Mesobuthus eupeus

Mesobuthus eupeus is a polymorphic scorpion species belonging to the well-known family Buthidae. Commonly known as the lesser Asian scorpion or the mottled scorpion. It is thought to be the most widely dispersed species of the genus Mesobuthus, perhaps even of the family Buthidae.[1][2][3]

Mesobuthus eupeus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Arachnida
Order:
Scorpiones
Family:
Buthidae
Genus:
Mesobuthus
Species:
M. eupeus
Binomial name
Mesobuthus eupeus
(Koch, 1839)
Synonyms [1][2]
  • Buthus eupeus Koch, 1839

Description

M. eupeus can reach a size of 4 to 5 centimetres (1.6 to 2.0 in) in length. The entire body is yellow to yellowish brown. The dorsal segments (tergites) of the mesosoma often have longitudinal irregular stripes that are black to dark brown.[3] They exhibit sexual dimorphism, the adult females being generally larger than males but have a lower number of pectinal teeth (16 to 23, as opposed to 22 to 28 in males).[4]

The pedipalps of M. eupeus have a maximum of ten diagonal rows of granules on the fixed finger and eleven on the movable finger. The pedipalp chelae (pincers) are wider than the patella (segment IV). The segments of the metasoma are thick and have eight keels (octocarinate). The telson is subglobose with a flat dorsal surface.[4]

Taxonomy

M. eupeus were first described by the German arachnologist Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. It is classified under the genus Mesobuthus and belongs to the largest family of scorpions, the thick-tailed scorpion family Buthidae.[3] Currently, more than 23 subspecies of M. eupeus are recognized.[5]

Ecology

M. eupeus feed on small insects such as crickets or small cockroaches.[6] Cannibalism is very rare in this species. They do not dig burrows and prefer using natural spaces and burrows under stones and other objects. They have slender pedipalps so they usually rely on their stings for killing their prey.[7]

Venom

The venom of M. eupeus is not as potent as that of other dangerous buthid species.[8] Victims of stings feel intense pain, hyperemia, swelling and a burning sensation in the affected area, while numbness and itching were also reported in some cases.[9]

As in other scorpions, the venom of M. eupeus contains various neurotoxic proteins that interact specifically with ion channels. A number of unique proteins in this scorpion's venom have been identified,[10] cloned and investigated for clinical applications. For instance, MeuKTX, structurally related to BmKTX (α-KTx3.6) from M. martensii, potently inhibits rKv1.1, rKv1.2 and hKv1.3 channels but does not affect rKv1.4, rKv1.5, hKv3.1, rKv4.3, and hERG channels even at high concentrations.[11] In contrast, BeKm-1 specifically inhibits hERG channels,[12] which are potassium channels critical to maintaining normal electrical activities in the heart,[13] but showed no effects on various other potassium channels tested.[12] Inhibitors of sodium channels have also been found in this venom.[14][15] MeuNaTxa-12 and MeuNaTxa-13 can affect cloned mammalian Nav subtypes rNav1.1, rNav1.2, rNav1.4 and mNav1.6, but not rNav1.5. In vivo assays showed that these two toxins have potential to be insecticidal agents, with MeuNaTxa-12 having 5-fold higher toxicity than MeuNaTxa-13.[16]

A number of antimicrobial peptides have also been found in the venom of M. eupeus. Meucin-13 and Meucin-18 exhibited extensive cytolytic effects on bacteria, fungi and yeasts.[17] Furthermore, Meucin-24 and Meucin-25, first identified from genetic sequences expressed in their venom gland, were shown to selectively kill Plasmodium falciparum and inhibit the development of Plasmodium berghei, both malaria parasites, but do not harm mammalian cells. These two venom-derived proteins are therefore attractive candidates for the development of anti-malarial drugs.[18]

Iranian researchers have also reported that the venom of M. eupeus has anti-inflammatory properties and is effective as an anti-arthritis treatment in an experimental rat model, but the mechanism of action is unknown.[8]

Habitat and distribution

Mesobuthus eupeus mostly lives in arid or semi-arid habitats with little or no vegetation. Its geographical distributions consists of eastern Turkey,[4] Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, southern Russia, northern Syria, eastern Iraq, Iran,[19] Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Australia, southern Mongolia and northern China.

