Living prime ministers of the United Kingdom

This is a chronological list of all those who served as British prime minister and were still living at different periods in history.

There have been four periods when there was only one living prime minister, starting with the appointment (1721) of Robert Walpole, and more recently during the second term of William Ewart Gladstone upon the death (1881) of Benjamin Disraeli.

There have been eleven periods when six living current or former prime ministers co-existed,[lower-alpha 1] with the longest being a nine-year period beginning with the first appointment (1834) of Robert Peel. The most recent period is ongoing since July 2019, when Boris Johnson was appointed prime minister; his five living predecessors are John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron and Theresa May. There has been one period (1754) with no living prime minister, a period of ten days that spanned the death of Henry Pelham on 6 March and the appointment of the Duke of Newcastle.[lower-alpha 2]

If one were to include future prime ministers, there was one period when nineteen had co-existed .

Timeline of living prime ministers

Colour key:	Whig	Tory	Conservative	Peelite	Liberal	Labour

Number of prime ministers alive at each date in British history

Start	End	Start event	Interval	End event	Living PMs
3 Apr 1721	16 Feb 1742	Appointment of Robert Walpole	20 years, 319 days	Appointment of Lord Wilmington	1	Walpole
16 Feb 1742	2 Jul 1743	Appointment of Lord Wilmington	1 year, 136 days	Death of Lord Wilmington	2	Walpole Wilmington
2 Jul 1743	27 Aug 1743	Death of Lord Wilmington	56 days	Appointment of Henry Pelham	1	Walpole
27 Aug 1743	18 Mar 1745	Appointment of Henry Pelham	1 year, 203 days	Death of Robert Walpole	2	Walpole Pelham
18 Mar 1745	6 Mar 1754	Death of Robert Walpole	8 years, 353 days	Death of Henry Pelham	1	Pelham
6 Mar 1754	16 Mar 1754	Death of Henry Pelham	10 days	Appointment of the Duke of Newcastle	0	None
16 Mar 1754	16 Nov 1756	Appointment of the Duke of Newcastle	2 years, 245 days	Appointment of the Duke of Devonshire	1	Newcastle
16 Nov 1756	26 May 1762	Appointment of the Duke of Devonshire	5 years, 191 days	Appointment of Lord Bute	2	Newcastle Devonshire
26 May 1762	16 Apr 1763	Appointment of Lord Bute	325 days	Appointment of George Grenville	3	Newcastle Devonshire Bute
16 Apr 1763	2 Oct 1764	Appointment of George Grenville	1 year, 169 days	Death of the Duke of Devonshire	4	Newcastle Devonshire Bute G. Grenville
2 Oct 1764	13 Jul 1765	Death of the Duke of Devonshire	284 days	Appointment of Lord Rockingham	3	Newcastle Bute G. Grenville
13 Jul 1765	30 Jul 1766	Appointment of Lord Rockingham	1 year, 17 days	Appointment of William Pitt the Elder	4	Newcastle Bute G. Grenville Rockingham
30 Jul 1766	14 Oct 1768	Appointment of William Pitt the Elder	2 years, 76 days	Appointment of the Duke of Grafton	5	Newcastle Bute G. Grenville Rockingham Pitt the Elder
14 Oct 1768	17 Nov 1768	Appointment of the Duke of Grafton	34 days	Death of the Duke of Newcastle	6	Newcastle Bute G. Grenville Rockingham Pitt the Elder Grafton
17 Nov 1768	28 Jan 1770	Death of the Duke of Newcastle	1 year, 72 days	Appointment of Lord North	5	Bute G. Grenville Rockingham Pitt the Elder Grafton
28 Jan 1770	13 Nov 1770	Appointment of Lord North	289 days	Death of George Grenville	6	Bute G. Grenville Rockingham Pitt the Elder Grafton North
13 Nov 1770	11 May 1778	Death of George Grenville	7 years, 179 days	Death of William Pitt the Elder	5	Bute Rockingham Pitt the Elder Grafton North
11 May 1778	1 Jul 1782	Death of William Pitt the Elder	4 years, 51 days	Death of Lord Rockingham	4	Bute Rockingham Grafton North
