Little Richard

Richard Wayne Penniman (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known as Little Richard, was an American musician, singer, and songwriter. He was an influential figure in popular music and culture for seven decades. Nicknamed "The Innovator, The Originator, and The Architect of Rock and Roll," Richard's most celebrated work dates from the mid-1950s, when his charismatic showmanship and dynamic music, characterized by frenetic piano playing, pounding back beat and raspy shouted vocals, laid the foundation for rock and roll. Richard's innovative emotive vocalizations and uptempo rhythmic music also played a key role in the formation of other popular music genres, including soul and funk. He influenced numerous singers and musicians across musical genres from rock to hip hop; his music helped shape rhythm and blues for generations.

Little Richard
Little Richard in 1957
Background information
Birth name	Richard Wayne Penniman
Born	December 5, 1932 Macon, Georgia, U.S.
Died	May 9, 2020 (aged 87) Tullahoma, Tennessee
Genres	Rock and roll rhythm and blues gospel soul
Occupation(s)	Musician singer songwriter
Instruments	Vocals piano
Years active	1947–2013
Labels	RCA Victor Peacock Specialty End Ronnex London Goldisc Little Star Mercury Atlantic Vee-Jay Modern Okeh Brunswick Reprise K-Tel Warner Bros. Disney
Associated acts	Billy Wright Larry Williams Don Covay Billy Preston the Rolling Stones Jimi Hendrix

"Tutti Frutti" (1955), one of Richard's signature songs, became an instant hit, crossing over to the pop charts in both the United States and overseas in the United Kingdom. His next hit single, "Long Tall Sally" (1956), hit No. 1 on the Billboard Rhythm and Blues Best-Sellers chart, followed by a rapid succession of fifteen more in less than three years. His performances during this period resulted in integration between White Americans and African Americans in his audience. In 1962, during a five-year period in which Richard abandoned rock and roll music for born again Christianity, concert promoter Don Arden persuaded him to tour Europe. During this time, Arden had the Beatles open for Richard on some tour dates, capitalizing on his popularity. Richard advised the Beatles on how to perform his songs and taught the band's member Paul McCartney his distinctive vocalizations.

Richard is cited as one of the first crossover black artists, reaching audiences of all races. His music and concerts broke the color line, drawing blacks and whites together despite attempts to sustain segregation. Many of his contemporaries, including Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis, the Everly Brothers, Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran, recorded covers of his works. Taken by his music and style, and personally covering four of Richard's songs on his own two breakthrough albums in 1956, Presley told Richard in 1969 that his music was an inspiration to him and that he was "the greatest."

Richard was honored by many institutions. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of its first group of inductees in 1986. He was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. In 2015, Richard received a Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music for his key role in the formation of popular music genres and helping to bring an end to the racial divide on the music charts and in concert in the mid-1950s changing American culture significantly. "Tutti Frutti" was included in the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2010, which stated that his "unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music."

Early life

Richard Wayne Penniman was born in Macon, Georgia, on December 5, 1932,[1] the third of twelve children of Leva Mae (née Stewart) and Charles "Bud" Penniman. His father was a church deacon and a brick mason,[2] who sold bootlegged moonshine on the side and owned a nightclub called the Tip In Inn.[3][4] His mother was a member of Macon's New Hope Baptist Church.[5] Initially, his first name was supposed to have been "Ricardo," but an error resulted in "Richard" instead.[3][6] The Penniman children were raised in a neighborhood of Macon called Pleasant Hill.[5] In childhood, he was nicknamed "Lil' Richard" by his family because of his small and skinny frame. A mischievous child who played pranks on neighbors, he began singing in church at a young age.[7][8] Possibly as a result of complications at birth, he had a slight deformity that left one of his legs shorter than the other. This produced an unusual gait, and he was mocked for his allegedly effeminate appearance.[9]

His family was very religious and joined various A.M.E., Baptist, and Pentecostal churches, with some family members becoming ministers. He enjoyed the Pentecostal churches the most, because of their charismatic worship and live music.[10] He later recalled that people in his neighborhood sang gospel songs throughout the day during segregation to keep a positive outlook, because "there was so much poverty, so much prejudice in those days."[11] He had observed that people sang "to feel their connection with God" and to wash their trials and burdens away.[12] Gifted with a loud singing voice, he recalled that he was "always changing the key upwards" and that he was once stopped from singing in church for "screaming and hollering" so loud, earning him the nickname "War Hawk."[13] As a child, he would "beat on the steps of the house, and on tin cans and pots and pans, or whatever" while singing, which annoyed neighbors.[14]

His initial musical influences were gospel performers such as Brother Joe May, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Mahalia Jackson, and Marion Williams. May, a singing evangelist who was known as "the Thunderbolt of the Middle West" because of his phenomenal range and vocal power, inspired Richard to become a preacher.[15][16] He credited the Clara Ward Singers for one of his distinctive hollers.[17] Richard attended Macon's Hudson High School,[18] where he was a below-average student. He eventually learned to play alto saxophone, joining his school's marching band while in fifth grade.[14] While in high school, he got a part-time job at Macon City Auditorium for local secular and gospel concert promoter Clint Brantley. He sold Coca-Cola to crowds during concerts of star performers of the day such as Cab Calloway, Lucky Millinder, and his favorite singer Sister Rosetta Tharpe.[19]

Music career

Beginnings (1947–1955)

In October 1947, Sister Rosetta Tharpe overheard the fourteen-year-old Richard singing her songs before a performance at the Macon City Auditorium. She invited him to open her show.[20] After the show, Tharpe paid him, inspiring him to become a professional performer.[19][21] Richard stated that he was inspired to play the piano after he heard Ike Turner's piano intro on "Rocket 88."[22] In 1949, he began performing in Doctor Nubillo's traveling show. Richard was inspired to wear turbans and capes in his career by Nubillo, who also "carried a black stick and exhibited something he called 'the devil's child'—the dried-up body of a baby with claw feet like a bird and horns on its head." Nubillo told Richard he was "gonna be famous" but that he would have to "go where the grass is greener."[23]

Before entering the tenth grade, Richard left his family home and joined Hudson's Medicine Show in 1949, performing Louis Jordan's "Caldonia."[23] Richard recalled that the song was the first secular R&B song he learned, since his family had strict rules against playing R&B music, which they considered "devil music."[24] Richard also performed in drag during this time, performing under the name "Princess LaVonne."[25] In 1950, Richard joined his first musical band, Buster Brown's Orchestra, where Brown gave him the name Little Richard.[26] Performing in the minstrel show circuit, Richard, in and out of drag, performed for various vaudeville acts such as Sugarfoot Sam from Alabam, the Tidy Jolly Steppers, the King Brothers Circus, and Broadway Follies.[27] Having settled in Atlanta at this point, Richard began listening to rhythm and blues and frequented Atlanta clubs, including the Harlem Theater and the Royal Peacock where he saw performers such as Roy Brown and Billy Wright onstage. Richard was further influenced by Brown's and Wright's flashy style of showmanship and was even more influenced by Wright's flamboyant persona and showmanship. Inspired by Brown and Wright, he decided to become a rhythm-and-blues singer and after befriending Wright, began to learn how to be an entertainer from him, and began adapting a pompadour hairdo similar to Wright's, as well as styling a pencil mustache, using Wright's brand of facial pancake makeup and wearing flashier clothes.[28]

Impressed by his singing voice, Wright put him in contact with Zenas Sears, a local DJ. Sears recorded Richard at his station, backed by Wright's band. The recordings led to a contract that year with RCA Victor.[29] Richard recorded a total of eight sides for RCA Victor, including the blues ballad, "Every Hour," which became his first single and a hit in Georgia.[29] The release of "Every Hour" improved his relationship with his father, who began regularly playing the song on his nightclub jukebox.[29] Shortly after the release of "Every Hour," Richard was hired to front Perry Welch and His Orchestra and played at clubs and army bases for $100 a week.[30] Richard left RCA Victor in February 1952 after his records there failed to chart; the records were marketed with little promotion, from the label (although ads for the sides showed up in Billboard Magazine). After Richard began to find success later in the 1950s, RCA Victor reissued the sides on LP, on the budget RCA Camden label. Richard's father, Bud was killed in 1952 after a confrontation outside his club. Richard continued to perform during this time and Clint Brantley agreed to manage Richard's career. Moving to Houston, he formed a band called the Tempo Toppers, performing as part of blues package tours in Southern clubs such as Club Tiajuana in New Orleans and Club Matinee in Houston. Richard signed with Don Robey's Peacock Records in February 1953, recording eight sides, including four with Johnny Otis and his band that were unreleased at the time.[31] Like his venture with RCA Victor, none of his Peacock singles charted despite his growing reputation for his high energy antics onstage.[32] Richard began complaining of monetary issues with Robey, resulting in Richard getting knocked out by Robey during a scuffle. Disillusioned by the record business, Richard returned to Macon in 1954. Struggling with poverty, he settled for work as a dishwasher for Greyhound Lines. While in Macon, he met Esquerita, whose flamboyant onstage persona and dynamic piano playing would deeply influence Richard's approach to performance.[33][34] That year, he disbanded the Tempo Toppers and formed a harder-driving rhythm and blues band, the Upsetters, which included drummer Charles Connor and saxophonist Wilbert "Lee Diamond" Smith and toured under Brantley's management.[35][36][37] The band supported R&B singer Christine Kittrell on some recordings, then began to tour successfully, even without a bass guitarist, forcing drummer Connor to thump "real hard" on his bass drum in order to get a "bass fiddle effect."[35] Around this time, Richard signed a contract to tour with fellow R&B singer Little Johnny Taylor.

A poster for a Little Richard show, c. 1956

At the suggestion of Lloyd Price, Richard sent a demo to Price's label, Specialty Records, in February 1955. Months passed before Richard got a call from the label.[38] Finally, in September of that year, Specialty owner Art Rupe loaned Richard money to buy out of his Peacock contract and set him to work with producer Robert "Bumps" Blackwell.[39] Upon hearing the demo, Blackwell felt Richard was Specialty's answer to Ray Charles, however, Richard told him he preferred the sound of Fats Domino. Blackwell sent him to New Orleans where he recorded at Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studios, recording there with several of Domino's session musicians, including drummer Earl Palmer and saxophonist Lee Allen.[40] Richard's recordings that day failed to produce much inspiration or interest, (although Blackwell saw some promise). Frustrated, Blackwell and Richard went to relax at the Dew Drop Inn nightclub. According to Blackwell, Richard then launched into a risqué dirty blues he titled "Tutti Frutti." Blackwell said he felt the song had hit potential and hired songwriter Dorothy LaBostrie to replace some of Richard's sexual lyrics with less controversial ones. He also changed the microphone placement and pushed Richard’s voice forward [41][42] Recorded in three takes in September 1955, "Tutti Frutti" was released as a single that November.[43]

Initial success and conversion (1955–1962)

A lot of songs I sang to crowds first to watch their reaction. That's how I knew they'd hit.

