Missing man formation

The missing man formation is an aerial salute performed as part of a flypast of aircraft at a funeral or memorial event, typically in memory of a fallen pilot, a well-known military service member or veteran, or a well-known political figure.[1][2][3]

For the musical group, see Missing Man Formation (band). For the album, see Missing Man Formation (album).
Pilots assigned to Carrier Air Wing Three (CVW-3) perform a Missing Man Flyover formation, above USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75), during a wreath-laying ceremony held on the flight deck in memory of a service member killed during a training accident.
Missing man formation with smoke

Description

Several variants of the formation are seen. The formation most commonly used in the United States is based on the "finger-four" aircraft combat formation composed of two pairs of aircraft.[4] The aircraft fly in a V-shape with the flight leader at the point and their wingman on their left. The second element leader and his wingman fly to their right. The formation flies over the ceremony low enough to be clearly seen and the second element leader abruptly pulls up out of the formation while the rest of the formation continues in level flight until all aircraft are out of sight.

In an older variant, the formation is flown with the second element leader position conspicuously empty. In another variation, the flight approaches from the south, preferably near sundown, and one of the aircraft will suddenly split off to the west, flying into the sunset. In all cases, the aircraft performing the pull-up, split off, or missing from the formation is honoring the person (or persons) who has died, and it represents their departure.

Examples
U.S. Navy F/A-18 jets fly a Missing Man formation at a memorial service for astronaut Neil Armstrong on 31 August 2012.

In 1936, King George V received the first recorded flypast for a non-RAF funeral. The United States adopted the tradition in 1938 during the funeral for Major General Oscar Westover with over 50 aircraft and one blank file.[3] By the end of World War II, the missing man formation had evolved to include the pull-up. In April 1954, United States Air Force General Hoyt Vandenberg was buried at Arlington National Cemetery without the traditional horse-drawn artillery caisson. Instead, Vandenberg was honored by a flyover of jet aircraft with one plane missing from the formation.

On January 31, 1986, four NASA T-38s flew the missing man formation over Johnson Space Center to honor the STS-51L Challenger crew.[5]

On November 26, 1999, four Air Force F-16s flew the missing man formation over Kyle Field to honor the 12 Texas A&M students who died during the Aggie Bonfire collapse.[6]

The Delaware Air National Guard flew the missing man formation over the Dover International Speedway on June 3, 2001 to honor NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt Sr., who had perished in a wreck on the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500 race earlier that year.

On June 9, 2004, during the State Funeral of President Ronald Reagan. As the caisson paused at 4th Street and Constitution Avenue, 21 Air Force F-15E Strike Eagles from the 4th Fighter Wing, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in North Carolina, flew over in missing man formation.

In December 2004, as a final tribute to Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands's former military role in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, three modern F-16 jet fighters and a World War II Spitfire performed a missing man formation during his funeral.[7]

On September 13, 2007, two days after two Bo 105 helicopters operated by the Swedish Air Force collided, four Saab JAS 39 Gripen performed the missing man formation when relatives to the pilots, accompanied by Micael Bydén, visited the crash site.

On May 25, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Air Force performed the flypast at the funeral of World War II resistance fighter Gunnar Sønsteby, Norway's most highly decorated citizen.

The missing man formation was flown at a family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio on 31 August 2012 in honour of former American astronaut, US Navy pilot, and test pilot Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the Moon.

In November 2014 the state memorial service for former Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, who had served as a navigator in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, concluded with a missing man formation flight conducted by four RAAF F/A-18 Hornet fighters.[8]

On 29 March 2015, the Republic of Singapore Air Force's Black Knights attempted to fly the missing man formation as an aerial salute to long-serving former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew during his funeral procession from Parliament House to the University Cultural Centre of the National University of Singapore, but could not, due to rain and low overcast cloud and low visibility; they flew over, above the cloud.[9][10]

On March 11, 2016, Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, also known as the Warthog, perform a missing man formation flyover at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. The Warthogs flew over the burial service for retired US Air Force Col. Avery Kay, considered the father of the A-10s.[11][12]

On September 18, 2017, missing man formation was performed by three Sukhoi-30MKI of the Indian Air Force during the funeral ceremony of Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh in New Delhi.

In October 2017, Spanish Air Force performed a missing man formation as a tribute to two pilots who died in separate accidents within a week.[13]

On September 2, 2018, the Virginia-based Super Hornets flew the formation over the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis. Maryland at the end of the interment ceremony for Senator John McCain.