1 Jul 1782	4 Jul 1782	Death of Lord Rockingham	3 days	Appointment of Lord Shelburne	3	Bute Grafton North
4 Jul 1782	2 Apr 1783	Appointment of Lord Shelburne	272 days	Appointment of the Duke of Portland	4	Bute Grafton North Shelburne
2 Apr 1783	19 Dec 1783	Appointment of the Duke of Portland	261 days	Appointment of William Pitt the Younger	5	Bute Grafton North Shelburne Portland
19 Dec 1783	10 Mar 1792	Appointment of William Pitt the Younger	8 years, 82 days	Death of Lord Bute	6	Bute Grafton North Shelburne Portland Pitt the Younger
10 Mar 1792	5 Aug 1792	Death of Lord Bute	148 days	Death of Lord North	5	Grafton North Shelburne Portland Pitt the Younger
5 Aug 1792	17 Mar 1801	Death of Lord North	8 years, 224 days	Appointment of Henry Addington	4	Grafton Shelburne Portland Pitt the Younger
17 Mar 1801	7 May 1805	Appointment of Henry Addington	4 years, 51 days	Death of Lord Shelburne	5	Grafton Shelburne Portland Pitt the Younger Addington
7 May 1805	23 Jan 1806	Death of Lord Shelburne	261 days	Death of William Pitt the Younger	4	Grafton Portland Pitt the Younger Addington
23 Jan 1806	11 Feb 1806	Death of William Pitt the Younger	19 days	Appointment of Lord Grenville	3	Grafton Portland Addington
11 Feb 1806	4 Oct 1809	Appointment of Lord Grenville	3 years, 235 days	Appointment of Spencer Perceval	4	Grafton Portland Addington Ld Grenville
4 Oct 1809	30 Oct 1809	Appointment of Spencer Perceval	26 days	Death of the Duke of Portland	5	Grafton Portland Addington Ld Grenville Perceval
30 Oct 1809	14 Mar 1811	Death of the Duke of Portland	1 year, 135 days	Death of the Duke of Grafton	4	Grafton Addington Ld Grenville Perceval
14 Mar 1811	11 May 1812	Death of the Duke of Grafton	1 year, 58 days	Assassination of Spencer Perceval	3	Addington Ld Grenville Perceval
11 May 1812	8 Jun 1812	Assassination of Spencer Perceval	28 days	Appointment of Lord Liverpool	2	Addington Ld Grenville
8 Jun 1812	12 Apr 1827	Appointment of Lord Liverpool	14 years, 308 days	Appointment of George Canning	3	Addington Ld Grenville Liverpool
12 Apr 1827	8 Aug 1827	Appointment of George Canning	118 days	Death of George Canning	4	Addington Ld Grenville Liverpool Canning
8 Aug 1827	31 Aug 1827	Death of George Canning	23 days	Appointment of Lord Goderich	3	Addington Ld Grenville Liverpool
31 Aug 1827	22 Jan 1828	Appointment of Lord Goderich	144 days	Appointment of the Duke of Wellington	4	Addington Ld Grenville Liverpool Goderich
22 Jan 1828	4 Dec 1828	Appointment of the Duke of Wellington	317 days	Death of Lord Liverpool	5	Addington Ld Grenville Liverpool Goderich Wellington
4 Dec 1828	22 Nov 1830	Death of Lord Liverpool	1 year, 353 days	Appointment of Lord Grey	4	Addington Ld Grenville Goderich Wellington
22 Nov 1830	12 Jan 1834	Appointment of Lord Grey	3 years, 51 days	Death of Lord Grenville	5	Addington Ld Grenville Goderich Wellington Grey
12 Jan 1834	16 Jul 1834	Death of Lord Grenville	185 days	Appointment of Lord Melbourne	4	Addington Goderich Wellington Grey
16 Jul 1834	10 Dec 1834	Appointment of Lord Melbourne	147 days	Appointment of Robert Peel	5	Addington Goderich Wellington Grey Melbourne
10 Dec 1834	15 Feb 1844	Appointment of Robert Peel	9 years, 67 days	Death of Henry Addington	6	Addington Goderich Wellington Grey Melbourne Peel
15 Feb 1844	17 Jul 1845	Death of Henry Addington	1 year, 152 days	Death of Lord Grey	5	Goderich Wellington Grey Melbourne Peel
17 Jul 1845	30 Jun 1846	Death of Lord Grey	348 days	Appointment of Lord John Russell	4	Goderich Wellington Melbourne Peel
30 Jun 1846	24 Nov 1848	Appointment of Lord John Russell	2 years, 147 days	Death of Lord Melbourne	5	Goderich Wellington Melbourne Peel Russell
24 Nov 1848	2 Jul 1850	Death of Lord Melbourne	1 year, 220 days	Death of Robert Peel	4	Goderich Wellington Peel Russell