—Little Richard[44]

"Tutti Frutti" became an instant hit, reaching No. 2 on Billboard magazine's Rhythm and Blues Best-Sellers chart and crossing over to the pop charts in both the United States and overseas in the United Kingdom. It reached No. 21 on the Billboard Top 100 in America and No. 29 on the British singles chart, eventually selling a million copies.[32][45]

Richard's next hit single, "Long Tall Sally" (1956), hit number one on the R&B chart and number thirteen on the Top 100 while reaching the top ten in Britain. Like "Tutti Frutti," it sold over a million copies. Following his success, Richard built up his backup band, The Upsetters, with the addition of saxophonists Clifford "Gene" Burks and leader Grady Gaines, bassist Olsie "Baysee" Robinson and guitarist Nathaniel "Buster" Douglas.[46] Richard began performing on package tours across the United States. Art Rupe described the differences between Richard and a similar hitmaker of the early rock and roll period by stating that, while "the similarities between Little Richard and Fats Domino for recording purposes were close," Richard would sometimes stand up at the piano while he was recording and that onstage, where Domino was "plodding, very slow," Richard was "very dynamic, completely uninhibited, unpredictable, wild. So the band took on the ambience of the vocalist."[47]

Richard's performances, like most early rock and roll shows, resulted in integrated audience reaction during an era where public places were divided into "white" and "colored" domains. In these package tours, Richard and other artists such as Fats Domino and Chuck Berry would enable audiences of both races to enter the building, albeit still segregated (e.g. blacks on the balcony and whites on the main floor). As his bandleader at the time, H.B. Barnum, explained, Richard's performances enabled audiences to come together to dance.[48] Despite broadcasts on television from local supremacist groups such as the North Alabama White Citizens Council warning that rock and roll "brings the races together," Richard's popularity was helping to shatter the myth that black performers could not successfully perform at "white-only venues," especially in the South where racism was most overt.[49] Richard's high-energy antics included lifting his leg while playing the piano, climbing on top of his piano, running on and off the stage and throwing his souvenirs to the audience.[50] He also began using capes and suits studded with multi-colored precious stones and sequins. Richard said he began to be more flamboyant onstage so no one would think he was "after the white girls."[51]

Richard claims that a show at Baltimore's Royal Theatre in June 1956 led to women throwing their undergarments onstage at him, resulting in other female fans repeating the action, saying it was "the first time" that had happened to any artist.[52] Richard's show would stop several times that night due to fans being restrained from jumping off the balcony and then rushing to the stage to touch him.[52] Overall, Richard would produce seven singles in the United States alone in 1956, with five of them also charting in the UK, including "Slippin' and Slidin'," "Rip It Up," "Ready Teddy," "The Girl Can't Help It" and "Lucille." Immediately after releasing "Tutti Frutti," which was then protocol for the industry, "safer" white recording artists such as Pat Boone re-recorded the song, sending the song to the top twenty of the charts, several positions higher than Richard's. His fellow rock and roll peers Elvis Presley and Bill Haley also recorded his songs later that same year. Befriending Alan Freed,[53] the disc jockey eventually put him in his "rock and roll" movies such as Don't Knock the Rock[54] and Mister Rock and Roll. In 1957, Richard was given a larger singing role in the film, The Girl Can't Help It.[55] That year, he scored more hit success with songs such as "Jenny, Jenny" and "Keep A-Knockin'" the latter becoming his first top ten single on the Billboard Top 100. By the time he left Specialty in 1959, Richard had scored a total of nine top 40 pop singles and seventeen top 40 R&B singles.[56][57]

Richard performed at the famed twelfth Cavalcade of Jazz held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on September 2, 1956. Also performing that day were Dinah Washington, The Mel Williams Dots, Julie Stevens, Chuck Higgins' Orchestra, Bo Rhambo, Willie Hayden & Five Black Birds, The Premiers, Gerald Wilson and His 20-Pc. Recording Orchestra and Jerry Gray and his Orchestra.[58][59]

"Good Golly, Miss Molly," 45 rpm recording on Specialty Records

Shortly after the release of "Tutti Frutti," Richard relocated to Los Angeles. After achieving success as a recording artist and live performer, Richard moved into a wealthy, formerly predominantly white neighborhood, living close to black celebrities such as boxer Joe Louis.[60] Richard's first album, Here's Little Richard, was released by Specialty in May 1957 and peaked at number thirteen on the Billboard Top LPs chart. Similar to most albums released during that era, the album featured six released singles and "filler" tracks.[61] In early 1958, Specialty released his second album, Little Richard, which didn't chart. In October 1957, Richard embarked on a package tour in Australia with Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran. During the middle of the tour, he shocked the public by announcing he was following a life in the ministry.[62] Richard would claim in his autobiography that during a flight from Melbourne to Sydney that his plane was experiencing some difficulty and he claimed to have seen the plane's red hot engines and felt angels were "holding it up."[63] At the end of his Sydney performance, Richard saw a bright red fireball flying across the sky above him and claimed he was "deeply shaken."[63] Though it was eventually told to him that it was the launching of the first artificial Earth satellite Sputnik 1, Richard took it as a "sign from God" to repent from performing secular music and his wild lifestyle at the time.[62]

Returning to the States ten days earlier than expected, Richard read news of his original flight having crashed into the Pacific Ocean as a further sign to "do as God wanted."[64] After a "farewell performance" at the Apollo Theater and a "final" recording session with Specialty later that month, Richard enrolled at Oakwood College in Huntsville, Alabama, to study theology.[65][66] Despite his claims of spiritual rebirth, Richard admitted his reasons for leaving were more monetary. During his tenure at Specialty, despite earning millions for the label, Richard complained that he did not know the label had cut the percentage of royalties he was to earn for his recordings.[67] Specialty continued to release Richard recordings, including "Good Golly, Miss Molly" and his unique version of "Kansas City," until 1960. Finally ending his contract with the label, Richard agreed to relinquish any royalties for his material.[68] In 1958, Richard formed the Little Richard Evangelistic Team, traveling across the country to preach.[69] A month after his decision to leave secular music, Richard met Ernestine Harvin, a secretary from Washington, D.C., and the couple married on July 11, 1959.[70] Richard ventured into gospel music, first recording for End Records, before signing with Mercury Records in 1961, where he eventually released King of the Gospel Singers, in 1962, produced by Quincy Jones, who later remarked that Richard's vocals impressed him more than any other vocalist he had worked with.[71] His childhood heroine, Mahalia Jackson, wrote in the liner notes of the album that Richard "sang gospel the way it should be sung."[72] While Richard was no longer charting in the U.S., with pop music, some of his gospel songs such as "He's Not Just a Soldier" and "He Got What He Wanted," reached the pop charts in the U.S. and the UK. [73]

Return to secular music (1962–1979)

I heard so much about the audience reaction, I thought there must be some exaggeration. But it was all true. He drove the whole house into a complete frenzy ... I couldn't believe the power of Little Richard onstage. He was amazing.

—Mick Jagger[74]

In 1962, concert promoter Don Arden persuaded Little Richard to tour Europe after telling him his records were still selling well there. With fellow rock singer Sam Cooke as an opening act, Richard, who featured a teenage Billy Preston in his gospel band, figured it was a gospel tour and, after Cooke's delayed arrival forced him to cancel his show on the opening date, performed only gospel material during the show, leading to boos from the audience expecting Richard to sing his rock and roll hits. The following night, Richard viewed Cooke's well-received performance. Bringing back his competitive drive, Richard and Preston warmed up in darkness before launching into "Long Tall Sally," resulting in frenetic, hysterical responses from the audience. A show at Mansfield's Granada Theatre ended early after fans rushed the stage.[75] Hearing of Richard's shows, Brian Epstein, manager of the Beatles, asked Don Arden to allow his band to open for Richard on some tour dates, to which he agreed. The first show for which the Beatles opened was at New Brighton's Tower Ballroom that October.[76] The following month they, along with Swedish singer Jerry Williams and his band The Violents,[77] opened for Richard at the Star-Club in Hamburg.[78] During this time, Richard advised the group on how to perform his songs and taught Paul McCartney his distinctive vocalizations.[78] Back in the United States, Richard recorded six rock and roll songs with his 1950's band, the Upsetters for Little Star Records, under the name "World Famous Upsetters," hoping this would keep his options open in maintaining his position as a minister.

In the fall of 1963, Richard was called by a concert promoter to rescue a sagging tour featuring The Everly Brothers, Bo Diddley and the Rolling Stones. Richard agreed and helped to save the tour from flopping. At the end of that tour, Richard was given his own television special for Granada Television titled The Little Richard Spectacular. The special became a ratings hit and after 60,000 fan letters, was rebroadcast twice.[79] In 1964, now openly re-embracing rock and roll, Richard released "Bama Lama Bama Loo" on Specialty Records. Due to his UK exposure, the song reached the top twenty there but only climbed to number 82 in the U.S.[80] Later in the year, he signed with Vee-Jay Records, then on its dying legs, to release his "comeback" album, Little Richard Is Back. Due to the arrival of the Beatles and other British bands as well as the rise of soul labels such as Motown and Stax Records and the popularity of James Brown, Richard's new releases were not well promoted or well received by radio stations. In November/December 1964, Jimi Hendrix joined Richard's Upsetters band as a full member.[81][82]

In December 1964, Richard brought childhood friend and piano teacher Eskew Reeder to a New York studio to re-record an album’s worth of his greatest hits. In the Spring of 1965, Richard took Hendrix and Billy Preston to a New York studio where they recorded the Don Covay soul ballad, "I Don't Know What You've Got (But It's Got Me)," which became a number 12 R&B hit.[83][nb 1]

Around this time, Richard and Jimi appeared in a show starring Soupy Sales at the Brooklyn Paramount, New York. Richard’s flamboyance and drive for dominance reportedly got him thrown off the show.

Little Richard in 1966

Hendrix and Richard clashed over the spotlight, as well as Hendrix's tardiness, wardrobe and stage antics. Hendrix also complained over not being properly paid by Richard. In early July 1965, Richard's brother Robert Penniman "fired" Jimi (however, Jimi wrote to his father, Al Hendrix, that he quit Richard as "you can't live on promises when you're on the road, so I had to cut that mess aloose." Hendrix had not been paid "for five-and-a-half weeks" and was owed 1,000 dollars. Hendrix then rejoined the Isley Brothers' band, the IB Specials.[85] Richard later signed with Modern Records, releasing a modest charter, "Do You Feel It?" before leaving for Okeh Records in early 1966. His former Specialty labelmate Larry Williams produced two albums for Richard on Okeh - the studio release The Explosive Little Richard, which utilised a Motown-influenced sound and produced the modest charters "Poor Dog" and "Commandments of Love" and Little Richard's Greatest Hits Recorded Live! which returned him to the album charts.[86][87][88] Richard was later scathing about this period, declaring Larry Williams "the worst producer in the world."[89] In 1967, Richard signed with Brunswick Records but after clashing with the label over musical direction, he left the label the following year.

