List of wildflowers of Soldiers Delight

The Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, consists of about 1,900 acres (7.7 km²) of land in Owings Mills, Maryland, USA.[1][2][3] Much of the area of Soldiers Delight contains a serpentine barren that contains a number of rare and endangered species of plants.[4] [5]

The following list of herbaceous plants is based greatly on the work of Ed Uebel [6] and comes from the publications by Fleming et al. 1995,[7] Monteferrante 1973,[8] Reed 1984,[9] Wennerstrom 1995,[10] and the unpublished data by Worthley 1955-1985.[11]

List of Wildflowers of the Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area

Division Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms

Class Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons

Amaranthaceae - (Amaranth Family)

• Amaranthus retroflexus L. - Pigweed[8]

Apiaceae - (Carrot Family)

• Daucus carota L. - Queen Anne's Lace[8][10][11]

Apocynaceae - (Dogbane Family)

• Apocynoideae - Subfamily
  • Apocynum androsaemifolium L. - Spreading Dogbane[8][11]
  • Apocynum cannabinum L. - Indian Hemp[8][11]
• Asclepiadoideae - Subfamily
  • Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. - Blunt-leaved Milkweed[11]
  • Asclepias incarnata L. - Swamp Milkweed[11]
  • Asclepias syriaca L. - Common Milkweed[8][10]
  • Asclepias verticillata L. - Whorled Milkweed[7][8][9][10][11]
  • Asclepias viridiflora Raf. - Green Milkweed[7][8][9][10]

Asteraceae - (Aster Family)