2 Jul 1850	23 Feb 1852	Death of Robert Peel	1 year, 236 days	Appointment of Lord Derby	3	Goderich Wellington Russell
23 Feb 1852	14 Sep 1852	Appointment of Lord Derby	204 days	Death of the Duke of Wellington	4	Goderich Wellington Russell Derby
14 Sep 1852	19 Dec 1852	Death of the Duke of Wellington	96 days	Appointment of Lord Aberdeen	3	Goderich Russell Derby
19 Dec 1852	6 Feb 1855	Appointment of Lord Aberdeen	2 years, 49 days	Appointment of Lord Palmerston	4	Goderich Russell Derby Aberdeen
6 Feb 1855	28 Jan 1859	Appointment of Lord Palmerston	3 years, 356 days	Death of Lord Goderich	5	Goderich Russell Derby Aberdeen Palmerston
28 Jan 1859	14 Dec 1860	Death of Lord Goderich	1 year, 321 days	Death of Lord Aberdeen	4	Russell Derby Aberdeen Palmerston
14 Dec 1860	18 Oct 1865	Death of Lord Aberdeen	4 years, 308 days	Death of Lord Palmerston	3	Russell Derby Palmerston
18 Oct 1865	27 Feb 1868	Death of Lord Palmerston	2 years, 132 days	Appointment of Benjamin Disraeli	2	Russell Derby
27 Feb 1868	3 Dec 1868	Appointment of Benjamin Disraeli	280 days	Appointment of William Ewart Gladstone	3	Russell Derby Disraeli
3 Dec 1868	23 Oct 1869	Appointment of William Ewart Gladstone	324 days	Death of Lord Derby	4	Russell Derby Disraeli Gladstone
23 Oct 1869	28 May 1878	Death of Lord Derby	8 years, 217 days	Death of Lord John Russell	3	Russell Disraeli Gladstone
28 May 1878	19 Apr 1881	Death of Lord John Russell	2 years, 326 days	Death of Benjamin Disraeli	2	Disraeli Gladstone
19 Apr 1881	23 Jun 1885	Death of Benjamin Disraeli	4 years, 65 days	Appointment of Lord Salisbury	1	Gladstone
23 Jun 1885	5 Mar 1894	Appointment of Lord Salisbury	8 years, 255 days	Appointment of Lord Rosebery	2	Gladstone Salisbury
5 Mar 1894	19 May 1898	Appointment of Lord Rosebery	4 years, 75 days	Death of William Ewart Gladstone	3	Gladstone Salisbury Rosebery
19 May 1898	12 Jul 1902	Death of William Ewart Gladstone	4 years, 54 days	Appointment of Arthur Balfour	2	Salisbury Rosebery
12 Jul 1902	22 Aug 1903	Appointment of Arthur Balfour	1 year, 41 days	Death of Lord Salisbury	3	Salisbury Rosebery Balfour
22 Aug 1903	5 Dec 1905	Death of Lord Salisbury	2 years, 105 days	Appointment of Henry Campbell-Bannerman	2	Rosebery Balfour
5 Dec 1905	5 Apr 1908	Appointment of Henry Campbell-Bannerman	2 years, 122 days	Appointment of H. H. Asquith	3	Rosebery Balfour Campbell-Bannerman
5 Apr 1908	22 Apr 1908	Appointment of H. H. Asquith	17 days	Death of Henry Campbell-Bannerman	4	Rosebery Balfour Campbell-Bannerman Asquith
22 Apr 1908	6 Dec 1916	Death of Henry Campbell-Bannerman	8 years, 228 days	Appointment of David Lloyd George	3	Rosebery Balfour Asquith
6 Dec 1916	23 Oct 1922	Appointment of David Lloyd George	5 years, 321 days	Appointment of Bonar Law	4	Rosebery Balfour Asquith Lloyd George
23 Oct 1922	22 May 1923	Appointment of Bonar Law	211 days	Appointment of Stanley Baldwin	5	Rosebery Balfour Asquith Lloyd George Law
22 May 1923	30 Oct 1923	Appointment of Stanley Baldwin	161 days	Death of Bonar Law	6	Rosebery Balfour Asquith Lloyd George Law Baldwin
30 Oct 1923	22 Jan 1924	Death of Bonar Law	84 days	Appointment of Ramsay MacDonald	5	Rosebery Balfour Asquith Lloyd George Baldwin
22 Jan 1924	15 Feb 1928	Appointment of Ramsay MacDonald	4 years, 24 days	Death of H. H. Asquith	6	Rosebery Balfour Asquith Lloyd George Baldwin MacDonald
15 Feb 1928	21 May 1929	Death of H. H. Asquith	1 year, 95 days	Death of Lord Rosebery	5	Rosebery Balfour Lloyd George Baldwin MacDonald
21 May 1929	19 Mar 1930	Death of Lord Rosebery	302 days	Death of Arthur Balfour	4	Balfour Lloyd George Baldwin MacDonald
19 Mar 1930	28 May 1937	Death of Arthur Balfour	7 years, 70 days	Appointment of Neville Chamberlain	3	Lloyd George Baldwin MacDonald