Little Richard in 1967

Richard felt that producers on his labels worked in not promoting his records during this period. Later, he claimed they kept trying to push him to records similar to Motown and felt he wasn't treated with appropriate respect.[90] Richard often performed in dingy clubs and lounges with little support from his label. While Richard managed to perform in huge venues overseas such as in England and France, in the U.S. Richard had to perform on the Chitlin' Circuit. Richard's flamboyant look, while a hit during the 1950s, failed to help his labels to promote him to more conservative black record buyers.[91] Richard later claimed that his decision to "backslide" from his ministry, led religious clergymen to protest his new recordings.[92] Making matters worse, Richard said, was his insistence on performing in front of integrated audiences at the time of the black liberation movement shortly after the Watts riots and the formation of the Black Panthers which caused many black radio disk jockeys in certain areas of the country, including Los Angeles, to choose not to play his music.[93] Now acting as his manager, Larry Williams convinced Richard to focus on his live shows. By 1968, he had ditched the Upsetters for his new backup band, the Crown Jewels, performing on the Canadian TV show, "Where It's At." Richard was also featured on the Monkees TV special 33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee in April 1969. Williams booked Richard shows in Las Vegas casinos and resorts, leading Richard to adopt a wilder flamboyant and androgynous look, inspired by the success of his former backing guitarist Jimi Hendrix. Richard was soon booked at rock festivals such as the Atlantic City Pop Festival where he stole the show from headliner Janis Joplin. Richard produced a similar show stealer at the Toronto Pop Festival with John Lennon as the headliner. These successes brought Little Richard to talk shows such as the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and the Dick Cavett Show, making him a major celebrity again.[94]

Responding to his reputation as a successful concert performer, Reprise Records signed Richard in 1970 and he released the album, The Rill Thing, with the philosophical single, "Freedom Blues," becoming his biggest charted single in years. In May 1970, Richard made the cover of Rolling Stone magazine. Despite the success of "Freedom Blues," none of Richard's other Reprise singles charted with the exception of "Greenwood, Mississippi," a swamp rock original by guitar hero, Travis Wammack, who incidentally played on the track. It charted only briefly on the Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box pop chart, also on the Billboard Country charts; made a strong showing on WWRL in New York, before disappearing. Richard became a featured guest instrumentalist and vocalist on recordings by acts such as Delaney and Bonnie, Joey Covington and Joe Walsh and was prominently featured on Canned Heat's 1972 hit single, "Rockin' with the King." To keep up with his finances and bookings, Richard and three of his brothers formed a management company, Bud Hole Incorporated. On American TV, Richard announced that he would be in a Rock Hudson motion picture, playing “The Insane Minister “. (The appearance has never seen the light of day ). He also mentioned a new project involving Mick Jagger and Joe Cocker, celebrating his 20 years in show business. Never realized [95] By 1972, Richard had entered the rock and roll revival circuit, and that year, he co-headlined the London Rock and Roll Show at Wembley Stadium with his musical peer Chuck Berry where he'd come on stage and announce himself "the king of rock and roll," fittingly also the title of his 1971 album with Reprise and told the packed audience there to "let it all hang out"; Richard, however, was booed during the show when he climbed on top of his piano and stopped singing; he also seemed to ignore much of the crowd. To make matters worse, he showed up with just five musicians and struggled through low lighting and bad microphones. When the concert film documenting the show came out, his performance was considered generally strong, though his fans noticed a drop in energy and vocal artistry. Two songs he performed did not make the final cut of the film. The following year, he recorded a charting soul ballad, "In the Middle of the Night," released with proceeds donated to victims of tornadoes that had caused damage in twelve states.[96]

Richard did no new recordings in 1974, although two “new” albums were released. In the summer, came a major surprise for fans, "Talkin' 'bout Soul," a collection of released and unreleased Vee Jay recordings, all never before on a domestic l. p. Two were new to the world: the title tune and "You'd Better Stop," both uptempo.

Later that year came a set recorded in one night, early the previous year, called "Right Now!," and featuring "roots" material, including a vocal version of an unreleased Reprise instrumental "Mississippi," released in 1972 as "Funky Dish Rag"; his third try at his gospel -rock "In the Name"; and a 6 minute plus rocker, "Hot Nuts," based upon a 1936 song by Li’l Johnson ("Get 'Em From The Peanut Man").

1975 was a big year for Richard, with a world tour, and acclaim over high energy performances throughout England and France. His band was perhaps his best, to date. He cut a top 40 single (US and Canada ), with Bachman-Turner Overdrive, “Take It Like a Man”. He worked on new songs with sideman, Seabrun “Candy” Hunter. He told Dee-Jay Wolfman Jack he planned on releasing a new album, with he and Sly Stone . (Never materialized ). In 1976, he decided to retire again, physically and mentally exhausted, having experienced family tragedy and the drug culture. He was talked into once again recutting his greatest hits, for Stan Shulman in Nashville. This time, they would not use new arrangements but original arrangements. Richard re-recorded eighteen of his classic rock and roll hits, for K-Tel Records, in high tech stereo recreations, with a single featuring the new versions of "Good Golly Miss Molly" and "Rip It Up" reaching the UK singles chart.[97] Richard later admitted that he was heavily addicted to drugs and alcohol. By 1977, worn out from years of drug abuse and wild partying as well as a string of personal tragedies, Richard quit rock and roll again and returned to evangelism, releasing one gospel album, God's Beautiful City, in 1979.[98]

Comeback (1984–1999)

Little Richard holding a photograph of himself at a Best Buddies International event, 1998

In 1984, Richard filed a $112 million lawsuit against Specialty Records; Art Rupe and his publishing company, Venice Music; and ATV Music for not paying royalties to him after he left the label in 1959.[99] The suit was settled out of court in 1986.[100] According to some reports, Michael Jackson allegedly gave him monetary compensation for his work when he co-owned (with Sony-ATV) songs by the Beatles and Richard.[101] In September 1984, Charles White released the singer's authorized biography, Quasar of Rock: The Life and Times of Little Richard, which returned Richard to the spotlight.[102] Richard returned to show business in what Rolling Stone would refer to as a "formidable comeback" following the book's release.[102]

Reconciling his roles as evangelist and rock and roll musician for the first time, Richard stated that the genre could be used for good or evil.[103] After accepting a role in the film Down and Out in Beverly Hills, Richard and Billy Preston penned the faith-based rock and roll song "Great Gosh A'Mighty" for its soundtrack.[103] Richard won critical acclaim for his film role, and the song found success on the American and British charts.[103] The hit led to the release of the album Lifetime Friend (1986) on Warner Bros. Records, with songs deemed "messages in rhythm," including a gospel rap track.[104] In addition to a version of "Great Gosh A'Mighty," cut in England, the album featured two singles that charted in the UK, "Somebody's Comin'" and "Operator." Richard spent much of the rest of the decade as a guest on television shows and appearing in films, winning new fans with what was referred to as his "unique comedic timing."[105] In 1989, Richard provided rhythmic preaching and background vocals on the extended live version of the U2–B.B. King hit "When Love Comes to Town." That same year, Richard returned to singing his classic hits following a performance of "Lucille" at an AIDS benefit concert.[106]

In 1990, Richard contributed a spoken-word rap on Living Colour's hit song, "Elvis Is Dead," from their album Time's Up. [107][108] That same year he appeared in a cameo for the music video of Cinderella's "Shelter Me." In 1991, he was one of the featured performers on the hit single and video "Voices That Care" that was produced to help boost the morale of U.S. troops involved in Operation Desert Storm. The same year, he recorded a version of "The Itsy Bitsy Spider" for the Pediatric AIDS Foundation benefit album For Our Children. The album's success led to a deal with Walt Disney Records, resulting in the release of a hit 1992 children's album, Shake It All About.

In 1994, Richard sang the theme song to the award-winning PBS Kids and TLC animated television series The Magic School Bus based on the book series created by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen and published by Scholastic Corporation. He also opened Wrestlemania X from Madison Square Garden on March 20 that year miming to his reworked rendition of "America the Beautiful."

Throughout the 1990s, Richard performed around the world and appeared on TV, film, and tracks with other artists, including Jon Bon Jovi, Elton John and Solomon Burke. In 1992 he released his final album, Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka featuring members of Richard's then current touring band.[109]

Later years (2000–2020)

Little Richard in 2007

In 2000, Richard's life was dramatized for the biographical film Little Richard, which focused on his early years, including his heyday, his religious conversion and his return to secular music in the early 1960s. Richard was played by Leon Robinson, who earned an NAACP Image Award nomination for his performance. In 2002, Richard contributed to the Johnny Cash tribute album, Kindred Spirits: A Tribute to the Songs of Johnny Cash. In 2004–2005, he released two sets of unreleased and rare cuts, from the Okeh label 1966/67 and the Reprise label 1970/72. Included was the full Southern Child album, produced and composed mostly by Richard, scheduled for release in 1972, but shelved. In 2006, Little Richard was featured in a popular advertisement for the GEICO brand.[110] A 2005 recording of his duet vocals with Jerry Lee Lewis on a cover of the Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There" was included on Lewis's 2006 album, Last Man Standing. The same year, Richard was a guest judge on the TV series Celebrity Duets. Richard and Lewis performed alongside John Fogerty at the 2008 Grammy Awards in a tribute to the two artists considered to be cornerstones of rock and roll by the NARAS. That same year, Richard appeared on radio host Don Imus' benefit album for sick children, The Imus Ranch Record.[111] In June 2010, Richard recorded a gospel track for an upcoming tribute album to songwriting legend Dottie Rambo. In 2009, Richard was Inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall Of Fame in a concert in New Orleans, attended by Fats Domino.

Throughout the first decade of the new millennium, Richard kept up a stringent touring schedule, performing primarily in the United States and Europe. However, sciatic nerve pain in his left leg and then replacement of the involved hip began affecting the frequency of his performances by 2010. Despite his health problems, Richard continued to perform to receptive audiences and critics. Rolling Stone reported that at a performance at the Howard Theater in Washington, D.C., in June 2012, Richard was "still full of fire, still a master showman, his voice still loaded with deep gospel and raunchy power."[112] Richard performed a full 90-minute show at the Pensacola Interstate Fair in Pensacola, Florida, in October 2012, at the age of 79, and headlined at the Orleans Hotel in Las Vegas during Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend in March 2013.[113][114] In September 2013, Rolling Stone published an interview with Richard who said that he would be retiring from performing. "I am done, in a sense, because I don't feel like doing anything right now," he told the magazine, adding, "I think my legacy should be that when I started in showbusiness there wasn't no such thing as rock'n'roll. When I started with 'Tutti Frutti', that's when rock really started rocking."[115] Richard would perform one last concert in Murfreesboro, Tennessee in 2014.[116]

In 2014, actor Brandon Mychal Smith received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Richard in the James Brown biographical drama film Get on Up.[117][118][119] Mick Jagger co-produced the motion picture.[120][121] In June 2015, Richard appeared before a benefit concert audience, clad in sparkly boots and a brightly colored jacket at the Wildhorse Saloon in Nashville to receive the Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from and raise funds for the National Museum of African American Music. It was reported that he charmed the crowd by reminiscing about his early days working in Nashville nightclubs.[122][123] In May 2016, the National Museum of African American Music issued a press release indicating that Richard was one of the key artists and music industry leaders that attended its third annual Celebration of Legends Luncheon in Nashville honoring Shirley Caesar, Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff with Rhapsody & Rhythm Awards.[124] In 2016, a new CD was released on Hitman Records, California (I'm Comin') with released and previously unreleased material from the 1970s, including an a cappella version of his 1975 single release, "Try To Help Your Brother." On September 6, 2017, Richard participated in a long television interview for the Christian Three Angels Broadcasting Network, clean-shaven and without make-up and dressed in a blue paisley coat and tie, in a wheelchair, and discussed his lifelong Christian faith.[125]

On October 23, 2019, Richard addressed the audience after appearing to receive the Distinguished Artist Award at the 2019 Tennessee Governor's Arts Awards at the Governor's Residence in Nashville, Tennessee.[126][127]

Personal life

Relationships and family

Around 1956, Richard became involved with Audrey Robinson, a sixteen-year-old college student, originally from Savannah, Georgia.[106][128] Richard and Robinson quickly got acquainted despite Robinson not being a fan of rock and roll music. Richard claimed in his 1984 autobiography that he invited other men to have sexual encounters with her in groups and claimed to have once invited Buddy Holly to have sex with her; Robinson denied those claims.[106][129] Richard proposed marriage to Robinson but she refused. Robinson later became known under the name Lee Angel and became a stripper and socialite.[130] Richard reconnected with Robinson in the 1960s, though she left him again after his drug abuse worsened.[106] Robinson was interviewed for Richard's 1985 BBC documentary on The South Bank Show and denied Richard's claims as they went back and forth. According to Robinson, Richard would use her to buy food in white-only fast food stores as he could not enter any due to the color of his skin.