• Achillea millefolium L. - Yarrow[8][11]
• Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. - Common Ragweed[8][11]
• Ambrosia trifida L. - Giant Ragweed [M, Wo][8][11]
• Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. - Pearly Everlasting[11]
• Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson - Plantain-leaf Pussytoes[8][9][10][11]
• Anthemis arvensis L. - Field Chamomile[11]
• Anthemis cotula L. - Mayweed, Dogfennel[11]
• Aster tataricus L.f. - Tatarian Aster[11]
• Bidens bipinnata L. - Spanish Needles[11]
• Bidens frondosa L. - Devil's beggartick[11]
• Bidens polylepis Blake - Tickseed Sunflower[8][9][11]
• Carduus nutans L. - Musk thistle[8]
• Leucanthemum vulgare L. - Ox-eye Daisy[8][11]
• Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. - Feverfew[11]
• Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell. - Maryland Golden Aster[11]
• Cichorium intybus L. – Chicory[10][11]
• Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. - Canada Thistle[11]
• Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Sprengel - Field Thistle [Hand-out]
• Cirsium horridulum Michx. - Yellow Thistle[11]
• Cirsium muticum Michx. - Swamp Thistle[7][8][9]
• Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. - Horseweed[8][11]
• Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. - Pilewort, Fireweed[11]
• Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. - Daisy or Annual Fleabane[8][11]
• Erigeron pulchellus Michx. - Robin's Plantain[11]
• Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Wild - Daisy Fleabane[8][11]
• Eupatorium altissimum L. - Tall Thoroughwort [9]
• Eupatorium aromaticum L. - Aromatic Thoroughwort [9]
• Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt - Joe-Pye Weed[8][9][10]
• Eupatorium perfoliatum L. - Boneset[8][10][11]
• Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn. - White Snakeroot [8][10][11]
• Eupatorium sessilifolium L. - Upland Boneset[11]
• Eurybia divaricata (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster divaricatus) - White Wood Aster[11]
• Eurybia schreberi (Nees) Nees (Syn. Aster schreberi) - Schreber's Aster[11]
• Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. (Syn. Solidago graminifolia) - Lance-leaf Goldenrod[8][10][11]
• Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon - Galinsoga [11]
• Helenium autumnale L. - Yellow Sneezeweed [11]
• Helianthus annuus L. - Sunflower [11]
• Helianthus decapetalus L. - Thin-leaf Sunflower[9][11]
• Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet - Ox-eye[8]
• Hieracium caespitosum Dumort - Yellow King Devil[11]
• Hieracium gronovii L. - Hairy Hawkweed[9]
• Hieracium paniculatum L. - Panicled Hawkweed[11]
• Hieracium scabrum Michx. - Rough Hawkweed[11]
• Hieracium venosum L. - Rattlesnake Weed[8][9][11]
• Ionactis linariifolia (L.) Greene (Syn. Aster linariifolius) - Flax-leaf White-top Aster[11]
• Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. – Dwarf Dandelion[11]
• Lactuca saligna L. – Willow-leaf Lettuce[11]
• Lactuca serriola L. – Prickly Lettuce[11]
• Liatris graminifolia Willd. – Grass-leaf Blazing-star[8][9][10][11]
• Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. - Spiked Blazing-star[7][9][10] {G5, S1}
• Matricaria discoidea D.C. – Pineapple Weed[11]
• Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. – Climbing Hempweed[11]
• Oclemena acuminata (Michx.) Greene (Syn. Aster acuminatus) - Whorled Wood Aster[8]
• Packera anonyma (A. Wood) W.A. Weber & A. Löve (Syn. Senecio smallii, Senecio anonymus) - Southern Ragwort[8][9][10][11]
• Packera paupercula (Michx.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Syn. Senecio balsamitae, Senecio pauperculus) - Balsam Ragwort, Balsam Groundsel[7][11]
• Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt (Syn. Gnaphalium obtusifolium) - Rabbit-tobacco, Sweet Everlasting, Fragrant Cudweed[9][11]
• Rudbeckia hirta L. – Black-eyed Susan[8][10][11]
• Rudbeckia laciniata L. – Cutleaf coneflower, Green-head Coneflower[11]
• Rudbeckia triloba L. – Three-lobed Coneflower[9][11]
• Sericocarpus asteroides (L.) B.S.P. (Syn. Aster paternus) - Toothed White-top Aster[8][9][11]
• Solidago bicolor L. - Silver-rod[8][9][11]
• Solidago caesia L. - Blue-stemmed Goldenrod[11]
• Solidago canadensis L. - Canada Goldenrod[11]
• Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra T. & G. - Tall Goldenrod[8][9][11]
• Solidago gigantea Ait. - Late Goldenrod[11]
• Solidago hispida Muhl. - Hispid Goldenrod[9]{G5, SH, X}
• Solidago juncea Aiton - Early Goldenrod[8][9][10][11]
• Solidago nemoralis Aiton - Gray Goldenrod[7][8][9][10][11]
• Solidago patula Muhl. - Rough-leaved Goldenrod[11]
• Solidago rigida L. - Stiff Goldenrod[11]
• Solidago rugosa Mill. - Wrinkle-leaf Goldenrod[8][9][11]
• Solidago stricta Ait. - Willow-leaf Goldenrod[11]
• Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. - Elm-leaf Goldenrod[8][11]
• Taraxacum officinale Weber - Dandelion[8][11]
• Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster cordifolius) - Common Blue Wood Aster[11]
• Symphyotrichum depauperatum (Fern.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster depauperatus) - Eastern Serpentine Aster[7][9][10] {G2, S1, E}
• Symphyotrichum dumosum (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster dumosum) - Rice Button Aster[8]
• Symphyotrichum ericoides (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster ericoides) - White Heath Aster[8][11]
• Symphyotrichum laeve (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Syn. Aster laevis) - Smooth Blue Aster[11]
• Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve (Syn. Aster lateriflorus) - Calico Aster[8][9][11]
• Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster novae-angliae) - New England Aster[11]
• Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster novi-belgii) - New York Aster[7][9][10][11]
• Symphyotrichum patens (Ait.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster patens) - Late Purple Aster[8][11]
• Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster pilosus) - Hairy White Heath Aster[8][9][11]
• Symphyotrichum racemosum (Ell.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster racemosus) - Smooth White Oldfield Aster[8][9][10][11]
• Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L. Nesom (Syn. Aster undulatus) - Wavy-leaf Aster[11]
• Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton - Wingstem[11]
• Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. - New York Ironweed[7][8][10][11]

Balsaminaceae - (Touch-me-not Family)

• Impatiens capensis Meerb. – Common Jewelweed[8][10]

Boraginaceae - (Borage Family)

• Echium vulgare L. - Viper's Bugloss[8]

Brassicaceae - (Mustard Family)