On October 23, 2018, a missing man formation was flown for Jon Thocker, a stunt pilot who died during a performance on October 13th. The formation was flown by 12 RV aircraft at Lunken Airport.[14]

On December 6, 2018, a missing man formation was flown at the funeral of President George H. W. Bush, who was a distinguished naval aviator. This formation included 21 aircraft.[15]

On Friday 22 February 2019, around 8:45 am, a "finger-four" missing man formation was flown over Sheffield, England as part of a flypast of aircraft to honour the 75th anniversary of B-17 "Mi Amigo" crashing after returning from a mission.[16]

On Wednesday 12 February 2020, a missing wingman formation was flown in honor Kenya's 2nd president Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi after a 19 Gun Salute, during his funeral at his Kabarak home.[17]

On March 13, 2020, a missing man formation was flown by Pakistan Air Force to honor Wing Commander Nauman Akram who was killed when his F-16 crashed near Shakarparian, Islamabad during Pakistan Day Parade rehearsals.

On May 3, 2020, a missing man formation was flown by the RCAF Snowbirds over 12 Wing Shearwater to honor the crew of a CH-148 Helicopter operating aboard HMCS Fredericton that was lost in the Ionian Sea on April 30th during a training exercise. [18]

Motorsport variant

The missing man formation is also used in various types of motorsport to commemorate the death of a driver, rider, or official.[19] In case of a rolling start, during the pace laps before the race begins, the driver in the pole position drops back a row into the second row and the field paces with no vehicle in the lead position.[20] This was done during the 2001 Dura Lube 400 at Rockingham by Jeff Gordon, in honor of Dale Earnhardt following his death the week before at the Daytona 500. Similarly, the pole position on a starting grid can be left empty for a standing start.

After the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, in the next race in Monaco, the first two grid positions were left empty and painted with the colors of their home countries flags - Brazil and Austria, respectively.

American football variant

The missing man formation is frequently used by American football teams to commemorate the death of a teammate. Typically, on the first play in which the fallen player would have appeared, the team takes the field with only ten players, leaving their position in the formation open.

On September 1, 2007 the USC Trojans college football team performed the missing man. After scoring their first touchdown, USC lined up for the PAT without a kicker in tribute to teammate Mario Danelo who died just after the 2006 season.[21][22]

On December 2, 2007 the NFL's Washington Redskins lined up for their first defensive play of the game with 10 men in honor of safety Sean Taylor who died on November 27, 2007.[23][24]

On September 3, 2016 the Nebraska Cornhuskers college football team lined up in punt formation without a punter on their first fourth down in their game against the Fresno State Bulldogs to honor punter Sam Foltz, who died in a traffic accident on July 23, 2016. Fresno State declined the resulting delay of game penalty.[25]

See also

References
  1. Edwards, Bob (May 28, 2001). "Missing Man Formation" (link to audio). NPR. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
  2. "Histories: The Missing Man Formation". All POW-MIA. Archived from the original on 21 November 2000. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  3. "The History of The Missing Man Formation". Old Glory Traditions. Archived from the original on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
  4. Engber, Daniel (December 14, 2005). "What's the "Missing Man" Formation?". Slate. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
  5. "Who flew the T-38 "Missing Man" formation at the Challenger Memorial service at JSC, 31 January 1986?". History Stack Exchange. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  6. "High Honor: The origins of the missing man formation".
  7. ""Missing man" boven Delft". Reformatorisch Dagblad. 11 December 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  8. "Live: Gough Whitlam farewelled at state memorial service". The Sydney Morning Herald. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  9. "Mr Lee Kuan Yew's State Funeral: What to expect on Sunday". Mr Lee Kuan Yew's State Funeral: What to expect on Sunday. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  10. "RSAF's Black Knights could not perform 'Missing Man' formation during State Funeral procession, Singapore News & Top Stories". The Straits Times. 2015-03-29. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  11. "A Fitting Tribute for the A-10's Air Force Father". Pogo.org. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  12. "Remembering the father of the A-10 - CNN Video". Cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  13. https://twitter.com/EjercitoAire/status/921366256917336064
  14. https://local12.com/news/local/flyover-salutes-cincinnati-pilot-who-died-in-virginia-air-show
  15. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/courage-warrior-george-h-w-bush-remember-family-friends-texas-n944806
  16. https://dod.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/Videos/?videoid=661082
  17. Moi sent off with 19-gun salute — VIDEO, retrieved 2020-02-12
  18. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/snowbirds-ns-1.5562572
  19. "Auto racing: Holland wins in debut at Bethel". Times Herald-Record. April 27, 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  20. "Jason Sides Wins Back to Back in an Emotional Week". Jason Sides, World of Outlaws driver. June 27, 2006. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
  21. "Mario Danelo: One Final Kick". Pacific Republic. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  22. "USC/Idaho: One of the coolest things I had ever seen in FB". YouTube. 2007-09-02. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  23. "Redskins honor Taylor with 10-man defense". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  24. "Redskins pay tribute to Taylor with 10 man defense". YouTube. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  25. "Nebraska football honors Sam Foltz, lines up with 10 men on first punt". NCAA. Retrieved 2016-09-03.
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