Richard met his only wife, Ernestine Harvin, at an evangelical rally in October 1957. They began dating that year and wed on July 12, 1959, in California. According to Harvin, she and Richard initially enjoyed a happy marriage with "normal" sexual relations. When the marriage ended in divorce in 1964, Harvin claimed it was due to her husband's celebrity status, which had made life difficult for her. Richard would claim the marriage fell apart due to his being a neglectful husband and his sexuality.[131] Both Robinson and Harvin denied Richard's claims that he was gay and Richard believed they did not know it because he was "such a pumper in those days."[131] During the marriage, Richard and Harvin adopted a one-year-old boy, Danny Jones, from a late church associate.[106] Richard and his son remained close, with Jones often acting as one of his bodyguards.[132] Ernestine later married Mcdonald Campbell in Santa Barbara, California, on March 23, 1975.

Sexuality

Richard said in 1984 that he played with just girls as a child and was subjected to homosexual jokes and ridicule because of his manner of walk and talk.[133] His father brutally punished him whenever he caught him wearing his mother's makeup and clothing.[134] The singer said he had been sexually involved with both sexes as a teenager.[135] Because of his effeminate mannerisms, his father kicked him out of their family home when he was fifteen.[4] In 1985, on The South Bank Show, Richard explained, "my daddy put me out of the house. He said he wanted seven boys, and I had spoiled it, because I was gay."[106]

Richard got involved in voyeurism in his early twenties, when a female friend would drive him around and pick up men who would allow him to watch them have sex in the backseat of cars. Richard's activity caught the attention of Macon police in 1955 and he was arrested after a gas station attendant reported sexual activity in a car Richard was occupying with a heterosexual couple. Cited on a sexual misconduct charge, he spent three days in jail and was temporarily banned from performing in Macon.[136]

In the early 1950s, Richard became acquainted with openly gay musician Billy Wright, who helped in establishing Richard's look, advising him to use pancake makeup on his face and wear his hair in a long-haired pompadour style similar to his.[28] As Richard got used to the makeup, he ordered his band, the Upsetters, to wear the makeup too, to gain entry into predominantly white venues during performances, later stating, "I wore the make-up so that white men wouldn't think I was after the white girls. It made things easier for me, plus it was colorful too."[137] In 2000, Richard told Jet magazine, "I figure if being called a sissy would make me famous, let them say what they want to."[134] Richard's look, however, still attracted female audiences, who would send him naked photos and their phone numbers.[138][139] Groupies began throwing undergarments at Richard during performances.[140][141]

During Richard's heyday, his obsession with voyeurism carried on with his girlfriend Audrey Robinson. Richard later wrote that Robinson would have sex with men while she sexually stimulated Richard.[142] Despite saying he was "born again" after leaving rock and roll for the church in 1957, Richard left Oakwood College after exposing himself to a male student. After the incident was reported to the student's father, Richard withdrew from the college.[143] In 1962, Richard was arrested for spying on men urinating in toilets at a Trailways bus station in Long Beach, California.[144] After re-embracing rock and roll in the mid-1960s, he began participating in orgies and continued to be a voyeur.

On May 4, 1982, on Late Night with David Letterman, Richard said, "God gave me the victory. I'm not gay now, but, you know, I was gay all my life. I believe I was one of the first gay people to come out. But God let me know that he made Adam be with Eve, not Steve. So, I gave my heart to Christ."[145] In his 1984 book, while demeaning homosexuality as "unnatural" and "contagious," he told Charles White he was "omnisexual."[106] Audrey Robinson disputed Richard's claims of homosexuality in 1985.

In 1995, Richard told Penthouse that he always knew he was gay, saying "I've been gay all my life."[106] In 2007, Mojo Magazine referred to Richard as "bisexual."[146] In October 2017, Richard once again denounced homosexuality in an interview with the Christian Three Angels Broadcasting Network, calling homosexual and transgender identity "unnatural affection" that goes against "the way God wants you to live."[147]

Drug use

During his initial heyday in the 1950s rock and roll scene, Richard was a teetotaler abstaining from alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Richard often fined bandmates for drug and alcohol use during this era. By the mid-1960s, however, Richard began drinking heavy amounts of alcohol and smoking cigarettes and marijuana.[148] By 1972, he had developed an addiction to cocaine. He later lamented that period, "They should have called me Lil Cocaine, I was sniffing so much of that stuff!"[149] By 1975, he had developed addictions to both heroin and PCP, otherwise known as "angel dust." His drug and alcohol use began to affect his professional career and personal life. "I lost my reasoning," he later recalled.[150]

He said of his cocaine addiction that he did whatever he could to use cocaine.[151] Richard admitted that his addictions to cocaine, PCP and heroin were costing him as much as $1,000 a day.[152] In 1977, longtime friend Larry Williams once showed up with a gun and threatened to kill him for failing to pay his drug debt. Richard later mentioned that this was the most fearful moment of his life because Williams' own drug addiction made him wildly unpredictable. Richard did, however, also acknowledge that he and Williams were "very close friends" and when reminiscing of the drug-fueled clash, he recalled thinking "I knew he loved me—I hoped he did!"[153] Within that same year, Richard had several devastating personal experiences, including his brother Tony's death of a heart attack, the accidental shooting of his nephew that he loved like a son, and the murder of two close personal friends – one a valet at "the heroin man's house."[152] The combination of these experiences convinced the singer to give up drugs including alcohol, along with rock and roll, and return to the ministry.[154]

Religion

Richard's family had deep evangelical (Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME)) Christian roots, including two uncles and a grandfather who were preachers.[13] He also took part in Macon's Pentecostal churches, which were his favorites mainly due to their music, charismatic praise, dancing in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues.[10] At age ten, influenced by Pentecostalism, he would go around saying he was a faith healer, singing gospel music to people who were feeling sick and touching them. He later recalled that they would often indicate that they felt better after he prayed for them and would sometimes give him money.[10] Richard had aspirations of being a preacher due to the influence of singing evangelist Brother Joe May.[13]

After he was born again in 1957, Richard enrolled at Oakwood College in Huntsville, Alabama, a mostly black Seventh-day Adventist college, to study theology. Richard returned to secular music in the early 1960s. Cavett reacted shocked. [155] He was eventually ordained a minister in 1970 and resumed evangelical activities in 1977. Richard represented Memorial Bibles International and sold their Black Heritage Bible, which highlighted the Book's many black characters. As a preacher, he evangelized in small churches and packed auditoriums of 20,000 or more. His preaching focused on uniting the races and bringing lost souls to repentance through God's love.[156] In 1984, Richard's mother, Leva Mae, died following a period of illness. Only a few months prior to her death, Richard promised her that he would remain a Christian.[103]

During the 1980s and 1990s, Richard officiated at celebrity weddings. In 2006, Richard wedded twenty couples who won a contest in one ceremony.[157] The musician used his experience and knowledge as a minister and elder statesman of rock and roll to preach at funerals of musical friends such as Wilson Pickett and Ike Turner.[158] At a benefit concert in 2009 to raise funds to help rebuild children's playgrounds destroyed by Hurricane Katrina, Richard asked guest of honor Fats Domino to pray with him and others. His assistants handed out inspirational booklets at the concert, which was a common practice at Richard's shows.[159] Richard told a Howard Theatre, Washington, D.C., audience in June 2012, "I know this is not Church, but get close to the Lord. The world is getting close to the end. Get close to the Lord."[112] In 2013, Richard elaborated on his spiritual philosophies, stating "God talked to me the other night. He said He's getting ready to come. The world's getting ready to end and He's coming, wrapped in flames of fire with a rainbow around his throne." Rolling Stone reported his apocalyptic prophesies generated snickers from some audience members as well as cheers of support. Penniman responded to the laughter by stating: "When I talk to you about [Jesus], I'm not playing. I'm almost 81 years old. Without God, I wouldn't be here."[160]

In 2017, Penniman returned to his spiritual roots and appeared in a lengthy televised interview on 3ABN and later he shared his personal testimony at 3ABN Fall Camp Meeting 2017.[161][162][163]

Health problems and death

In October 1985, Penniman returned to the United States from England, where he had finished recording his album Lifetime Friend, to film a guest spot on the show, Miami Vice. Following the taping, he accidentally crashed his sports car into a telephone pole in West Hollywood, California. He suffered a broken right leg, broken ribs and head and facial injuries.[164] His recovery from the accident took several months.[164] His accident prevented him from being able to attend the inaugural Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ceremony in January 1986 where he was one of several inductees. He instead supplied a recorded message.[86]

In 2007, Penniman began having problems walking due to sciatica in his left leg, requiring him to use crutches.[165][166] In November 2009, he entered a hospital to have replacement surgery on his left hip. Despite returning to performance the following year, Penniman's problems with his hip continued, he was brought onstage by wheelchair, and was only able to play sitting down.[167] On September 30, 2013, he revealed to CeeLo Green at a Recording Academy fundraiser that he had suffered a heart attack at his home the week prior and stated he used aspirin and had his son turn the air conditioner on, which his doctor confirmed had saved his life. Richard stated, "Jesus had something for me. He brought me through."[160]

On April 28, 2016, Richard's friend, Bootsy Collins, stated on his Facebook page that, "he is not in the best of health so I ask all the Funkateers to lift him up." Reports subsequently began being published on the internet stating that Richard was in grave health and that his family were gathering at his bedside. On May 3, 2016, Rolling Stone reported that Richard and his lawyer provided a health information update in which Richard stated, "not only is my family not gathering around me because I'm ill, but I'm still singing. I don't perform like I used to, but I have my singing voice, I walk around, I had hip surgery a while ago but I'm healthy.'" His lawyer also reported: "He's 83. I don't know how many 83-year-olds still get up and rock it out every week, but in light of the rumors, I wanted to tell you that he's vivacious and conversant about a ton of different things and he's still very active in a daily routine."[168] Even though Richard continued to sing in his eighties, he kept away from the stage.[169]

On May 9, 2020, Richard died at the age of 87 at his home in Tullahoma, Tennessee,[2] from a cause related to bone cancer, after a two-month illness.[170][2][171] His brother, sister, and son were with him at the time of his death.[172][173][174] In the following days, Richard received tributes from many popular musicians, including Bob Dylan,[175] Paul McCartney,[176] Mick Jagger,[177] John Fogerty,[178] Elton John,[179] and Lenny Kravitz,[180] as well as many others, such as film director John Waters,[181] who were influenced by Richard's music and persona. He is interred at Oakwood University Memorial Gardens Cemetery in Huntsville, Alabama.[182]

Legacy

Music

He claims to be "the architect of rock and roll", and history would seem to bear out Little Richard's boast. More than any other performer—save, perhaps, Elvis Presley, Little Richard blew the lid off the Fifties, laying the foundation for rock and roll with his explosive music and charismatic persona. On record, he made spine-tingling rock and roll. His frantically charged piano playing and raspy, shouted vocals on such classics as "Tutti Frutti", "Long Tall Sally" and "Good Golly, Miss Molly" defined the dynamic sound of rock and roll.