• Arabidopsis lyrata L. - Lyre-leaved Rock Cress[7][8][9][10][11]
• Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. - Mouse-ear Cress[11]
• Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. - Winter Cress[8][9][11]
• Camelina microcarpa Andrz. - Small-fruited False-flax[9]
• Cardamine angustata O.E. Schulz (Syn. Dentaria heterophylla) - Slender Toothwort[10]
• Cardamine hirsuta L. - Hairy Bitter-cress
• Draba verna L. - Spring Draba, Whitlow-grass
• Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. - Field Peppergrass[8][9]
• Lepidium virginicum L. - Wild Peppergrass[8]

Campanulaceae - (Bellflower family)

• Lobelia cardinalis L. - Cardinal flower[10]
• Lobelia inflata L. - Indian Tobacco[8][10]
• Lobelia siphilitica L. - Great Lobelia [F, M, We]
• Lobelia spicata Lam. - Spiked Lobelia[7][8][10][11]
• Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. (Syn. Specularia perfoliata) - Clasping Venus' Looking-glass[8]

Caryophyllaceae - (Pink Family)

• Cerastium arvense L. var. villosissimum (Muhl. ex Darl.) Hollick & Britt. (Syn. Cerastium arvense L. var. villosissimum Pennell - Serpentine Chickweed[7][8][10][11]
• Cerastium vulgatum L. - Common Mouse-ear Chickweed[9]
• Dianthus armeria L. - Deptford Pink[8][10][11]
• Silene antirrhina L. - Sleepy Catchfly[9]
• Silene caroliniana Walter - Wild Pink[7]
• Silene latifolia Poiret - White Campion[8]
• Stellaria media (L.) Vill. - Common Chickweed

Chenopodiaceae - (Goosefoot Family)

• Chenopodium album L. - Lamb's quarters[8]

Cistaceae - (Rockrose Family)

• Helianthemum bicknellii Fern. - Hairy Frostweed[8][9][11] {G5, S1, E}
• Lechea minor L. - Thyme-leaved Pinweed[11]

Clusiaceae - (Mangosteen Family)

• Hypericum canadense L. - Canadian St. John's Wort[11]
• Hypericum denticulatum Walt. - Coppery St. John's Wort[8] {G5, S2, T}
• Hypericum gentianoides (L.) BSP. - Pinweed [F, M]
• Hypericum mutilum L. - Dwarf St. John's Wort[8][11]
• Hypericum perforatum L. - St. John's Wort[8][9][11]
• Hypericum punctatum Lam. - Spotted St. John's Wort[8][9][11]
• Hypericum virginicum L. - Marsh St. John's Wort[11]

Convolvulaceae - (Morning glory Family)

• Calystegia spithamea (L.) Pursh. - Low Bindweed[8] {G4, S2}
• Convolvulus arvensis L. - Field Bindweed[10]
• Cuscuta gronovii Willd. - Common Dodder[11]

Ericaceae - (Heath Family)

• Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. - Spotted Wintergreen[10]
• Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton - Pipsissewa[10]
• Epigaea repens L. - Trailing Arbutus[10]
• Monotropa uniflora L. - Indian Pipe[8]

Fabaceae - (Bean Family)

• Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Brown - Wild Indigo[8][9][11]
• Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene (Syn. Cassia fasciculata) - Large-flowered Partridge Pea[8][9][11]
• Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. (Syn. Cassia nictitans) - Wild Sensitive Plant[11]
• Crotalaria sagittalis L. - Rattlebox[8][9][10][11]
• Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. - Showy Tick-trefoil[11]
• Desmodium ciliare (Muhl.) DC. - Hairy Small-leaf Tick-trefoil[8][9][10]
• Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl.) Loudon - Large-bracted Tick-trefoil[10]
• Desmodium lineatum (Michx.) DC. - Linear-leaved Tick-trefoil[8][10] {G5,S1,E}
• Desmodium marilandicum (L.) DC. - Smooth Small-leaved Tick-trefoil[8][9][11]
• Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. - Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil[8][9][10][11]
• Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. - Panicled Tick-trefoil[11]
• Desmodium rigidum (Ell.) DC. - Rigid Tick-trefoil[8][9][10] {G?, S1, E}
• Lathyrus latifolius L. - Everlasting pea[8][10]
• Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don - Chinese Lespedeza[8][9]
• Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim. - Korean Bushclover[8]
• Lespedeza virginica L. - Slender Bushclover[8][9][11]
• Medicago lupulina L. - Black Medic[8]
• Melilotus albus Desr. - White Sweet Clover[8][11]
• Melilotus officinalis Desr. - Yellow Sweet Clover[8][11]
• Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl.) Britton - Pink Wild Bean[11]
• Trifolium aureum Pollich - Large Hop Trefoil[8]
• Trifolium dubium Sibth. - Little Hop Clover[8]
• Trifolium pratense L. - Red Clover[8]
• Vicia angustifolia Reichard - Narrow-leaved Vetch[8]

Gentianaceae - (Gentian Family)

• Gentianopsis crinita (Froelich) Ma (Syn. Gentiana crinita) - Fringed gentian[7][8][9][10] {G5, S1, E}
• Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh. - Rose Pink[7][8][9][10]
• Sabatia calycina (Lam.) A.A. Heller -[11]

Lamiaceae - (Mint Family)

• Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton - Common Dittany[8][9][11]
• Glechoma hederacea L. - Ground-ivy[8][10]
• Lamium amplexicaule L.- Henbit
• Lamium purpureum L. - Red Deadnettle
• Prunella vulgaris L. - Heal-all, Self-heal[8][10][11]
• Pycnanthemum flexuosum (Walter) BSP - Mountain-mint[11]
• Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrader - Narrow-leaved Mountain-mint[8]
• Scutellaria integrifolia L. - Hyssop Skullcap[11]
• Trichostema brachiatum L. (Syn. Isanthus brachiatus) - False Pennyroyal, Fluxweed [11]

Linaceae - (Flax Family)

• Linum medium (Planch.) Britton - Common Yellow Flax[8][9][11]
• Linum sulcatum Riddel - Grooved Yellow Flax[10] {G5, S1, E}
• Linum virginianum L. - Virginia Yellow Flax[7]

Lythraceae - (Loosestrife Family)

• Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. - Clammy Cuphea[11]

Melastomataceae - (Meadow-beauty Family)

• Rhexia mariana L. - Maryland Meadow Beauty[11]

Onagraceae - (Evening Primrose Family)

• Epilobium coloratum Biehler - Purple-leaved Willow-herb[11]
• Oenothera biennis L. - Common Evening Primrose[8][9]
• Oenothera fruticosa L. - Sundrops[8][9][11]
• Oenothera perennis L. - Small Sundrops[11]
• Oenothera tetragona Roth - Northern Sundrops[9][11]

Orobanchaceae - (Broomrape Family)

• Agalinis acuta Pennell - Sandplain Gerardia[9][10] {G1, S1, E, LE}
• Agalinis fasciculata (Ell.) Raf. - Fascicled Agalinis[8][10] {G5,S1,E}
• Agalinis obtusifolia Raf. - Blunt-leaf Agalinis[10][11] {G4,S1, E}
• Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pinnell - Purple Gerardia[7][10]
• Agalinis tenuifolia (M. Vahl) Raf. - Slender Gerardia[7][9][10]
• Aureolaria pedicularia (L.) Raf. - Fern-leaved False-foxglove[7][8][9][11]

Oxalidaceae - (Wood-sorrel Family)

• Oxalis dillenii Jacquin - Southern Yellow Wood-sorrel[8]
• Oxalis stricta L. - Common Yellow Wood-sorrel[8][11]
• Oxalis violacea L. - Violet Wood-sorrel [EU]

Papaveraceae - (Poppy Family)

• Sanguinaria canadensis L. - Bloodroot[10]

Phrymaceae - (Lopseed Family)

• Mimulus ringens L. - Square-stemmed Monkey Flower[9][10]

Phytolaccaceae - (Pokeweed Family)

• Phytolacca americana L. - Pokeweed[8][9][10]

Plantaginaceae - (Plantain Family)

• Chelone glabra L. - White Turtlehead[7]
• Linaria vulgaris Hill. - Butter and eggs[11]
• Penstemon digitalis Nutt. - Foxglove, Tall White Beard-tongue[8]
• Plantago aristata Michx. - Bracted Plantain[8][9]
• Plantago lanceolata L. - Ribwort Plantain[8]
• Plantago rugelii Dcne. - Broad-leaved Plantain[8][9]
• Veronica arvensis L. - Corn Speedwell[11]
• Veronica hederifolia L. - Ivy-leaf Speedwell
• Veronica officinalis L. - Heath Speedwell[11]
• Veronica peregrina L. - Purslane Speedwell[11]
• Veronica persica Poiret - Persian Speedwell, Bird's-eye Speedwell
• Veronica serpyllifolia L. - Thyme-leaf Speedwell[11]

