List of state leaders in 1861

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 1861.

Africa

Ashanti Confederacy – Kwaku Dua I Panyin, Asantehene (1834–1867)
Kingdom of Buganda – Muteesa I (1856–1884)
Bunyoro – Kyebambe IV, Omukama of Bunyoro (1852–1869)
Kingdom of Burundi – Mwezi IV Gisabo (1852–1908)
Kingdom of Dahomey – Glele (1856–1889)
Ethiopian Empire – Tewodros II (1855–1868)
Gonja - Nyantachi (1858-1873)
Kingdom of Kaffa -
Kazembe -
Kingdom of Kongo - Pedro V of Kongo (1859-1891)
Liberia – Stephen Allen Benson, President of Liberia (1856–1864)
Kingdom of Madagascar –

Ranavalona I (1828–1861)
Radama II (1861-1863)

Mthwakazi - Mzilikazi, King 1823-1868
Kingdom of Rwanda – Kigeli IV (1853–1895)
Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph – Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)
- Grand Vizier - Ibrahim Khalilu (1859-c. 1874)
Toucouleur Empire – El Hadj Umar Tall, Caliph (1850–1864)
Unyanyembe - Mkasiwa (1860-1875)
Urambo - Mirambo (1860-1884)
Warsangali Sultanate – Gerad Aul (1830–1870)
Wituland – Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari, Sultan (1858–1885)
Yeke Kingdom - Msiri (1856-1891)
Sultanate of Zanzibar – Sayyid Majid bin Said Al-Busaid (1856–1870)
Zulu – Mpande kaSenzangakhona, King of the Zulu (1840–1872)

Asia

Emirate of Afghanistan – Dost Mohammad Khan (1843–1863)
China
- Qing dynasty
  1. - Xianfeng Emperor (1850–1861)
  2. - Tongzhi Emperor (1861–1875)
- Taiping Heavenly Kingdom – Hong Xiuquan (1851–1864)
Empire of Japan
- Monarch – Kōmei (1846–1867)
- Tokugawa shogunate – Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)
- Ryukyu Kingdom - Shō Tai (1848-11 March 1879)
Joseon (Korea) – Cheoljong (1849–1864)
Sultanate of Oman – Thuwaini bin Said (1856–1866)
Rajpipla State - Gambhirsinhji II (1860-1897)
Siam – Mongkut (1851–1868)
Đại Nam (Nguyễn dynasty) - Tự Đức, Emperor (1847–1883)

Europe

Principality of Abkhazia – Mikhail (1822–1864)
Belgium
- Monarch – Léopold I, King of the Belgians (1831–1865)
- Cabinet Chief - Charles Rogier (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
Kingdom of Denmark –
- Monarch – Frederick VII (1848–1863)
- Prime Minister - Carl Christian Hall (1860–1863)
Second French Empire – Napoleon III (1852–1870)
Kingdom of Italy
- Monarch – Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1861)
  2. Bettino Ricasoli (1861–1862)
German Confederation – Franz Joseph of Austria, President (1850–1866)
- Austrian Empire – Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
  - Monarch – William III of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  - Prime Minister - Victor de Tornaco (1860–1867)
- Kingdom of Prussia –
  - Monarch -
    1. Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1840–1861)
    2. Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
  - Regent -
    1. Prince Wilhelm, Regent of Prussia (1858–1861)
    2. became King
  - Minister-President - Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1858–1862)
- Kingdom of Bavaria – Maximilian II (1848–1864)
- Kingdom of Saxony – Johann (1854–1873)
- Kingdom of Hanover – George (1851–1866)
- Kingdom of Württemberg – William (1816–1864)
Kingdom of Greece –
- Monarch – Otto (1832–1862)
- Prime Minister - Athanasios Miaoulis (1857–1862)
Kingdom of Hungary – Franz Joseph I of Austria (1848–1916)
Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch – William III (1849–1890)
- Chairman of the Dutch Council of Ministers -
  1. Floris Adriaan van Hall,(1853–1857, 1860–1861)
  2. Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt (1861)
  3. Schelto van Heemstra (1861–1862)
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
- Sultan -
  1. Abdülmecid I (1839–1861)
  2. Abdülaziz (1861–1876)
- Grand Vizier -
  1. Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha (1860–1861)
  2. Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha (1861)
  3. Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1861–1863)
Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
- Monarch -
  1. Pedro V (1853–1861)
  2. Luís I (1861–1889)
- President of the Council of Ministers - Marquess of Loulé (1860–1862)
United Principalities – Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859–1866)
Russian Empire – Alexander II (1855–1881)
Kingdom of Spain – Isabella II (September 29, 1833 – 1868)
Kingdom of Sweden – United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV (1859–1872)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland –
- Monarch – Victoria (1837–1901)
- Prime Minister - Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1859–1865)

Middle East and North Africa

Egypt Eyalet – Sa'id, Governor of Egypt (1854–1863)
Sultanate of Morocco – Muhammad IV (1859–1873)

North America

Province of Canada:
1. Sir Edmund Walker Head, Governor of the Province of Canada (1854–1861)
2. The Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon, Governor of the Province of Canada (1861–1867)
Confederate States of America – Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America (1861–1865)
Costa Rica – José María Montealegre Fernández, President of Costa Rica (1859–1863)
Mexico: Benito Juárez, President of Mexico (1861–1863)
United States of America:
1. James Buchanan, President of the United States (1857–1861)
2. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States (1861–1865)

Oceania

Kingdom of Hawaii – Kamehameha IV (1854–1863)
Mangareva – Joseph Gregorio II, King of Mangareva (1857–1868)
Samoa – Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860–1880)
Tonga – Tāufaʻāhau, Tu'i Kanokupolu (1845–1893)

South America

Argentina
1. Santiago Derqui, President of Argentina (1860–1861)
2. Juan Esteban Pedernera, acting President of Argentina (1861)
- State of Buenos Aires
  1. Bartolomé Mitre, Governor of Buenos Aires Province (1860–1862)
Bolivia
1. José María Linares Lizarazu, President of Bolivia (1857–1861)
2. José María Achá Valiente, President of Bolivia (1861–1864)
Empire of Brazil –
- Monarch – Pedro II (1831–1889)
- Prime Minister -
  1. Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana (1859–1861)
  2. Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis of Caxias (1861–1862)
Chile
1. Manuel Montt Torres, President of Chile (1851–1861)
2. José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano, President of Chile (1861–1871)
Ecuador – Gabriel García Moreno, President of Ecuador (1859–1865)
Granadine Confederation
1. Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, President (1858–1861)
2. Julio Arboleda, President (1861–1862)
Paraguay – Carlos Antonio López, President of Paraguay (1844–1862)
Peru – Ramón Castilla, President of Peru (1855–1862)
Uruguay – Bernardo Berro, President of Uruguay (1860–1864)
Venezuela
1. Manuel Felipe de Tovar, President of Venezuela (1859–1861)
2. Pedro Gual Escandón, President of Venezuela (1861)
3. José Antonio Páez, President of Venezuela (1861–1863)

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