—Rock and Roll Hall of Fame[86]

Little Richard in concert

Following Richard's death, Quincy Jones wrote on social media that Richard was "an innovator who’s [sic] influence spans America’s musical diaspora from Gospel, the Blues & R&B, to Rock & Roll, & Hip-Hop."[183] He was nicknamed "The Innovator, The Originator, and The Architect of Rock and Roll."[184] His music and performance style had a pivotal effect on the shape of the sound and style of popular music genres of the 20th century.[32][42][185] As a rock and roll pioneer, Richard embodied its spirit more flamboyantly than any other performer.[186] Richard's raspy shouting style gave the genre one of its most identifiable and influential vocal sounds and his fusion of boogie-woogie, New Orleans R&B and gospel music blazed its rhythmic trail.[186][187] Richard's innovative emotive vocalizations and uptempo rhythmic music also played a key role in the formation of other popular music genres, including soul and funk, respectively.[188] He influenced numerous singers and musicians across musical genres from rock to hip hop; his music helped shape rhythm and blues for generations to come.[189][190][191]

Combining elements of boogie, gospel, and blues, Richard introduced several of rock music's most characteristic musical features, including its loud volume and vocal style emphasizing power, and its distinctive beat and rhythm. He departed from boogie-woogie's shuffle rhythm and introduced a new distinctive rock beat, where the beat division is even at all tempos. He reinforced the new rock rhythm with a two-handed approach, playing patterns with his right hand, with the rhythm typically popping out in the piano's high register. His new rhythm, which he introduced with "Tutti Frutti" (1955), became the basis for the standard rock beat, which was later consolidated by Chuck Berry.[192] "Lucille" (1957) foreshadowed the rhythmic feel of 1960s classic rock in several ways, including its heavy bassline, slower tempo, strong rock beat played by the entire band, and verse–chorus form similar to blues.[193]

Richard's voice was able to generate croons, wails, and screams unprecedented in popular music.[32] He was cited by two of soul music's pioneers, Otis Redding and Sam Cooke, as contributing to the genre's early development. Redding stated that most of his music was patterned after Richard's, referring to his 1953 recording "Directly From My Heart To You" as the personification of soul, and that he had "done a lot for [him] and [his] soul brothers in the music business."[194] Cooke said in 1962 that Richard had done "so much for our music."[195] Cooke had a top 40 hit in 1963 with his cover of Richard's 1956 hit "Send Me Some Loving."[196]

James Brown and others credited Richard and his mid-1950s backing band, The Upsetters, with having been the first to put the funk in the rock beat. This innovation sparked the transition from 1950s rock and roll to 1960s funk.[86][197][198][199]

Richard's hits of the mid-1950s, such as "Tutti Frutti," "Long Tall Sally," "Keep A-Knockin'" and "Good Golly, Miss Molly," were generally characterized by playful lyrics with sexually suggestive connotations.[32] AllMusic writer Richie Unterberger stated that Little Richard "merged the fire of gospel with New Orleans R&B, pounding the piano and wailing with gleeful abandon," and that while "other R&B greats of the early 1950s had been moving in a similar direction, none of them matched the sheer electricity of Richard's vocals. With his high-speed deliveries, ecstatic trills, and the overjoyed force of personality in his singing, he was crucial in upping the voltage from high-powered R&B into the similar, yet different, guise of rock and roll."[42] Due to his innovative music and style, he's often widely acknowledged as the "architect of rock and roll."[86]

Emphasizing the folk influences of Richard, English professor W. T. Lhamon Jr. wrote, "His songs were literally good booty. They were the repressed stuff of underground lore. And in Little Richard they found a vehicle prepared to bear their chocked energy, at least for his capsulated moment."[200]

Ray Charles introduced him at a concert in 1988 as "a man that started a kind of music that set the pace for a lot of what's happening today."[201] Richard's contemporaries, including Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, Bill Haley, Jerry Lee Lewis, the Everly Brothers, Gene Vincent and Eddie Cochran, all recorded covers of his works.[202] As they wrote about him for their Man of the Year – Legend category in 2010, GQ magazine stated that Richard "is, without question, the boldest and most influential of the founding fathers of rock'n'roll."[106]

Society

In addition to his musical style, Richard was cited as one of the first crossover black artists, reaching audiences of all races. His music and concerts broke the color line,[203] drawing blacks and whites together despite attempts to sustain segregation. As H.B. Barnum explained in Quasar of Rock, Little Richard "opened the door. He brought the races together." [204] Barnum described Richard's music as not being "boy-meets-girl-girl-meets-boy things, they were fun records, all fun. And they had a lot to say sociologically in our country and the world."[51] Barnum also stated that Richard's "charisma was a whole new thing to the music business," explaining that "he would burst onto the stage from anywhere, and you wouldn't be able to hear anything but the roar of the audience. He might come out and walk on the piano. He might go out into the audience." Barnum also stated that Richard was innovative in that he would wear colorful capes, blouse shirts, makeup and suits studded with multi-colored precious stones and sequins, and that he also brought flickering stage lighting from his show business experience into performance venues where rock and roll artists performed.[205] In 2015, the National Museum of African American Music honored Richard for helping to shatter the color line on the music charts changing American culture forever.[123][203]

"Little Richard was always my main man. How hard must it have been for him: gay, black and singing in the South? But his records are a joyous good time from beginning to end." – Lemmy, Motörhead[206]

Influence

Richard influenced generations of performers across musical genres.[55] Quincy Jones stated that Richard was "an innovator who's [sic] influence spans America's musical diaspora from Gospel, the Blues & R&B, to Rock & Roll, & Hip-Hop."[183] James Brown and Otis Redding both idolized him.[194][207] Brown allegedly came up with the Famous Flames debut hit, "Please, Please, Please," after Richard had written the words on a napkin.[208][209] Redding started his professional career with Richard's band, The Upsetters.[210] He first entered a talent show performing Richard's "Heeby Jeebies," winning for fifteen consecutive weeks.[211] Ike Turner claimed most of Tina Turner's early vocal delivery was based on Richard, something Richard reiterated in the introduction of Turner's autobiography, Takin' Back My Name.[212] Bob Dylan first performed covers of Richard's songs on piano in high school with his rock and roll group, the Golden Chords; in 1959 when leaving school, he wrote in his yearbook under "Ambition": "to join Little Richard."[213] Jimi Hendrix was influenced in appearance (clothing and hairstyle/mustache) and sound by Richard. He was quoted in 1966 saying, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice."[214] Others influenced by Richard early on in their lives included Bob Seger and John Fogerty.[215][216] Michael Jackson admitted that Penniman had been a huge influence on him prior to the release of Off the Wall.[217] Rock critics noted similarities between Prince's androgynous look, music and vocal style and Richard's.[218][219][220]

The origins of Cliff Richard's name change from Harry Webb was seen as a partial tribute to his musical hero Richard and singer Rick Richards.[221] Several members of the Beatles were heavily influenced by Richard, including Paul McCartney and George Harrison. McCartney idolized him in school and later used his recordings as inspiration for his uptempo rockers, such as "I'm Down."[222][223] "Long Tall Sally" was the first song McCartney performed in public.[224] McCartney would later state, "I could do Little Richard's voice, which is a wild, hoarse, screaming thing. It's like an out-of-body experience. You have to leave your current sensibilities and go about a foot above your head to sing it."[225] During the Beatles' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction, Harrison commented, "thank you all very much, especially the rock 'n' rollers, an' Little Richard there, if it wasn't for (gesturing to Little Richard), it was all his fault, really."[226] Upon hearing "Long Tall Sally" in 1956, John Lennon later commented that he was so impressed that he "couldn't speak."[227] Rolling Stones members Mick Jagger and Keith Richards were also profoundly influenced by Richard, with Jagger citing him as his introduction to R&B music and referring to him as "the originator and my first idol."[74] Richard was an early vocal influence on Rod Stewart, and Robert Plant wasn't interested in listening to music until he heard Little Richard on record, later stating, “I was a 13-year-old boy in Kidderminster when I heard Little Richard for the first time. My parents shielded me from anything that was worldly. I spent my time searching feverishly through my stamp collection or working on my Meccano, and then someone played me Good Golly, Miss Molly. The sound! It was fantastic, indescribable.”[228][229] David Bowie called Richard his "inspiration" stating upon listening to "Tutti Frutti" that he "heard God."[230][231]

After opening for him with his band Bluesology, pianist Reginald Dwight was inspired to be a "rock and roll piano player," later changing his name to Elton John.[232] Farrokh Bulsara performed covers of Richard's songs as a teen, before finding fame as Freddie Mercury, frontman for Queen.[233] Lou Reed referred to Richard as his "rock and roll hero," deriving inspiration from "the soulful, primal force" of the sound Richard and his saxophonist made on "Long Tall Sally." Reed later stated, "I don't know why and I don't care, but I wanted to go to wherever that sound was and make a life."[234] Patti Smith said, "To me, Little Richard was a person that was able to focus a certain physical, anarchistic, and spiritual energy into a form which we call rock 'n' roll ... I understood it as something that had to do with my future. When I was a little girl, Santa Claus didn't turn me on. Easter Bunny didn't turn me on. God turned me on. Little Richard turned me on."[235] The music of Deep Purple and Motörhead was also heavily influenced by Richard, as well as that of AC/DC.[236][237] The latter's early lead vocalist and co-songwriter Bon Scott idolized Richard and aspired to sing like him, its lead guitarist and co-songwriter Angus Young was first inspired to play guitar after listening to Richard's music, and rhythm guitarist and co-writer Malcolm Young derived his signature sound from playing his guitar like Richard's piano.[238][239][240][241][236][237] Later performers such as Mystikal, André "3000" Benjamin of Outkast and Bruno Mars were cited by critics as having emulated Richard's style in their own works. Mystikal's rap vocal delivery was compared to Richard's.[242] André 3000's vocals in Outkast's hit, "Hey Ya!," were compared to an "indie rock Little Richard."[243] Bruno Mars admitted Richard was one of his earliest influences.[244] Mars' song, "Runaway Baby" from his album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans was cited by The New York Times as "channeling Little Richard."[245] Prior to his death in 2017, Audioslave's and Soundgarden's frontman Chris Cornell traced his musical influences back to Richard via the Beatles.[246]

Honors

Little Richard, interviewed during the 60th Annual Academy Awards, 1988

In the early 1990s, a portion of Mercer University Drive (between Telfair and College Streets) in Macon was renamed "Little Richard Penniman Boulevard."[247] Just south of the easternmost portion of the renamed boulevard lies Little Richard Penniman Park.