Polemoniaceae - (Phlox Family)

• Phlox subulata L. - Moss Phlox, Moss Pink[7][8][9][10][11]

Polygalaceae - (Milkwort Family)

• Polygala verticillata L. - Whorled Milkwort[8][9][10][11]

Polygonaceae - (Buckwheat Family)

• Polygonum pensylvanicum L. - Pennsylvania Smartweed[8][11]
• Polygonum tenue Michx. - Slender Knotweed[7][8][9][10][11]
• Rumex crispus L. - Curley Dock[8]

Portulacaceae - (Purslane Family)

• Claytonia virginica L. - Eastern spring beauty[10]
• Talinum teretifolium Pursh - Flameflower[7][8][9][10][11] {G4, S1}

Primulaceae - (Primrose Family)

• Anagallis arvensis L. - Scarlet Pimpernel[8]

Ranunculaceae - (Buttercup Family)

• Anemone quinquefolia L. - Wood Anemone[10]
• Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. - Black cohosh[9]
• Clematis virginiana L. - Virgin's Bower [Hand-out]
• Hepatica americana (DC.) KerGawler - Round-lobed Hepatica[10]
• Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin - Rue anemone[10]

Rosaceae - (Rose Family)

• Potentilla canadensis L. - Dwarf Cinquefoil[11]
• Potentilla norvegica L. - Rough Cinquefoil[8]
• Potentilla recta L. - Rough-fruited Cinquefoil[8][9]
• Potentilla simplex Michx. - Common Cinquefoil[11]
• Sanguisorba canadensis L. - Canadian Burnet[7][8][9][10][11] {G5, S2, T}

Rubiaceae - (Madder Family)

• Houstonia caerulea L. (Syn. Hedyotis caerulea) - Bluets, Quaker Ladies[7][8][9][10][11]
• Houstonia purpurea L. (Syn. Hedyotis purpurea) - Large Houstonia [Hand-out]

Santalaceae - (Sandalwood Family)

• Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. - Bastard Toadflax[9]

Saxifragaceae - (Saxifrage Family)

• Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. - Early Saxifrage[8][9][10][11]

Scrophulariaceae - (Figwort Family)

• Verbascum blattaria L. - Moth Mullein[8][11]
• Verbascum thapsus L. - Common Mullein[8][10][11]

Solanaceae - (Nightshade Family)

• Solanum carolinense L. - Carolina horsenettle[8][10]
• Solanum dulcamara L. - Bittersweet[8]

Urticaceae - (Nettle Family)

• Laportea canadensis (L.) Gray - Wood-nettle[11]

Violaceae - (Violet Family)

• Viola palmata L. - Palmate-leaved Violet[9]
• Viola pedata L. - Bird's-foot Violet (lilac & bicolor)[7][8][10][11]
• Viola rotundifolia Michx. - Yellow Violet[10]
• Viola sagittata Aiton (Syn. V. fimbriatula) - Arrow-leaf Violet[7][8][9][10][11]
• Viola sororia Willd. (Syn. V. papilionacea) - Common Blue Violet[8][11]

Class Liliopsida - Monocotyledons

Amaryllidaceae - (Amaryllis Family)

• Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville - Yellow Stargrass[11]

Araceae - (Arum Family)

• Acorus calamus L. - Sweet Flag, Calamus[11]
• Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott - Jack-in-the-Pulpit[10][11]
• Orontium aquaticum L. - Golden Club[11]
• Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt.- Eastern Skunk Cabbage[10]

Commelinaceae - (Spiderwort Family)

• Commelina communis L.- Asiatic Dayflower[10]
• Tradescantia virginiana L. - Spiderwort[10]

Dioscoreaceae - (Yam Family)

• Dioscorea villosa L. - Wild yam[11]

Iridaceae - (Iris Family)

• Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.- Stout Blue-eyed Grass[9]
• Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bick. -[11]
• Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. - Slender Blue-eyed Grass[8][9][10][11]

Lemnaceae - (Duckweed Family)

• Lemna minor L. - Smaller Duckweed[11]
• Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. - Greater Duckweed[11]

Liliaceae - (Lily Family)