List of subspecies
  • Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus afghanus (Pocock, 1889)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus barszczewskii (Birula, 1904)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus bogdoensis (Birula, 1896)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus haarlovi Vachon, 1958
  • Mesobuthus eupeus iranus (Birula, 1917)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus kirmanensis (Birula, 1900)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus mesopotamicus (Penther, 1912)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus mongolicus (Birula, 1911)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus pachysoma (Birula, 1900)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus persicus (Pocock, 1899)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus philippovitschi (Birula, 1905)
  • Mesobuthus eupeus thersites (C. L. Koch, 1839)

See also

References
  1. "Mesobuthus eupeus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
  2. Mesobuthus eupeus (Lesser Asian scorpion) (Buthus eupeus), UniProt Taxonomy database
  3. Cheng-Min Shi; Zu-Shi Huang; Lei Wang; Li-Jun He; Yue-Ping Hua; Liang Leng; De-Xing Zhang (2007). "Geographical distribution of two species of Mesobuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in China: insights from systematic field surveys and predictive models" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 35 (2): 215–226. doi:10.1636/T06-20.1. JSTOR 25067833. S2CID 7105197.
  4. Ayşegül Karataş & Ahmet Karataş (2003). "Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. Koch, 1839) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Turkey" (PDF). Euscorpius — Occasional Publications in Scorpiology. 7: 1–6.
  5. Teruel, Rolando (2002). "First Record of Mesobuthus eupeus (Kock, 1939) from Western Turkey (Scorpiones: Buthidae)" (PDF). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología. 5 (31–VII): 75–76. ISSN 1576-9518.
  6. "Mesobuthus eupeus feeding". YouTube. 28 June 2006.
  7. Dong Sun & Zhen-Ning Sun (2011). "Notes on the genus Mesobuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in China, with description of a new species". Journal of Arachnology. 39 (1): 59–75. doi:10.1636/Ha10-36.1. S2CID 84331221.
  8. M. Ahmadi; A. Zare Mirakabadi; M. Hashemlou; M. Hejazi (2009). "Study on anti inflammatory effect of scorpion (Mesobuthus eupeus) venom in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats" (PDF). Archives of Razi Institute. 64 (1): 51–56.
  9. Ozkan, O.; Kat, I. (Oct 30, 2005). "Mesobuthus eupeus scorpionism in Sanliurfa region of Turkey" (PDF). J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis. 11 (4): 479–491. doi:10.1590/S1678-91992005000400008. ISSN 1678-9199. Retrieved Sep 20, 2011.
  10. "Results for organism:"Buthus eupeus (Lesser Asian scorpion) (Mesobuthus eupeus) [34648]" in UniProtKB". UniProtKB. UniProt Consortium. Retrieved Sep 18, 2011.
  11. Gao, B; Peigneur, S; Tytgat, J; Zhu, S (2010). "A potent potassium channel blocker from Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom". Biochimie. 92 (12): 1847–53. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.08.003. PMID 20713119.
  12. Korolkova, YV; Kozlov, SA; Lipkin, AV; Pluzhnikov, KA; Hadley, JK; Filippov, AK; Brown, DA; Angelo, K; et al. (2001). "An ERG channel inhibitor from the scorpion Buthus eupeus". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (13): 9868–76. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005973200. PMID 11136720.
  13. Sanguinetti MC, Tristani-Firouzi M (March 2006). "hERG potassium channels and cardiac arrhythmia". Nature. 440 (7083): 463–9. doi:10.1038/nature04710. PMID 16554806. S2CID 929837.
  14. Gao, B; Zhu, L; Zhu, S (2011). "A naturally-occurring carboxyl-terminally truncated α-scorpion toxin is a blocker of sodium channels". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 411 (4): 673–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.178. PMID 21763288.
  15. Possani, LD; Becerril, B; Delepierre, M; Tytgat, J (1999). "Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 264 (2): 287–300. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x. PMID 10491073.
  16. Zhu, Limei; Peigneur, Steve; Gao, Bin; Tytgat, Jan; Zhu, Shunyi (1 September 2013). "Two recombinant α-like scorpion toxins from Mesobuthus eupeus with differential affinity toward insect and mammalian Na+ channels". Biochimie. 95 (9): 1732–1740. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.009. PMID 23743216.
  17. Gao, B.; Sherman, P.; Luo, L.; Bowie, J.; Zhu, S. (2008). "Structural and functional characterization of two genetically related meucin peptides highlights evolutionary divergence and convergence in antimicrobial peptides". The FASEB Journal. 23 (4): 1230–45. doi:10.1096/fj.08-122317. PMID 19088182. S2CID 13235803{{inconsistent citations}}
  18. Gao, B; Xu, J; Rodriguez Mdel, C; Lanz-Mendoza, H; Hernández-Rivas, R; Du, W; Zhu, S (2010). "Characterization of two linear cationic antimalarial peptides in the scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus". Biochimie. 92 (4): 350–9. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.01.011. PMID 20097251.
  19. Omid Mirshamsi; Alireza Sari; Elahe Elahi; Shidokht Hosseinie (2011). "Mesobuthus eupeus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: a polytypic species complex" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2929: 1–21.
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