In 2007, an eclectic panel of renowned recording artists voted "Tutti Frutti" number one on Mojo's The Top 100 Records That Changed The World, hailing the recording as "the sound of the birth of rock and roll."[248][249] In April 2012, Rolling Stone magazine declared that the song "still has the most inspired rock lyric on record."[250] The same recording was inducted to the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry in 2010, with the library claiming the "unique vocalizing over the irresistible beat announced a new era in music."[251]

In 2010, Time magazine listed Here's Little Richard as one of the 100 Greatest and Most Influential Albums of All Time.[61] Rolling Stone listed his Here's Little Richard at number fifty on the magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[252] He was ranked eighth on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[253] Rolling Stone listed three of Richard's recordings, "The Girl Can't Help It," "Long Tall Sally" and "Tutti Frutti," on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[254] Two of the latter songs and "Good Golly, Miss Molly" were listed on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[255]

The UK issue of GQ named Richard its Man of the Year in its Legend category in 2010.[106]

Richard appeared in person to receive an honorary degree from his hometown's Mercer University in May 2013.[256] The day before the doctorate of humanities degree was to be bestowed upon him, the mayor of Macon announced that one of Richard's childhood homes, an historic site, will be moved to a rejuvenated section of that city's Pleasant Hill district. It will be restored and named the Little Richard Penniman—Pleasant Hill Resource House, a meeting place where local history and artifacts will be displayed as provided by residents.[257][258][259]

In early 2019, Maggie Gonzalez, a resident of Macon, Georgia, began an online campaign proposing that a statue of Richard be erected in downtown Macon, taking the place of a Confederate memorial that currently occupies the space. Georgia law forbids the tearing down of Confederate statues, though they can be relocated; Gonzalez has proposed that it could be moved to nearby Rose Hill Cemetery.[260]

Awards

Although Richard never won a competitive Grammy, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993.[261] His album Here's Little Richard and three of his songs ("Tutti Frutti," "Lucille" and "Long Tall Sally") are inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[262]

Richard has received various awards for his key role in the formation of popular music genres.

• 1956: He received the Cashbox Triple Crown Award for "Long Tall Sally" in 1956.[263]
• 1984: He was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.
• 1986: He was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the initial class of inductees chosen for that honor.[86]
• 1990: He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
• 1994: He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation.[264]
• 1997: He received the American Music Award of Merit.[265]
• 2002: Along with Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, he was honored as one of the first group of BMI icons at the 50th Annual BMI Pop Awards.[266]
• 2002: He was inducted into the NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame.[267]
• 2003: He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
• 2006: He was inducted into the Apollo Theater Hall of Fame.[268]
• 2008: He received a star on Nashville's Music City Walk of Fame.[269]
• 2009: He was inducted to the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.[270]
• 2010: He received a plaque on the theater's Walk of Fame.[271]
• 2015: He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame.[272]
• 2015: He was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame.[273]
• 2015: He received the Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music.[203][123]
• 2019: He received the Distinguished Artist Award at the 2019 Tennessee Governor's Arts Awards.[127][126]

Discography

Studio albums

• Here's Little Richard (1957)
• Little Richard (1958)
• The Fabulous Little Richard (1958)
• Pray Along with Little Richard (1960)
• Pray Along with Little Richard (Vol 2) (1960)
• The King of the Gospel Singers (1962)
• Little Richard Is Back (And There's A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On!) (1964)
• Little Richard's Greatest Hits (1965)
• The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live! (1967)
• The Wild and Frantic Little Richard (1967)
• The Explosive Little Richard (1967)
• Little Richard's Greatest Hits: Recorded Live! (1967)
• The Rill Thing (1970)
• Mr. Big (1971)
• The King of Rock and Roll (1971)
• Friends from the Beginning – Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix (1972)
• Southern Child (1972) unreleased
• Second Coming (1972)
• Right Now! (1974)
• Talkin' 'bout Soul (1974)
• Little Richard Live (1976) all studio
• Going All The Way With Little Richard (live) (1979)
• God's Beautiful City (1979)
• Lifetime Friend (1986)
• Shake It All About (1992)
• Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka (1992)

Filmography

• The Girl Can't Help It[274] (1956), lip-syncing the title number (different version from record), "Ready Teddy" and "She's Got It"
• Don't Knock the Rock[274] (1956), lip-syncing "Long Tall Sally" and "Tutti Frutti"
• Mister Rock and Roll[274] (1957), lip-syncing "Lucille" and "Keep A-Knockin'", on original prints
• Catalina Caper[274] (aka Never Steal Anything Wet, 1967), Richard lip-syncs an original tune, "Scuba Party", still unreleased on record by 2019.
• Little Richard: Live at the Toronto Peace Festival[274] (1969) – released on DVD in 2009 by Shout! Factory
• The London Rock & Roll Show [274] (1973), performing "Lucille", "Rip It Up", "Good Golly Miss Molly", "Tutti Frutti", "I Believe" [a capella, a few lines], and "Jenny Jenny"
• Jimi Hendrix[274] (1973)
• Down and Out in Beverly Hills[274] (1986), co-starred as Orvis Goodnight and performed the production number, "Great Gosh A-Mighty"
• Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll TV Documentary (1987)
• Goddess of Love Made For TV Movie (1988)
• Purple People Eater[274] (1988)
• Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (1989) (uncredited)
• Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1990) (voice)
• Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme (1990)
• Blossom - S1E5 (1991)
• Columbo – S10E3 "Columbo and the Murder of a Rock Star" (1991) (Cameo)
• The Naked Truth[274] (1992)
• Sunset Heat[274] (aka Midnight Heat) (1992)
• James Brown: The Man, The Message, The Music TV Documentary (1992)
• Martin S1E12 "Three Men and a Mouse" as The Exterminator (1992)
• The Pickle[274] (1993)
• Last Action Hero[274] (1993)
• Full House (1994) (Cameo) – Episode: Too Little Richard Too Late
• Baywatch[274] (1995) as Maurice in Episode: The Runaways
• The Drew Carey Show (1997) (cameo) – Episode: Drewstock
• Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998)
• Mystery Alaska (1999)
• The Trumpet of the Swan (2001) (voice)
• The Simpsons (2002) (voice)
• Let the Good Times Roll (1973) featured performances and behind-the-scenes candid footage of Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Bill Haley, the Five Satins, the Shirelles, Chubby Checker, and Danny and the Juniors.[275]

References

Notes

1. Three other songs were recorded during the sessions, "Dance a Go Go" aka "Dancin' All Around the World", "You Better Stop", and "Come See About Me" (possibly an instrumental), but "You Better Stop" was not issued until 1971 and "Come See About Me" has yet to see official release.[84]

