γ ᴦ ᵞ ᵧ	𝚪 𝛄	𝛤 𝛾	𝜞 𝜸	𝝘 𝝲	𝞒 𝞬		ℾ ℽ
Delta	Δ δ ᵟ	𝚫 𝛅	𝛥 𝛿	𝜟 𝜹	𝝙 𝝳	𝞓 𝞭
Epsilon	Ε ε ϵ ϶	𝚬 𝛆	𝛦 𝜀	𝜠 𝜺	𝝚 𝝴	𝞔 𝞮
Zeta	Ζ ζ	𝚭 𝛇	𝛧 𝜁	𝜡 𝜻	𝝛 𝝵	𝞕 𝞯
Eta	Η η Ͱ ͱ	𝚮 𝛈	𝛨 𝜂	𝜢 𝜼	𝝜 𝝶	𝞖 𝞰
Theta	Θ θ ϑ ϴ ᶿ	𝚯 𝛉 𝚹 𝛝	𝛩 𝜃 𝛳 𝜗	𝜣 𝜽 𝜭 𝝑	𝝝 𝝷 𝚹 𝞋	𝞗 𝞱 𝜭 𝟅
Iota	Ι ι ᶥ ℩	𝚰 𝛊	𝛪 𝜄	𝜤 𝜾	𝝞 𝝸	𝞘 𝞲
Kappa	Κ κ ϰ	𝚱 𝛋 𝛞	𝛫 𝜅 𝜘	𝜥 𝜿 𝝒	𝝟 𝝹 𝞌	𝞙 𝞳 𝟆
Lambda	Λ λ ᴧ	𝚲 𝛌	𝛬 𝜆	𝜦 𝝀	𝝠 𝝺	𝞚 𝞴
Mu	Μ μ µ	𝚳 𝛍	𝛭 𝜇	𝜧 𝝁	𝝡 𝝻	𝞛 𝞵
Nu	Ν ν	𝚴 𝛎	𝛮 𝜈	𝜨 𝝂	𝝢 𝝼	𝞜 𝞶
Xi	Ξ ξ	𝚵 𝛏	𝛯 𝜉	𝜩 𝝃	𝝣 𝝽	𝞝 𝞷
Omicron	Ο ο	𝚶 𝛐	𝛰 𝜊	𝜪 𝝄	𝝤 𝝾	𝞞 𝞸
Pi	Π π ϖ	𝚷 𝛑	𝛱 𝜋	𝜫 𝝅	𝝥 𝝿	𝞟 𝞹		ℿ ℼ	∏ ∐
Rho	Ρ ρ Ῥ ῥ ῤ ϱ ϼ ᴩ ᵨ ☧	𝚸 𝛒 𝛠	𝛲 𝜌 𝜚	𝜬 𝝆 𝝔	𝝦 𝞀 𝞎	𝞠 𝞺 𝟈	⍴
Sigma	Σ σ ς Ϲ ϲ Ͻ ͻ Ͼ ͼ Ͽ ͽ	𝚺 𝛔 𝛓	𝛴 𝜎 𝜍	𝜮 𝝈 𝝇	𝝨 𝞂 𝞁	𝞢 𝞼 𝞻		⅀	∑
Tau	Τ τ	𝚻 𝛕	𝛵 𝜏	𝜯 𝝉	𝝩 𝞃	𝞣 𝞽
Upsilon	Υ υ ϒ	𝚼 𝛖	𝛶 𝜐	𝜰 𝝊	𝝪 𝞄	𝞤 𝞾
Phi	Φ φ ϕ	𝚽 𝛗 𝛟	𝛷 𝜑 𝜙	𝜱 𝝋 𝝓	𝝫 𝞅 𝞍	𝞥 𝞿 𝟇
Chi	Χ χᵡᵪ☧	𝚾 𝛘	𝛸 𝜒	𝜲 𝝌	𝝬 𝞆	𝞦 𝟀
Psi	Ψ ψ ᴪ	𝚿 𝛙	𝛹 𝜓	𝜳 𝝍	𝝭 𝞇	𝞧 𝟁
Omega	Ω ω	𝛀 𝛚	𝛺 𝜔	𝜴 𝝎	𝝮 𝞈	𝞨 𝟂

See also

Unicode and LaTeX

• List of mathematical symbols
  • List of logic symbols
  • Blackboard bold#Usage
• Help:Displaying a formula

LaTeX

• Help:Displaying a formula#Formatting using TeX - An extensive list of LaTeX examples.
• Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols

Unicode

• Lists of Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
  • Mathematical Operators and Supplemental Mathematical Operators
  • List of mathematical symbols
  • Miscellaneous Math Symbols: A, B, Technical
  • Arrow (symbol) and Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows and arrow symbols
  • ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology)
  • Number Forms
  • Geometric Shapes
  • Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols
• Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols (Unicode block)
  • Mathematical constants and functions
  • Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
• List of Unicode characters
  • Letterlike Symbols
  • Unicode block

Conventions and guidelines

• Typographical conventions and common meanings of symbols:
  • APL syntax and symbols
  • Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
  • Latin letters used in mathematics
  • List of common physics notations
  • List of letters used in mathematics and science
  • List of mathematical abbreviations
  • Mathematical notation
  • Notation in probability and statistics
  • Physical constants
  • Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae
• Wikipedia notation and formula guidelines:
  • Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Mathematical conventions
  • Wikipedia:WikiProject Logic/Standards for notation
  • Help:Special characters

Other

• Diacritic
• Language of mathematics

References

Bibliography

• Tilo Arens; Frank Hettlich; Christian Karpfinger; Ulrich Kockelkorn; Klaus Lichtenegger; Hellmuth Stachel (2011), Mathematik (in German) (2. ed.), Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, pp. 1483ff, ISBN 978-3-827-42347-4
• Wolfgang Hackbusch (2010), Taschenbuch der Mathematik, Band 1 (in German) (3. ed.), Springer, pp. 1275ff, ISBN 978-3-835-10123-4
• Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1302: Allgemeine mathematische Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1999.
• Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1303: Vektoren, Matrizen, Tensoren; Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1987.
• International Standards Organisation: DIN EN ISO 80000-2: Größen und Einheiten – Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik, 2013.

Note: This article is a translation of the German Wikipedia article de:Liste mathematischer Symbole.

External links

LaTeX and Unicode

• Symbols defined by unicode-math - Lists LaTeX and corresponding Unicode symbols
• Unicode characters and corresponding LaTeX math mode command

LaTeX

• "Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-08-08.
• Scott Pakin (25 June 2020). "The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" (PDF; 4,4 MB). The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN). Retrieved 8 August 2020.

Unicode

• Symbols defined by unicode-math
• "Mathematical Operators – Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-20.
• Lists Unicode Block “Mathematical Operators”
• Lists Unicode Block “Supplemental Mathematical Operators”
• Lists Unicode Block “Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A”
• Lists Unicode Block “Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B”
• Lists Unicode Block “Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols”