Isabella II of Spain

Isabella II (Spanish: Isabel; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868.

"Isabella II" redirects here. For other monarchs, see Queen Isabella. For the 1830s steam frigate, see SS Royal William. For the 1886 steel cruiser, see Spanish cruiser Isabel II.
Isabella II
Formal photo portrait by Jean Laurent, 1860
Queen of Spain
Reign29 September 1833 – 30 September 1868
Enthronement10 November 1843
PredecessorFerdinand VII
SuccessorAmadeo I
Regents
Born10 October 1830
Royal Palace, Madrid, Spain
Died9 April 1904(1904-04-09) (aged 73)
Palacio Castilla, Paris, France
Burial
El Escorial
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1846; died 1902)​
Issue
Detail
Full name
María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias
HouseBourbon
FatherFerdinand VII of Spain
MotherMaria Christina of the Two Sicilies
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Signature

Shortly before her birth, the King issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the succession of his firstborn. She came to the throne a month before her third birthday, but her succession was disputed by her uncle the Infante Carlos (founder of the Carlist movement), whose refusal to recognize a female sovereign led to the Carlist Wars. Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy adopting the Royal Statute of 1834 and Constitution of 1837.

Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military pronunciamientos.

She came to be known by the sobriquet of La de los Tristes Destinos ("She of the Sad Destinies").[n. 1]

She was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1868, and formally abdicated in 1870. Her son, Alfonso XII, became king in 1874.

Birth and regencies
Isabella II as a child. She is depicted wearing the sash of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa.

Isabella was born in Royal Palace of Madrid in 1830, the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and of his fourth wife and niece, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Queen Maria Christina became regent on 29 September 1833, when her three-year-old daughter Isabella was proclaimed sovereign on the death of the king.

Isabella succeeded to the throne because Ferdinand VII had induced the Cortes Generales to help him set aside the Salic law, introduced by the Bourbons in the early 18th century, and to reestablish the older succession law of Spain. The first pretender to the throne, Ferdinand's brother Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, fought seven years during the minority of Isabella to dispute her title. Carlos' and his descendants' supporters were known as Carlists, and the fight over the succession was the subject of a number of Carlist Wars in the 19th century.

Isabella's reign was maintained only through the support of the army. The Cortes and the Moderate Liberals and Progressives reestablished constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders and confiscated their property (including that of the Jesuits), and tried to restore order to Spain's finances. After the Carlist war, the regent, Maria Christina, resigned to make way for Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara, the most successful and most popular Isabelline general. Espartero, a Progressive, remained regent for only two years.

Her minority saw tensions with the United States over the Amistad affair.

Baldomero Espartero was turned out in 1843 by a military and political pronunciamiento led by Generals Leopoldo O'Donnell and Ramón María Narváez. They formed a cabinet, presided over by Joaquín María López y López. This government induced the Cortes to declare Isabella of age at 13.

Reign as an adult
Main article: Reign of Isabella II of Spain

Beginnings
Isabella swears the Constitution, by José Castelaro.

Isabella was declared of age and swore the 1837 Constitution on 10 November 1843,[2] age thirteen. Despite the alleged parliamentary supremacy, in practice, the "double trust" led to Isabella having a role in the making and toppling of governments, undermining the progressives.[3] The uneasy alliance between moderates and progressives that had toppled Espartero in July 1843 was already cracking up by the time of the coming of age of the queen.[4] Following a brief government led by progressive Salustiano de Olózaga, the moderates voted their candidate Pedro José Pidal to the presidency of the Cortes.[4] After the subsequent decision to dissolve the hostile Cortes by Olózaga on 28 November, rumours about an alleged forcing of the queen to sign the royal decree spread, and Olózaga was prosecuted, liquidated as political figure and forced to exile, with the Progressive Party already being beheaded, in what it was the starting point of their growing disaffection from the Isabelline monarchy.[4]

Moderate decade
Main article: Década moderada
Portrait painting of Isabella II by Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz (1844).

Dominated by the figure of Marshal Narváez, the Espadón ("Big Sword") of Loja, the so-called "Moderate decade" began in 1844. The constitutional reforms devised by Narváez moved away from the 1837 Constitution by rejecting national sovereignty and reinforcing the power of the monarch, to the point of a "co-sovereignty" between the Cortes and the Queen.[5]

Main article: Affair of the Spanish Marriages

On 10 October 1846, the Moderate Party made their sixteen-year-old queen marry her double-first cousin Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (1822–1902), the same day that her younger sister, Infanta Luisa Fernanda, married Antoine d'Orléans, Duke of Montpensier.[n. 2] Disgusted by her marriage, Isabella reportedly commented later to one of her intimates: "what shall I tell you about a man whom I saw wearing more lace than I was wearing on our wedding night?".[7]

The marriages suited France and Louis Philippe, King of the French, who as a result bitterly quarrelled with Britain.[8] However, the marriages were not happy; persistent rumour had it that few if any of Isabella's children were fathered by her king-consort, rumoured to be a homosexual. The Carlist party asserted that the heir-apparent to the throne, who later became Alfonso XII, had been fathered by a captain of the guard, Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans.[9]

Baptism of the Princess of Asturias in December 1851, by Rafael Benjumea.

In 1847, a major scandal took place when Isabella, age seventeen, publicly showed her love for General Serrano and her willingness to divorce from her husband Francisco de Asís;[10] though Narváez and Isabella's mother Maria Christina solved the problem posed to the monarchical institution—Serrano was shifted away from the capital to the post of Captain General of Granada in 1848—,[11] the deterioration of the public image of the queen increased from then on.[10] Following the near-revolution of 1848, Narváez was authorised to rule as dictator to repress insurrectionary attempts up until 1849.[12]

In late 1851, Isabella II gave birth to her first daughter and heir presumptive, who was baptised on 21 December as María Isabel Francisca de Asís.[13] Historians have attributed the Princess of Asturias' biological parenthood to José Ruiz de Arana,[14] Gentilhombre de cámara.

Attempted regicide by the cura Merino in 1852

On 2 February 1852, Isabella and the Royal Guard were caught by surprise while the Queen was leaving the Chapel of the Royal Palace intending to go with her parade to the church of Atocha: Martín Merino y Gómez, an ordained priest and liberal activist approached the queen giving the impression of wanting to deliver her a message,[15] and stabbed her. The impact was reduced by the gold embroidery of her dress and by the baleen stays of her corset, and what was intended to be a stab wound to the chest only resulted in a minor incision at the right side of the belly.[16] Merino, quickly seized by the halberdiers of the Royal Guard (with help from the dukes of Osuna and Tamames, the Marquis of Alcañices and the Count of Pinohermoso),[17] was removed from sacerdocy and executed by garrote.[18]

July 1854 revolution in Madrid

Under the government of the Count of San Luis (whose ascension to premiership had been solely founded on the support from the networks of the royal court),[19] the system was in a critical state by June 1854.[20] On 28 June 1854 a military pronunciamiento intending to force the queen to oust the government of the Count of San Luis, featuring Leopoldo O'Donnell (a "puritan" moderate), took place in Vicálvaro, the so-called Vicalvarada.[21] The military coup (rather dominated by the moderates themselves) had a mixed result and O'Donnell (advised by Ángel Fernández de los Ríos and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo) proceeded then to seek for civilian support, promising new reforms not in the initial plans in order to appeal to progressives, by bringing a "liberal regeneration", as proclaimed in the Manifesto of Manzanares, drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and issued on 7 July 1854.[22]

Days later, the situation was followed by a full-scale people's revolution, with revolutionary juntas organised on 17 July in Madrid,[23] and barricades erected in the streets. With the perspective of a civil war in the horizon, Isabella was advised to appoint General Espartero (who enjoyed charisma and popular support) as prime minister.[24][25] This renewed ascension of Espartero marked the beginning of the bienio progresista.

Progressive biennium
Main article: Bienio progresista

Espartero entered the capital of Spain on 28 July,[26] and proceeded to separate again Isabella from the influence of Maria Christina.[27] In any case, though Isabella accepted advice from Maria Christina, she was not characterised for displaying a profound filial love towards her mother.[27]

By virtue of a royal decree, Iloilo in the Philippines was opened to world trade on 29 September 1855, mainly to export sugar and other products to America, Australia and Europe.[28][29]

A Liberal Constitution ("the Unborn One") was drafted in 1856, yet it was never enacted as the counter-revolutionary coup by O'Donnell seized power.

Later reign
Isabella circa 1868

On 28 November 1857, Isabella II gave birth to a male heir,[30] who was baptised on 7 December 1857 as Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María Gregorio y Pelagio.[31] Assumed by historians to be the biological son of Enrique Puigmoltó y Mayans,[14] the toddler, who replaced infanta Isabella as Prince of Asturias upon his birth, was known under the moniker "el Puigmoltejo", in reference to the rumours about his presumed biological parenthood.[32] Isabella II showed a special affection for the child, greater than that shown to her daughters.[32]

The later part of her reign saw a war against Morocco (1859–1860), which ended in a treaty advantageous for Spain and cession of some Moroccan territory, the Spanish retake of Santo Domingo (1861–1865), and the fruitless Chincha Islands War (1864–1866) against Peru and Chile.

In August 1866 exiled forces comprising both elements from the Democratic and the Progressive Party subscribed the Pact of Ostend under the initiative of Marshal Prim, seeking to topple Isabella.[33]

On 7 July 1868 Isabella banished her brother-in-law and her sister, the Dukes of Montpensier, away from Spain, as they were linked to a conspiracy against the Crown in connivance with generals from the Liberal Union.[34] Since late Summer, Isabella II was enjoying her traditional holidays in the coast in Lekeitio, Biscay.[35] The royal entourage moved to San Sebastián to hold a concerted meeting with Napoleon III and Eugenia de Montijo, scheduled for 18 September but that never took place as the French royals did not arrive in time and the meeting was subsequently aborted.[36]

On that very day, a pronunciamiento took place in Cádiz. Led by Marshal Prim and the Admiral Topete (himself an unconditional follower of the Duke of Montpensier),[34] it marked the beginning of the Glorious Revolution.[33] The democratic party provided the insurrection with popular support, making it transcend the nature of a simple military pronunciamento into an actual revolution.[37]

The factors for the revolution include the weariness both moderates (alienated by the Crown) and the progressives (barely having even the chance to rule) developed vis-à-vis the Isabelline monarchy,[38] as well as the personal behaviour of the queen, the corruption, the abortion of the possibility of political reform and the economic crisis alienating the bourgeoisie.[38] The revolutionary subject has been however variously identified in historiographical accounts, and historians looking at social roots for the revolution highlight that peasantry, small bourgeoisie, and the proletariat formed an alternative subject alternative to burgueoisie, articulated through the progressive and federal republican forces.[39]

To France!, a caricature by Francisco Ortego depicting the exile of Isabella published in Gil Blas on 4 October 1868.

By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political iconoclasm carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a Damnatio memoriae.[40]

The defeat of the Isabelline forces commanded by Manuel Pavía y Lacy by the revolutionary forces led by Marshal Serrano at the 28 September 1868 Battle of Alcolea led to the definitive demise of the reign of Isabella. In the light of the news, Isabella and her entourage left San Sebastián and went to exile taking a train to Biarritz (France) on 30 September.[41] Prim (leader of the liberal progressives) was received by the Madrilenian people at his arrival to the capital in early October in a festive mood. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons,[42] and delivered a highly symbolic hug to Serrano (leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the bridge of Alcolea) in the Puerta del Sol.[43]

Life after ousting

Following the crossing of the French–Spanish border by train on 30 September, Isabella and Francisco de Asís spent 5 weeks in the Château de Pau organising their Parisian future, arriving to the French capital on 8 November, settling in the Rue de Rivoli 172.[44] Isabella was forced to renounce to her dynastic rights in Paris in favour of her son, Alfonso on 25 June 1870, officially "freely and spontaneously".[45] Involving an economic settling, the formal separation between Isabella and Francisco de Asís had pended on the passing of the former queen's dynastic rights to her son.[46]

The former queen in Paris

Following the election to the Spanish throne of Amadeo of Savoy (second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy) in November 1870, Isabella reconciled in 1871 with her brother-in-law, the Duke of Montpensier, who assumed the political management of the family.[47]

The First Spanish Republic that followed Amadeo's short reign was overthrown by a military coup started in Sagunto by General Arsenio Martínez Campos on 29 December 1874 that proclaimed the restoration of the monarchy and the Bourbon dynasty in the person of Isabella's son Alfonso XII,[48] who landed in Barcelona on 9 January 1875.[49]

After 1875 she lived in a relationship with Ramiro de la Puente y González Nandín, her secretary and chief of staff.[50]

Cánovas del Castillo, the dominant figure of the new regime, became convinced that the figure of Isabella had become an issue for the Crown and wrote her a letter bluntly stating "Your Majesty is not a person, it is a reign, it is a historical time, and what the country needs is another reign, a different time", hellbent on avoiding the former queen stepping onto the Spanish capital before the proclamation of the new constitution in June 1876.[51]

She returned to Spain in July 1876, stayed in Santander and El Escorial and was only allowed to visit Madrid for barely hours on 13 October.[51] She moved to Seville, where she stood longer and left for France in 1877.[51] Isabella's son would marry Mercedes of Orléans (first cousin of Alfonso and daughter of the Dukes of Montpensier) in 1878, only for the latter to die five months after the wedding.[47]

Isabella mostly lived in Paris for the rest of her life, based at the Palacio Castilla. She paid some visits to Seville.[51]

She wrote her testament in Paris in June 1901, making her will to be entombed in El Escorial.[52] Less than a month after passing through a cold categorised as "flu" by the physicians, she died on 9 April 1904, at 8:45 AM.[53] Her corpse was moved from the Palacio Castilla to the Gare d'Orsay,[54] and arrived to El Escorial on 15 April.[55] The funeral took place on the next day at San Francisco el Grande.[56]

Children
Isabella II with her three youngest daughters Pilar, Paz, and Eulalia

Isabella had twelve pregnancies,[57] yet only five children reached adulthood:

There has been considerable speculation that some or all of Isabella's children were not fathered by Francisco de Asís; this has been bolstered by rumours that Francisco de Asís was either homosexual or impotent. Francisco de Asís recognised all of them: he played the offended, proceeding to blackmail the Queen to receive money in exchange for keeping his mouth shut.[57] The extortion by her husband would continue and intensify during Isabella's exile.[58]

Honours

Honorific eponyms

Ancestry

Film portrayal

In the 1997 film Amistad, she was played by Anna Paquin, and is depicted as a spoiled 11-year-old girl.

See also

References
Informational notes
  1. After the 1907 work by Benito Pérez Galdós, La de los tristes destinos, part of the Episodios Nacionales. The use of the monicker in reference to Isabella II dates however back to 1865, when Antonio Aparisi Guijarro, taking the phrase from a work by Shakespeare, made a reference to Isabella in such fashion during a Senate session discussing the recognition of the Kingdom of Italy.[1]
  2. Isabella and Francisco de Asís were rather caustically described by 1866 by an English contemporary thus:
    … The Queen is large in stature, but rather what might be called bulky than stately. There is no dignity either in her face or figure, and the graces of majesty are altogether wanting. The countenance is cold and expressionless, with traces of an unchastened, unrefined, and impulsive character, and the indifference it betrays is not redeemed by any regularity or beauty of feature.
    The King Consort is much smaller in figure than his royal two-thirds, and certainly is not a type that could be admired for its manly qualifications; but we have to remember that in Spain aristocratic birth is designated rather by a diminutive stature and sickly complexion than by those attributes of height, muscular power, open expression, and florid hue, which in England constitute the ideal of ‘race.’[6]
Citations
  1. Vilches 2006, p. 776.
  2. Cobo del Rosal Pérez, Gabriela (2011). "Los mecanismos de creación normativa en la España del siglo XIX a través de la codificación penal". Anuario de Historia del Derecho Español (81): 935. ISSN 0304-4319.
  3. Moliner Prada, Antonio (2019). "Liberalismo y cultura política liberal en la España del siglo XIX" (PDF). Revista de História das Ideias. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. 37: 228. doi:10.14195/2183-8925_37_9 (inactive 2021-01-15). ISSN 0870-0958.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (link)
  4. Pérez Alonso, Jorge (2013). "Ramón María Narváez: biografía de un hombre de estado. El desmontaje de la falsa leyenda del "Espadón de Loja"" (PDF). Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional (14): 539–540. ISSN 1576-4729.
  5. Beltrán Villalva, Miguel (2005). "Clases sociales y partidos políticos en la década moderada (1844-1854)". Historia y política: Ideas, Procesos y Movimientos Sociales. UCM; UNED; CEPC (13): 49–78. ISSN 1575-0361.
  6. Mrs. Wm. Pitt Byrne, Cosas De España, Illustrative of Spain and the Spaniards as they are, Volume II, Page 7, Alexander Strahan, Publisher, London and New York, 1866.
  7. Sánchez Núñez, Pedro (2014). "El Duque de Montpensier, entre la historia y la leyenda" (PDF). Temas de Estética y Arte. Seville: Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría (28): 219. ISSN 0214-6258.
  8. Jasper Ridley, Lord Palmerston (1970) pp 308-15.
  9. Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón, Isabel II: Los Espejos de la Reina (2004)
  10. Burdiel 2012, p. 33.
  11. Domingo, M.R. (13 February 2015). "Serrano, el amante de Isabel II que dio nombre a la calle más comercial de Madrid". ABC.
  12. Beltrán Villalva 2005, p. 50.
  13. Cambronero 1908, p. 168.
  14. Esteban Monasterio, Agustín (2009). "Sexenio Revolucionario y Restauración" (PDF). Aportes. XXIV (69): 119.
  15. Cambronero 1908, pp. 170–171.
  16. Paniagua, Antonio (14 October 2016). "El corsé de la reina". Diario Sur.
  17. Cambronero 1908, p. 172.
  18. Sanz, Víctor (2 February 2018). "Puñalada en el costado en nombre de Martín Merino". Madridiario.
  19. Núñez García, Víctor Manuel; Calero Delgado, María Luisa (2018). "Corrupción y redes de poder en la Corte Isabelina" (PDF). La corrupción política en la España contemporánea: un enfoque interdisciplinar.
  20. Fernández Trillo, Manuel (1982). "La Vicalvarada y la Revolución Española de 1854" (PDF). Tiempo de Historia. VIII (87): 17.
  21. Fernández Trillo 1982, p. 18–19.
  22. Fernández Trillo 1982, pp. 18–20.
  23. Fernández Trillo 1982, p. 25.
  24. Cambronero 1908, p. 188.
  25. Fernández Trillo 1982, p. 27.
  26. Cambronero 1908, p. 192.
  27. Cambronero 1908, p. 194.
  28. Demy Sonza. "The Port of Iloilo: 1855 - 2005". Graciano Lopez-Jaena Life and Works and Iloilo History Online Resource. Dr. Graciano Lopez-Jaena (DGLJ) Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on 2016-01-19.
  29. Henry Funtecha. "Iloilo's position under colonial rule". thenewstoday.info.
  30. Cambronero 1908, p. 210.
  31. Fernández Sirvent, Rafael. "Biografía de Alfonso XII de Borbón (1875-1885)". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
  32. Vilches, Jorge (30 June 2017). "El puñal del godo en la familia Borbón". El Español.
  33. "¿Por qué España echó a la reina Isabel II?". XLSemanal.
  34. Sánchez Núñez 2014, p. 219.
  35. Vilar García 2012, pp. 246–247.
  36. Vilar García 2012, pp. 248–249.
  37. Vilar García 2012, p. 249.
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  39. Serrano García, Rafael (2001). "La historiografía en torno al Sexenio 1868-1874: entre el fulgor del centenario y el despliegue sobre lo local" (PDF). Ayer. 44: 15.
  40. Sánchez Collantes, Sergio (2019). "Iconoclasia antiborbónica en España el repudio simbólico de Isabel II durante la Revolución de 1868" (PDF). Historia Constitucional: Revista Electrónica de Historia Constitucional (20): 25; 29. doi:10.17811/hc.v0i20.593. ISSN 1576-4729.
  41. Vilar García 2012, p. 251.
  42. Cañas de Pablos 2018, p. 212.
  43. Cañas de Pablos 2018, pp. 212-213.
  44. Reyero 2020, pp. 209–210.
  45. Congostrina, Nieves (25 June 2018). "a crucial decisión de Isabel II".
  46. Reyero 2020, p. 220.
  47. Sánchez Núñez 2014, p. 220.
  48. Layana, César. "El sistema político de la Restauración". Clío.
  49. Sust, Toni (25 February 2018). "Otras visitas de los Borbones a Barcelona". El Periódico.
  50. Fernández Albéndiz, María del Carmen (2007). Sevilla y la monarquía: las visitas reales en el siglo XIX. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla. p. 275. ISBN 978-84-472-0911-8.
  51. Álvarez, Eduardo (20 June 2020). "Isabel II de España: cuando abdicar supuso tener prohibido pisar el país". El Mundo.
  52. Cambronero 1908, pp. 332–333.
  53. Cambronero 1908, pp. 328–329.
  54. Cambronero 1908, pp. 329.
  55. Cambronero 1908, p. 330.
  56. Cambronero 1908, p. 334.
  57. Domínguez, Mari Pau (25 August 2018). "Isabel II: la supremacía de los instintos". ABC.
  58. Reyero 2020, p. 217.
  59. "Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa", Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish): 57, 1832, retrieved 14 November 2020
  60. , VV. AA., Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, Tomo CLXXVI, Cuaderno I, 1979, Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid, España, páginas = 211 & 220, español, 6 de junio de 2010 Information Containing the Orders and Decorations received by Isabella II of her European tour after her coming of age to reign as Queen
  61. Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
  62. "GENEALOGY OF THE ROYAL HOUSE OF SPAIN". Chivalricorders.org. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
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  65. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 9.
  66. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand VII. of Spain" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  67. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 96.
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Bibliography
Further reading
Isabella II of Spain
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: 10 October 1830 Died: 10 April 1904
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Ferdinand VII		 Queen of Spain
1833–1868		 Vacant
Title next held by
Amadeo
Spanish nobility
Vacant
Title last held by
Ferdinand (VII)		 Princess of Asturias
1830–1833		 Succeeded by
Isabella
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