Citations

1. Eagle, Bob; LeBlanc, Eric S. (2013). Blues – A Regional Experience. Santa Barbara: Praeger Publishers. p. 275. ISBN 978-0313344237.
2. Weiner, Tim (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard, Flamboyant Wild Man of Rock 'n' Roll, Dies at 87". The New York Times.
3. Kirby 2009, p. 30.
4. White 2003, p. 21.
5. White 2003, p. 3.
6. White 2003, pp. 4–5.
7. Otfinoski 2010, p. 144.
8. White 2003, p. 7.
9. White 2003, p. 6.
10. White 2003, pp. 16–17.
11. White 2003, pp. 7–9.
12. White 2003, p. 8.
13. White 2003, p. 16.
14. White 2003, p. 18.
15. White 2003, pp. 15–17.
16. Ryan 2004, p. 77.
17. "Pop Chronicles Interviews #71 - Little Richard". 1968.
18. Seibert, David. "Ballard-Hudson Senior High School". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
19. White 2003, p. 17.
20. Ruggieri, Melissa (March 12, 2018). "Sister Rosetta Tharpe: Singer influenced key rock 'n' roll figures". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
21. Lauterbach 2011, p. 152.
22. Turner, Ike (1999). Takin' Back My Name: The Confessions of Ike Turner. Cawthorne, Nigel. London: Virgin. pp. xi. ISBN 1852278501. OCLC 43321298.
23. White 2003, pp. 21–22.
24. White 2003, p. 22: "It was the only song I knew that wasn't a church song".
25. White 2003, pp. 22–25.
26. White 2003, pp. 22–23.
27. White 2003, pp. 24–25.
28. White 2003, p. 25.
29. White 2003, p. 28.
30. White 2003, p. 29.
31. White 2003, pp. 36–38.
32. Winner, Langdon C. "Little Richard (American musician)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
33. Woods, Baynard (November 19, 2019). "Esquerita and the Voola". Oxford American. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
34. Browne, David (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard, Founding Father of Rock Who Broke Musical Barriers, Dead at 87". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
35. White 2003, pp. 38–39.
36. "Grady Gaines". Allmusic. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
37. Whiteside, Jonny (May 14, 2014). "Charles Connor: The Rock and Roll Original". LA Weekly.
38. White 2003, pp. 40–41.
39. Nite 1982, p. 390.
40. White 2003, pp. 44–47.
41. White 2003, pp. 55–56.
42. "Little Richard". Allmusic. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
43. White 2003, p. 264.
44. Du Noyer 2003, p. 14.
45. "Show 6 – Hail, Hail, Rock 'n' Roll: The rock revolution gets underway". Digital.library.unt.edu. March 16, 1969. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
46. White 2003, p. 58.
47. White 2003, pp. 74–75.
48. Pegg 2002, p. 50: "Although they still had the audiences together in the building, they were there together. And most times, before the end of the night, they would be all mixed together".
49. White 2003, pp. 82–83.
50. Bayles 1996, p. 133: "He'd be on the stage, he'd be off the stage, he'd be jumping and yelling, screaming, whipping the audience on ...".
51. White 2003, p. 70.
52. White 2003, p. 66.
53. White 2003, pp. 83–84.
54. White 2003, p. 80.
55. Myers, Marc (October 10, 2010). "Little Richard, The First". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
56. White 2003, p. 241.
57. White 2003, pp. 264–265.
58. "12th Annual Cavalcade of Jazz starring Little Richard". Los Angeles Sentinel. August 9, 1956.
59. "Stars Galore Set for Sept. Jazz Festival". The California Eagle. August 23, 1956.
60. White 2003, pp. 82.
61. Light, Alan (January 27, 2010). "Here's Little Richard | All-TIME 100 Albums". Time. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
62. White 2003, pp. 89–92.
63. White 2003, p. 91.
64. White 2003, p. 92.
65. White 2003, p. 95.
66. Miller 1996, p. 248.
67. White 2003, pp. 88–89.
68. White 2003, pp. 95–97.
69. White 2003, pp. 94–95.
70. White 2003, p. 97.
71. White 2003, p. 102: "Richard had such a unique voice and style that no one has ever matched it – even to this day".
72. White 2003, p. 103: "He sang gospel the way it should be sung. He had that primitive beat and sound that came so naturally ... the soul in his singing was not faked. It was real".
73. White 2003, p. 267.
74. White 2003, p. 119.
75. White 2003, p. 112.
76. Winn 2008, p. 12.
77. Steen, Håkan (March 26, 2018). "Håkan Steen: Tack så mycket för liret "Jerka"" [Håkan Steen: Thanks so much for the jive "Jenka"]. Aftonbladet. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
78. Harry 2000, p. 600.
79. White 2003, p. 121.
80. White 2003, p. 248.
81. McDermott 2009, p. 13.
82. Havers, Richard; Evans, Richard (2010). The Golden Age of Rock 'N' Roll. Chartwell Books. p. 126. ISBN 978-0785826255.
83. McDermott 2009, p. 12: Hendrix recording with Penniman; Shadwick 2003, pp. 56–57: "I Don't Know What You Got (But It's Got Me)" recorded in New York City.
84. Shadwick 2003, p. 57.
85. Shadwick 2003, pp. 56–60.
86. "Little Richard". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 1986. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
87. White 2003, pp. 253–255.
88. White 2003, pp. 268–269.
89. Dalton, David (May 28, 1970). "Little Richard: Child of God". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
90. "Religion and Rock and Roll", Joel Martin Show, WBAB 102.3 FM, NY. Guests: Harry Hepcat and Little Richard, August 16, 1981.
91. Gulla 2008, p. 41.
92. White 2003, p. 132.
93. White 2003, p. 133.
94. Gulla 2008, pp. 41–42.
95. White 2003, p. 168.
96. "New York Beat". Jet. Vol. 44 no. 15. Johnson Publishing Company. July 5, 1973. p. 62.
97. Betts, Graham (2004). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952–2004 (1st ed.). London: Collins. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-00-717931-2.
98. White 2003, p. 201.
99. "Little Richard Files Suit To Claim Lost Royalties". Ocala Star-Banner. August 17, 1984. p. 2. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
100. "Inside Track". Billboard. Vol. 98 no. 20. May 17, 1986. p. 84.
101. "Michael Jackson's mom played role in business – Entertainment – Celebrities". Today. Associated Press. August 5, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
102. "Little Richard Biography". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
103. White 2003, p. 221.
104. White 2003, p. 273.
105. Little Richard at IMDb
106. Chalmers 2012.
107. Mahon 2004, p. 151.
108. Rodman 1996, p. 46.
109. "Little Richard denies claims of poor health". The Guardian. May 4, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
110. "The Unlikely Titan of Advertising". CBS News. February 14, 2007.
111. "Singers Aid a Charity and The Man Who Runs It". September 10, 2008.
112. Doyle, Patrick (June 17, 2012). "Little Richard Tears Through Raucous Set in Washington, D.C. | Music News". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
113. "Little Richard in concert". GoPensacola.com. October 28, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
114. "Photos: Little Richard headlines at Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekend at The Orleans". Las Vegas Sun. April 1, 2013. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
115. Strauss, Neil (September 12, 2013). "Little Richard's Long Goodbye". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
116. Knott, Lucky (May 10, 2020). "Music Icon Little Richard Died in His Sleep on Saturday in Tullahoma". On Target News.com.
117. Blaustein, David (August 1, 2014). "Will 'Get On Up' Make You Stand Up and Cheer?". ABC News.
118. McCarver, Mark (August 1, 2014). "James Brown's biopic 'Get On Up' takes huge risks with mixed results". Baltimore Post-Examiner.
119. "These Are The Best Parts Of 'Get On Up'". The Huffington Post. August 1, 2014.
120. "Get on Up (2014)". IMDb. August 1, 2014.
121. Witheridge, Annette (August 2, 2014). "My mate the sex machine: Mick Jagger on his movie about his 'inspiration' James Brown". Mirror.
122. "Nashville's African American Music Museum To Honor Little Richard, CeCe Winans : MusicRow – Nashville's Music Industry Publication – News, Songs From Music City". Musicrow.com. June 17, 2015. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
123. Thanki, Juli (June 19, 2015). "Little Richard, Cece Winans, more honored in Nashville". The Tennessean. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
124. "NMAAM Hosted Successful 2016 My Music Matters™: A Celebration of Legends Luncheon". National Museum of African American Music. May 11, 2016. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
125. "3 Angels Broadcasting Network: Little Richard 2017". September 6, 2017.
126. "2019 Tennessee Governor's Arts Awards". Knoxnews.com. October 24, 2019. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
127. "Bobby Karl Works The Room: The Tennessee Governor's Arts Awards". MusicRow. October 25, 2019. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
128. White 2003, pp. 70–74.
129. White 2003, pp. 84–85.
130. White 2003, pp. 99–101.
131. White 2003, p. 105.
132. Merchant, Christopher (August 28, 2014). "Little Richard's Cadillac struck in Murfreesboro crash". The Tennessean. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
133. White 2003, p. 9.
134. "Life Story of Rock 'n' Roll Legend Little Richard Told in NBC Movie". Jet. Vol. 97 no. 11. Johnson Publishing Company. February 2000. pp. 63–65.
135. White 2003, p. 10.
136. White 2003, p. 41.
137. Collier 1984, p. 60.
138. White 2003, p. 70–71.
139. Gulla 2008, p. 36.
140. Ramsey, David (December 11, 2015). "Prayers for Richard". Oxford American. Little Rock AR. Retrieved May 9, 2020. Or offer up their own: a Little Richard concert in Baltimore in 1956 is supposedly the first incident of female fans throwing their underwear onstage ("a shower of panties," a bandmate remembered).
141. White 1984, p. 66. "Charles Connor:... After that it happened lots of places we played. The girls would actually take their panties off and throw them at the bandstand. A shower of panties!"
142. White 2003, p. 70-71.
143. White 2003, pp. 100–101.
144. Moser 2007, p. 137.
145. Late Night with David Letterman. Season 1. May 4, 1982. NBC.
146. "Tutti Frutti tops world-changing hit list". Breakingnews.ie. May 16, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
147. Ring, Trudy (October 6, 2017). "Little Richard, Once Gay, Is Now Antigay — Again". The Advocate. San Francisco, California: Here Media. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
148. White 2003, p. .
149. White 2003, pp. 187–189.
150. Collier 1984, p. 60: "I used to have standards in my life and I lost all of that".
151. Collier 1984, p. 60: "I was one of the biggest cocaine addicts, smoking it, snorting it and whatever cocaine could do, I did".
152. White 2003, p. 188.
153. White 2003, p. 186.
154. "Little Richard Forsakes Rock 'n' Roll For Religion". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. August 17, 1979. p. 13. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
155. Gilliland 1969, show 14, track 4.
156. White 2003, pp. 203–214.
157. "Little Richard Weds 20 Couples". Contactmusic.com. December 19, 2006. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
158. Havers 2010, p. 127.
159. "Fats Domino Makes Rare Concert Appearance". abclocal.go.com. 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
160. "Little Richard Tells Cee Lo About Recent Heart Attack". Rolling Stone. September 30, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
161. Three Angels Broadcasting Network (September 6, 2017). "Interview with 'Little Richard'" – via YouTube.
162. Three Angels Broadcasting Network (October 19, 2017). "Little Richard 2017" – via YouTube.
163. Collin Dorsey (October 7, 2017). "Little Richard's First TV News Interview in Over Two Decades" – via YouTube.
164. White 2003, p. 219.
165. Kirby 2009, p. 192.
166. "Weekend of Legends". Jambase.com. June 13, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
167. Browne, David (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard, Founding Father of Rock Who Broke Musical Barriers, Dead at 87". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
168. Greene, Andy (May 3, 2016). "Little Richard Denies Near-Death Rumors: 'I'm Still Singing'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
169. "Little Richard denies claims that he's 'clinging to life'". The Guardian. May 4, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
170. "'Architect of rock 'n' roll' Little Richard dies at age 87, Rolling Stone says". National Post. May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
171. Alaa Elassar (May 9, 2020). "'Play the keys among the stars now': Celebrities pay tribute to Little Richard | CTV News". Ctvnews.ca. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
172. Cromelin, Richard (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard, flamboyant rocker who fused gospel fervor and R&B sexuality, dies at 87". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
173. Goldstein, Joelle; Fernandez, Alexia (May 9, 2020). "Legendary Rock and Roll Musician Little Richard Died of Bone Cancer at 87". People. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
174. Leopold, Todd. "Little Richard dies: Flamboyant rock legend was 87". Cnn.com. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
175. "Bob Dylan pays moving tribute to Little Richard: 'He was my shining star'". The Independent. May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
176. "Paul McCartney: I owe a lot of what I do to Little Richard and his style". The Irish News. May 10, 2020.
177. Kreps, Daniel (May 9, 2020). "Mick Jagger Pays Tribute to 'Biggest Inspiration' Little Richard". Rolling Stone.
178. Browne, David (May 9, 2020). "John Fogerty Remembers Little Richard: 'The Greatest Rock Singer of All Time'". Rolling Stone.
179. Kreps, Daniel (May 9, 2020). "Elton John on Little Richard: 'A True Legend, Icon and a Force of Nature'". Rolling Stone.
180. Spanos, Brittany (May 9, 2020). "Lenny Kravitz on Little Richard: 'His Music Sounds Just as Fresh and Powerful Today'". Rolling Stone.
181. Grow, Kory (May 9, 2020). "John Waters on Little Richard: 'He Was the First Punk. He Was the First Everything'". Rolling Stone.
182. Hall, Kristin (May 15, 2020). "Little Richard to be buries at historically black college". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
183. "Jagger, Dylan, Quincy Jones react to death of Little Richard". The Associated Press. May 9, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
184. "Little Richard | Songwriters Hall of Fame". www.songhall.org. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
185. Gulla 2008, p. 27-28.
186. Campbell 2011, p. 180.
187. Campbell 2008, pp. 168–169.
188. Erlewine & Harris 2020, "Tutti-Frutti" (1955).
189. Erlewine & Harris 2020.
190. Browne, David (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard, Founding Father of Rock Who Broke Musical Barriers, Dead at 87". Rolling Stone.
191. McArdle, Terence (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard, flamboyant star of early rock-and-roll, dies at 87". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
192. Campbell & Brody 2007, p. 115.
193. Campbell & Brody 2007, p. 117.
194. White 2003, p. 231.
195. White 2003, p. 228.
196. "Sam Cooke – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
197. Palmer 2011, p. 139.
198. "Top 10 Greatest Little Richard Songs Of All Time - Vote Now! uDiscover". Udiscovermusic.com. October 24, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
199. Erlewine & Harris 2020, "Freedom Blues" (1970). "His influence is incalculable. The Beatles learned their ecstatic falsetto shouts from him; James Brown said he was "the first to put the funk in rhythm." In his yearbook, Bob Dylan listed that his ambition was "to join Little Richard," and nine-year-old David Bowie bought a saxophone hoping to do that as well."
200. Lhamon, W.T. (1985). "Little Richard as a Folk Performer". Studies in Popular Culture. 8 (2): 7–17. ISSN 0888-5753. JSTOR 23412946.
201. "Little Richard – Great Gosh A'mighty". Eagle Rock. August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2009 – via YouTube.
202. Gulla 2008, p. 27.
203. "My Music Matters: A Celebration of Legends Luncheon". National Museum of African American Music. June 19, 2015. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
204. White 2003, p. 69.
205. White 2003, pp. 68–70.
206. Simmons, Sylvie (August 2004). "Last night a record changed my life". Mojo. No. 129. p. 30.
207. 100 Greatest Singers: 12 – Little Richard, Rolling Stone.
208. Merlis 2002, foreword.
209. "Midstate residents who knew James Brown hope new movie gets it right". The Telegraph. July 26, 2014. Archived from the original on July 27, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
210. Gulla 2008, p. 398.
211. Guralnick 1999, pp. 164–166.
212. Collis 2003, foreword.
213. Shelton 2003, p. 39.
214. Murray 1989, p. 39.
215. "Bob Seger: Influences". Retrieved December 20, 2012.
216. Margolis, Lynne (May 28, 2013). "John Fogerty: The Extended Interview". American Songwriter. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
217. Herron, Martin (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson saved my life". Scarborough Evening News. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
218. "Floridian: Prince and the evolution". Sptimes.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2004. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
219. Hudak, Joseph (December 3, 2010). "Little Richard – 100 Greatest Singers". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
220. White 2003, pp. 125–126.
221. Ewbank 2010, p. 55.
222. Mulhern, Tom (July 1990). "Paul McCartney". Guitar Player. Vol. 24 no. 7. p. 33.
223. Miles, Barry (1998). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 24. ISBN 978-0805052497.
224. Harry 2002, p. 509.
225. Krerowicz, Aaron (March 14, 2014). "The Influence of Little Richard on the Beatles". www.aronkrerowicz.com. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
226. "Beatles accept award Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions 1988". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. January 28, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2012 – via YouTube.
227. White 2003, p. 227.
228. Ewbank 2005, p. 7: "He also had an impact on the young Rod Stewart: 'I remember trying to sound like Little Richard'".
229. "The Facts In The Early Life Of Robert Plant". Society of Rock.
230. White 2003, p. 228: "After hearing Little Richard on record, I bought a saxophone and came into the music business. Little Richard was my inspiration".
231. Doggett 2007.
232. Blackwell 2004, p. 65: "when I saw Little Richard standing on top of the piano, all the stage lights, sequins and energy, I decided then and there that I wanted to be a rock and roll piano player".
233. Hodkinson 2004, p. 61.
234. Male, Andrew (November 26, 2013). "Little Richard: Lou Reed's Rock'n'roll Hero". Mojo. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
235. "The New Inquiry". Retrieved October 7, 2013.
236. White 2003, p. 230: Jon Lord – "There would have been no Deep Purple if there had been no Little Richard".
237. "Motorhead's Lemmy Says Little Richard Should Be Golden God". ArtisanNewsService. May 6, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2012 – via YouTube.
238. "The 'Lost' Malcolm Young Interview: AC/DC in 2003". Billboard. November 20, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
239. "AC/DC Guitarist Angus Young Remembers Bon Scott – "When I Think Back in Hindsight, He Was A Guy That I Always Knew Was Full of Life"". Bravewords.com. Retrieved September 16, 2012.
240. "Angus Young". Retrieved December 20, 2012.
241. Jake 2013, p. 37.
242. Sanneh, Kelefa (December 3, 2000). "Rappers Who Definitely Know How to Rock". The New York Times.
243. Caramanica, Jon (September 24, 2003). "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
244. "Bruno Mars: 99 reasons why he's the biggest pop star in the world". National Post. December 12, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
245. "Critic's Notebook: Bruno Mars in Ascension". The New York Times. October 6, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
246. "Grunge Pioneer Chris Cornell Tries Neo Soul". npr.org.
247. "Little Richard Penniman Boulevard". MaconMusicTrail.com. Visit Macon. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
248. "Rocklist.net ... Mojo Lists". Retrieved March 4, 2012.
249. "Little Richard - Tutti Frutti Tops World-Changing Hit List". Contactmusic.com. May 16, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
250. "500 Greatest Albums: Here's Little Richard". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 8, 2012.
251. National Recording Preservation Board (2009). "The Full National Recording Registry". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
252. "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Here's Little Richard". Rolling Stone. May 31, 2012. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
253. "100 Greatest Artists: Little Richard". Rolling Stone. December 3, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
254. "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
255. "Experience The Music: One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
256. "Little Richard Bestowed Honorary Degree at Mercer University". WMAZ.com. May 11, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
257. "Little Richard's boyhood home to be moved". Associated Press. May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
258. "State to buy Little Richard's house". The Telegraph. May 10, 2013. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
259. "Good golly: DOT will relocate Little Richard's boyhood home". 11alive.com. May 13, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
260. "Woman seeks to replace Confederate statue in downtown Macon with Little Richard". 13WMAZ.com. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
261. "Lifetime Awards". Grammy.com. August 5, 2013. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
262. "GRAMMY Hall of Fame". Grammy.org. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
263. "Little Richard: Awards". March 4, 2013.
264. "R&B Foundation Honors Little Richard, Others". Orlando Sentinel. March 4, 1994. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
265. "Music Awards Show To Fete Little Richard". Chicago Tribune. January 3, 1997.
266. "BMI ICON Awards Honor Three of Rock & Roll's Founding Fathers". bmi.com. June 30, 2002. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
267. "Hall of Fame Inductee: Little Richard". Variety.com. February 21, 2002. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
268. "Apollo's new legends inducted". Caribbeanlifenews.com. Caribbean Life. June 13, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
269. "Inductee Information to the Music City Walk of Fame". Visitmusiccity.com. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
270. "Little Richard 2009". Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
271. "Quincy Jones, Patty LaBelle, Gladys Knight and More Honored as New York's Apollo Theater Unveils Walk of Fame". May 11, 2010. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
272. "Eric Clapton, Little Richard and Tommy Brown named 2015 Blues Hall of Fame Inductees". Classicalite. February 24, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
273. "Timeline Photos – Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame Museum". Facebook. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
274. "Little Richard". BFI. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
275. "Let the Good Times Roll (1973)". International Movie Database. Retrieved October 1, 2011.