• Allium canadense L. - Meadow Garlic[8]
• Allium vineale L. - Crow Garlic[11]
• Asparagus officinalis L. - Garden Asparagus[8]
• Hemerocallis fulva L. - Orange Daylily[8][11]
• Lilium superbum L. - Turk's-cap Lily[11]
• Ornithogalum umbellatum L. - Star-of-Bethlehem[11]
• Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. - Smooth Solomon's-seal[9]
• Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link   Syn. Smilicina racemosa - False Solomon's Seal[10]
• Veratrum viride Ait. - Green false hellebore[11]

Orchidaceae - (Orchid Family)

• Cypripedium acaule Aiton - Pink Lady's Slipper[10]
• Galearis spectabilis L. - Showy Orchis[10]
• Goodyera pubescens (Willd.) R. Br. - Downy Rattlesnake Plantain[10]
• Liparis loeselii (L.) Richard - Loesel's Twayblade[9][11]
• Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard - Nodding Ladies'-tresses[11]
• Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf. (Syn. S. gracilis) - Slender Ladies'-tresses[7][9][10][11]

Smilacaceae - (Greenbrier Family)

• Smilax herbacea L. - Carrion Flower[11]

References

1. Maryland Department of Natural Resources (August 15, 2007). "Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area". Patapsco Valley State Park. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
2. Maryland Department of Natural Resources (August 15, 2007). "Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area". Trail Guide. Patapsco Valley State Park. Archived from the original on December 10, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
3. Bob Conkwright, Division of Coastal and Estuarine Geology. "Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens, Baltimore County". Maryland's Geologic Features. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
4. Flanagan-Brown, Riley E., Geological Society of America (November 6, 2001). "Soldiers delight natural environment area, Maryland, USA: Toward preservation of a rare, serpentinite-based ecosystem". GSA Annual Meeting, November 5–8, 2001. Johns Hopkins University. Retrieved 2007-12-23.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Ann Prince; Josephine Thoms; John Prince (October 22, 2004). "Natural Communities - Serpentine Grasslands". Learn More About It. Wildlife and Heritage Service, National Office of The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on October 30, 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
6. Ed Uebel. "- - An Ongoing Survey - -". The Botanical Diversity of Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
7. Fleming, Cristol, Marion B. Lobstein, and Barbara Tufty (1995). Finding Wildflowers in the Washington-Baltimore Area. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 312 pages.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. Monteferrante, Frank (1973). "Phytosociological Study of Soldiers Delight, Baltimore County, Maryland". Towson State College, Towson, Maryland. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
9. Reed, Clyde F. (1984). Floras of the Serpentinite Formations in Eastern North America, with descriptions of geomorphology and mineralogy of the formations. Baltimore Maryland: Reed Herbarium.
10. Wennerstrom, Jack (1995). Soldiers Delight Journal - Exploring a Globally Rare Ecosystem. Pittsburg and London: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 247 pages.
11. Worthley, Elmer G. (1955–1985). List of Plants of Soldier's Delight. Unpublished.

Further reading

• Uebel, Edward C. (2000). Maryland Bryophytes Collected by Elmer G. Worthley. P.O. Box 4877, Silver Spring, Maryland 20914: The Maryland Native Plant Society. p. 100 pages.CS1 maint: location (link)
• Brown, Melvin L. & Russell G. Brown (1984). Herbaceous Plants of Maryland. Baltimore, Maryland: Port City Press. p. 1127 pages.
• Davis, Charles A. (2004). List of Plants of Soldier's Delight. Unpublished.
• Gleason, Henry A. & Arthur Cronquist (1991). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada (Second ed.). Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden. p. 910 pages.
• "Target building, Soldiers Delight Visitor Center". Google Hybrid Map. 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
• Holmgren, Noel H (1998). Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. Illustrations of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern U. S. and Adjacent Canada. Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden. p. 937 pages.
• Maryland Department of Natural Resources (2007-12-13). "Explanation of Rank and Status Codes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2007-12-23.
• Maryland Department of Natural Resources (2007-11-13). "Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Species of Baltimore County, Maryland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-17. Retrieved 2007-12-23.

Other Lists of Plants from Soldiers Delight (and Maryland).

Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight

Graminoids of Soldiers Delight

Ferns of Soldiers Delight

Lichens of Soldiers Delight

Lichens of Maryland

External links

• Baltimore County Public Library