28 May 1937	9 Nov 1937	Appointment of Neville Chamberlain	165 days	Death of Ramsay MacDonald	4	Lloyd George Baldwin MacDonald Chamberlain
9 Nov 1937	10 May 1940	Death of Ramsay MacDonald	2 years, 183 days	Appointment of Winston Churchill	3	Lloyd George Baldwin Chamberlain
10 May 1940	9 Nov 1940	Appointment of Winston Churchill	183 days	Death of Neville Chamberlain	4	Lloyd George Baldwin Chamberlain Churchill
9 Nov 1940	26 Mar 1945	Death of Neville Chamberlain	4 years, 137 days	Death of David Lloyd George	3	Lloyd George Baldwin Churchill
26 Mar 1945	26 Jul 1945	Death of David Lloyd George	122 days	Appointment of Clement Attlee	2	Baldwin Churchill
26 Jul 1945	14 Dec 1947	Appointment of Clement Attlee	2 years, 141 days	Death of Stanley Baldwin	3	Baldwin Churchill Attlee
14 Dec 1947	6 Apr 1955	Death of Stanley Baldwin	7 years, 113 days	Appointment of Anthony Eden	2	Churchill Attlee
6 Apr 1955	10 Jan 1957	Appointment of Anthony Eden	1 year, 279 days	Appointment of Harold Macmillan	3	Churchill Attlee Eden
10 Jan 1957	19 Oct 1963	Appointment of Harold Macmillan	6 years, 282 days	Appointment of Lord Home	4	Churchill Attlee Eden Macmillan
19 Oct 1963	16 Oct 1964	Appointment of Lord Home	363 days	Appointment of Harold Wilson	5	Churchill Attlee Eden Macmillan Home
16 Oct 1964	24 Jan 1965	Appointment of Harold Wilson	100 days	Death of Winston Churchill	6	Churchill Attlee Eden Macmillan Home Wilson
24 Jan 1965	8 Oct 1967	Death of Winston Churchill	2 years, 257 days	Death of Clement Attlee	5	Attlee Eden Macmillan Home Wilson
8 Oct 1967	19 Jun 1970	Death of Clement Attlee	2 years, 254 days	Appointment of Edward Heath	4	Eden Macmillan Home Wilson
19 Jun 1970	5 Apr 1976	Appointment of Edward Heath	5 years, 291 days	Appointment of James Callaghan	5	Eden Macmillan Home Wilson Heath
5 Apr 1976	14 Jan 1977	Appointment of James Callaghan	284 days	Death of Anthony Eden	6	Eden Macmillan Home Wilson Heath Callaghan
14 Jan 1977	4 May 1979	Death of Anthony Eden	2 years, 110 days	Appointment of Margaret Thatcher	5	Macmillan Home Wilson Heath Callaghan
4 May 1979	29 Dec 1986	Appointment of Margaret Thatcher	7 years, 239 days	Death of Harold Macmillan	6	Macmillan Home Wilson Heath Callaghan Thatcher
29 Dec 1986	28 Nov 1990	Death of Harold Macmillan	3 years, 334 days	Appointment of John Major	5	Home Wilson Heath Callaghan Thatcher
28 Nov 1990	24 May 1995	Appointment of John Major	4 years, 177 days	Death of Harold Wilson	6	Home Wilson Heath Callaghan Thatcher Major
24 May 1995	9 Oct 1995	Death of Harold Wilson	138 days	Death of Lord Home	5	Home Heath Callaghan Thatcher Major
9 Oct 1995	2 May 1997	Death of Lord Home	1 year, 205 days	Appointment of Tony Blair	4	Heath Callaghan Thatcher Major
2 May 1997	26 Mar 2005	Appointment of Tony Blair	7 years, 328 days	Death of James Callaghan	5	Heath Callaghan Thatcher Major Blair
26 Mar 2005	17 Jul 2005	Death of James Callaghan	113 days	Death of Edward Heath	4	Heath Thatcher Major Blair
17 Jul 2005	27 Jun 2007	Death of Edward Heath	1 year, 345 days	Appointment of Gordon Brown	3	Thatcher Major Blair
27 Jun 2007	11 May 2010	Appointment of Gordon Brown	2 years, 318 days	Appointment of David Cameron	4	Thatcher Major Blair Brown
11 May 2010	8 Apr 2013	Appointment of David Cameron	2 years, 332 days	Death of Margaret Thatcher	5	Thatcher Major Blair Brown Cameron
8 Apr 2013	13 Jul 2016	Death of Margaret Thatcher	3 years, 96 days	Appointment of Theresa May	4	Major Blair Brown Cameron
13 Jul 2016	24 Jul 2019	Appointment of Theresa May	3 years, 11 days	Appointment of Boris Johnson	5	Major Blair Brown Cameron May
24 Jul 2019	Present	Appointment of Boris Johnson	1 year, 197 days	Present	6	Major Blair Brown Cameron May Johnson