General sources

• Bayles, Martha (1996). Hole in Our Soul: The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-03959-6.
• Blackwell, Roger (2004). Brands That Rock: What Business Leaders Can Learn from the World of Rock and Roll (Google eBook). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-45517-2.
• Campbell, Michael (2008). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On (First ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-50530-3.
• Campbell, Michael (2011). Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes On. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-840-02976-8.
• Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (2007). Rock and Roll: An Introduction. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-64295-2.
• Chalmers, Robert (March 29, 2012). "GQ Legend: Little Richard". GQ Magazine. Condé Nast. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
• Collier, Aldore (November 26, 1984). "Little Richard Tells Us How He Got What He Wanted But Lost What He Had". Jet. Vol. 67 no. 12. pp. 60–63. ISSN 0021-5996.
• Collis, John (2003). Ike Turner: King of Rhythm. Do-Not. ISBN 978-1-904316-24-4.
• Doggett, Peter (January 2007). "Teenage Wildlife". Mojo Classic.
• Du Noyer, Paul (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music (1st ed.). London: Flame Tree Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904041-96-2.
• Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Harris, Keith (May 9, 2020). "Little Richard: 20 Essential Songs". Rolling Stone.
• Ewbank, Tim (2010). Cliff: An Intimate Portrait. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-3610-0.
• Ewbank, Tim (2005). Rod Stewart: The New Biography. Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-2644-7.
• Gilliland, John (1969). "Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock 'n' roll in the late fifties" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
• Guralnick, Peter (1999). Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-33273-6. OCLC 41950519.
• Gulla, Bob (2008). Icons of R&B and Soul: An Encyclopedia of the Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34044-4.
• Havers, Richard (2010). The Golden Age of Rock 'n' Roll. Book Sales Inc. ISBN 978-0-7858-2625-5.
• Harry, Bill (2000). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated. London: Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0481-9.
• Harry, Bill (2002). The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia. Virgin. ISBN 978-0-7535-0716-2.
• Hodkinson, Mark (2004). Queen: The Early Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-1-84449-012-7.
• Jake, Brown (2013). Ac/Dc in the Studio. John Blake Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78219-677-8.
• Kirby, David (2009). Little Richard: The Birth of Rock 'n' Roll. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-2965-0.
• Lauterbach, Preston (2011). The Chitlin' Circuit: And the Road to Rock 'n' Roll. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-393-08225-8.
• Mahon, Maurice (2004). Right to Rock: The Black Rock Coalition and the Cultural Politics of Race. Duke University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8223-3317-3.
• McDermott, John (2009). Ultimate Hendrix: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Live Concerts and Sessions. BackBeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-938-1.
• Merlis, Bob (2002). Heart and Soul – A Celebration of Black Music Style in America: 1930–1975. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-8314-5.
• Miller, Zell (1996). They Heard Georgia Singing – Little Richard (Richard Penniman). Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-504-5.
• Moser, Margaret (2007). Rock Stars Do The Dumbest Things. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4299-7838-5.
• Murray, Charles (1989). Crosstown Traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the Rock 'n' Roll Revolution (First US ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06324-5.
• Nite, Norm N. (1982). Rock on: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock N' Roll / Vol. 1, The solid gold years. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-181642-0.
• Otfinoski, Steven (2010). African Americans in the Performing Arts. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7838-7.
• Palmer, Robert (2011). Blues & Chaos: The Music Writing of Robert Palmer. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-9974-6.
• Pegg, Bruce (2002). Brown Eyed Handsome Man: The Life and Hard Times of Chuck Berry: An Unauthorized Biography. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93748-1.
• Rodman, Gilbert (1996). Elvis after Elvis: the posthumous career of a living legend. Psychology Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-415-11002-0.
• Ryan, Marc (2004). Trumpet Records: Diamonds on Farish Street. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-61703-525-8.
• Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix: Musician. BackBeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-764-6.
• Shelton, Robert (2003). No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81287-3.
• White, Charles (1984). "Tutti Frutti". The life and times of Little Richard: the quasar of rock. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0517554984. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
• White, Charles (2003). The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorized Press. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80552-3.
• Winn, John (2008). Way Beyond Compare: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume One, 1957–1965. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-45157-6.

Further reading

• Berry, Jason (2009). Up from the Cradle of Jazz: New Orleans Music since World War II. University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press. ISBN 978-1-887366-87-8.
• Bowman, Rob (1997). Soulsville U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records. Schirmer Trade. ISBN 978-0-8256-7284-2. OCLC 36824884.
• Brown, Geoff (2002). Otis Redding: Try a Little Tenderness. Canongate U.S. ISBN 978-1-84195-316-8.
• Henderson, David (2008). 'Scuse Me While I Kiss the Sky: Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3434-1.
• Hinckley, David (1995). The Rolling Stones: Black & White Blues. Turner Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-57036-150-0.
• MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (3rd (2007) ed.). Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
• Weidman, Rich (2011). The Doors FAQ: All That's Left to Know about the Kings of Acid Rock. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-1-61713-110-3.

External links

• Little Richard at AllMusic
• Little Richard at IMDb
• Little Richard discography at Discogs
• "Little Richard". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
• Little Richard interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
• Little Richard Booking Agency