Statistics

Living as of February 2021

• 
  Sir John Major
  served 1990–1997
  born 1943 (age 77)
• 
  Tony Blair
  served 1997–2007
  born 1953 (age 67)
• 
  Gordon Brown
  served 2007–2010
  born 1951 (age 69)
• 
  David Cameron
  served 2010–2016
  born 1966 (age 54)
• 
  Theresa May
  served 2016–2019
  born 1956 (age 64)
• 
  Boris Johnson
  Incumbent
  serving since 2019
  born 1964 (age 56)

Miscellaneous

• There have been four men who have been the only living Prime Minister: Sir Robert Walpole (as the first, from April 1721 to February 1742), Henry Pelham (from Walpole's death in March 1745 to March 1754), the Duke of Newcastle (from Newcastle's appointment in March 1754 to November 1756) and William Ewart Gladstone (from Benjamin Disraeli's death in April 1881 to June 1885).
• During eleven periods in the history of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from 1801 to present, there have been six persons alive to have been Prime Minister. Such periods include: from October to November 1768 (when Newcastle, Lord Bute, George Grenville, Lord Rockingham, Lord Chatham and the Duke of Grafton were alive); from January to November 1770 (when Bute, George Grenville, Rockingham, Chatham, Grafton and Lord North were alive); from December 1783 to March 1792 (when Bute, Grafton, North, Lord Shelburne, the Duke of Portland and William Pitt were alive); from December 1834 to February 1844 (when Henry Addington, Lord Goderich, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Grey, Lord Melbourne and Sir Robert Peel were alive); from May to October 1923 (when Lord Rosebery, Arthur Balfour, H. H. Asquith, David Lloyd George, Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin were alive); from January 1924 to February 1928 (when Rosebery, Balfour, Asquith, Lloyd George, Baldwin and Ramsay MacDonald were alive); from October 1964 to January 1965 (when Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Sir Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Sir Alec Douglas-Home and Harold Wilson were alive); from April 1976 to January 1977 (when Eden, Macmillan, Home, Wilson, Edward Heath and James Callaghan were alive); from May 1979 to December 1986 (when Macmillan, Home, Wilson, Heath, Callaghan and Margaret Thatcher were alive); from November 1990 to May 1995 (when Home, Wilson, Heath, Callaghan, Thatcher and John Major were alive). The eleventh and most recent period is ongoing since July 2019 (when Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson are still alive). Of these periods, the earliest two and the most recent three consisted of each Prime Minister appointed consecutively. The longest period where there have been six living prime ministers was 9 years and 67 days, ending with the death of Addington in February 1844.
• There has been only one period where there has been no living prime minister – in March 1754 following Pelham's death on 6 March to Newcastle's appointment on 16 March.
• Newcastle was the only person to be both the only living Prime Minister (from March 1754 to November 1756) and one of the six living prime ministers (from October to November 1768).
• There have been 22 premierships during which a Prime Minister has not died, the most recent being Theresa May's premiership. This does not include the premierships of Lord Wilmington, Rockingham and George Canning (who were themselves the only prime ministers to die during their premierships), nor the premiership of incumbent Boris Johnson (as no Prime Minister has died since Thatcher, who died during David Cameron's premiership). Conversely, only twice (during the premierships of Pitt the Younger and Baldwin) has there been as many as three deaths during a premiership. (This does not count Spencer Perceval's premiership, whose own death was the third during his ministry.) The longest streak of premierships without a prime ministerial death is three, which has happened twice: no Prime Minister died during the premierships of Newcastle, the Duke of Devonshire or Bute; nor would a Prime Minister die during the premierships of Eden, Macmillan or Douglas-Home. If one were to include the multiple terms served by each Prime Minister that had been in office more than once, the record is five: no Prime Minister died during Salisbury's first ministry, Gladstone's third ministry, Salisbury's second ministry, Gladstone's fourth ministry or during the premiership of Rosebery.
• Because he was the first Prime Minister, and the fact that he served for more than twenty years, Walpole holds the distinction of serving over the longest period during which no prime ministers died. The second longest term without a death of a Prime Minister would be that of Lord Liverpool who served almost fifteen years in office. In recent years, the Prime Minister who served the longest without a death during his term was Macmillan, who served for almost seven years in office.
• The longest period between deaths of prime ministers was the 17 years and 41 days between the deaths of Baldwin on 14 December 1947 and Churchill on 24 January 1965. The shortest was the 113 days between the deaths of Callaghan on 26 March 2005 and Heath on 17 July 2005.
  • If the longest period between deaths is to be exceeded, no Prime Minister must die before 19 May 2030 (the current oldest and second oldest surviving prime ministers, Major and Brown, would then be 87 and 79 years old respectively).
  • The second longest was the 17 years and 30 days between the deaths of Disraeli on 19 April 1881 and Gladstone on 19 May 1898.
• Only three times (in 1792, 1995 and 2005) have there been two prime ministers dying in the same year.
• Following his premiership's end in 1804, Addington lived to see a record 14 premierships prior to his death in February 1844. Goderich follows with 12 premierships after his own premiership ended in 1828, prior to his death in January 1859. In modern times, the Prime Minister to have lived to see the most premierships following their own was Lloyd George, with eight following the end of his premiership in 1922.
• If one includes future as well as past and current prime ministers, the record sits at nineteen:
  • Between Disraeli's birth on 21 December 1804 and Shelburne's death on 7 May 1805, the following prime ministers were alive: Grafton, Shelburne, Portland, Pitt, Addington, Lord Grenville, Perceval, Liverpool, Canning, Goderich, Wellington, Grey, Melbourne, Peel, Lord John Russell, Lord Derby, Lord Aberdeen, Lord Palmerston and Disraeli.
• Since 6 April 1955 (a period of 65 years, 306 days), there have been at least three living prime ministers, and since 23 June 1885 (a period of 135 years, 228 days), there have been at least 2 living prime ministers.

See also

• Living presidents of the United States
• Records of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
• List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies

Notes

1. For comparison, the United States has had five periods in which six current or former presidents co-existed.
2. Because of the presidential line of succession, the US has had no period where there was no living president.

References

• Englefield, Dermot; et al. (1995), "Comparative Data", Facts About the British Prime Ministers: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information, New York: H.W. Wilson Co., pp. 359–363, 415, ISBN 978-0-8242-0863-9
• "Past Prime Ministers", number10.gov.uk, archived from the original on 25 August 2008