Muhammad al-Baqir

Muhammad al-Baqir (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱلْبَاقِر‎) full name Muhammad bin 'Ali bin al-Husayn bin Ali bin Abi Talib, also known as Abu Ja'far or simply al-Baqir ("the one who opens knowledge")[2] (677-733) was the fifth Imam in Shia Islam, succeeding his father Zayn al-Abidin and succeeded by his son Ja'far al-Sadiq. His mother, Fatima Umm abdallah, was the daughter of the second Shia imam, Hasan ibn Ali. So he was the first Imam descended from both grandsons of Muhammad: Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.[4]

Muhammad al-Baqir مُحَمَّد ٱلْبَاقِر Fifth imam of Twelver and fourth imam of Ismaili Shia
مُحَمَّد ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱلْبَاقِر
Arabic text with the name of Muhammad ibn Ali and one of his titles, "Al-Baqir"
Born	10 May 676 01 Rajab 57 AH Medina, Umayyad Empire
Died	28 January 732 (aged 57) 07 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH Medina, Umayyad Empire
Cause of death	Poisoning by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik according to most Shia Muslims
Resting place	Jannat al-Baqi cemetery, Medina, Saudi Arabia 24°28′1″N 39°36′50.21″E
Other names	Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Husayn
Years active	680-733
Title	List al-Bāqir[1][2] (Arabic for Revealer) Beşinci Ali (Turkish for Fifth Ali)
Term	712–733 CE
Predecessor	Ali ibn Husayn
Successor	Ja'far al-Sadiq
Spouse(s)	Farwah bint al-Qasim Umm Hakīm bint Usayd ibn al-Mughīrā al-Thaqafī
Children	List Ja'far al-Sadiq Ibrahīm,[3] ‘Alī,[3] ‘Abdullāh,[3] Ahmed,[3] ‘Ubaydullah,[3] Zaynab,[3] Umm Salama.[3]
Parents	Ali ibn Husayn (father) Fatimah bint Hasan (mother)

Muhammad al-Baqir was born in Medina, about the time when Muawiyah was trying to take the oath of allegiance for his son, Yazid. As a child, al-Baqir witnessed the Tragedy of Karbala, in which all his male relatives, except his father who was ill, were killed. As a young man, Baqir was observing the struggle of power between Umayyads, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and some Shia sects; in the same time Baqir saw his father resigning from political issues.[5]

Al-Baqir is revered by Shiite Muslims for his religious leadership, and respected by Sunni Muslims for his knowledge and Islamic scholarship as a jurist in Medina.[6][7] Al-baqir lived all his life in the city, however most of his disciples were living in Kufa. Like his father, he tried not to be engaged in the conflicts fueled against Umayyad Khaliphs, even tried to speak his half-brother, Zayd ibn Ali, out of the conflicts.

Al-baqir, spent his time elaborating the theory of Imamat.[4] According to Arzina R. Lalani, he laid the foundation of shi'ism, which was elaborated later by his son and successor, Ja'far al-sadiq.[4]

Ancestry

Al-Baqir had a prominent seyyid lineage. His father was Ali ibn Husayn "Zayn al-Abidin", and his paternal grandfather was Husayn ibn Ali, while his mother was Fatima Umm Abd Allah, and his maternal grandfather was Hasan ibn Ali. His grandfathers Hasan and Husayn were the two eldest surviving sons of Ali through his first wife Fatimah, the youngest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Ancestors of Muhammad al-Baqir
8. Ali ibn Abi Talib (= 12) 4. Husayn ibn Ali 9. Fatimah bint Muhammad (= 13) 2. Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 10. Yazdegerd III of Persia (alleged) 5. Shahrbanu 1. Muhammad al-Baqir 12. Ali ibn Abi Talib (= 8) 6. Hasan ibn Ali 13. Fatimah bint Muhammad (= 9) 3. Fatimah bint Hasan 14. Talha ibn Ubaydullah 7. Umm Ishaq bint Talha 15. Al-Jarba bint Qasama

Name

Al-Baqir is an abbreviation of Baqir al-'ilm, which means "he who opens knowledge", and al-Baqir is said to have been known for his knowledge. According to Ibn Khallikan, he received the nickname "al-Baqir" (the ample) due to the "ample fund of knowledge" he collected. However, Ya'qubi believed that he was called al-Baqir because he "split open knowledge", examining its depths.[lower-alpha 1][8] The Shiites believe that Baqir al-'ilm was not an ordinary title, because it was given to him by Muhammad. According to al-Kulayni, Muhammad's only living companion Jabir ibn Abd Allah would sit in the mosque and cry: "Ya baqir al-ilm, Ya baqir al-ilm". Although Medinans thought that Jabir was insane, he assured them that Muhammad had told him: "O Jabir! You will meet a man from my family who will have the same name and the same characteristics as mine. He will split open knowledge extensively." [9] According to al-Kulayni, Jabir ibn Abd Allah met al-Baqir when passing a Quran school. Abd Allah saw that Baqir was still a child, and examined him to see if he had the features which Muhammad had described. Jabir asked, "Characteristics of the Messenger of Allah; by Him in whose hands is my soul, O boy, what is your name?" [9] When al-Baqir answered that he was Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Husayn, Jabir "approached him, kissed his head and swore by his father and mother that Muhammad had recited greeting upon him."[9][8]

About the question of whether Baqir was known by this name, during his life or after that, there is narration in which, the Caliph, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, asks Zayd, Baqir's half brother, about his brother al-baqara (the cow) implying al-baqir. Zaid answers Caliph by saying that the prophet Muhammad, called his brother al-baqir (he who splits open knowledge) while you call him al-baqara (the cow). Now you apposed Muhammad, so the prophet would appose you in the of resurrection when you would go to hell while he(al-baqir) would enter heaven. This narration suggests, Arzina R. Lalani says, that al-baqir was known by this name even before his lifetime.[10]

Biography

Birth and Early life

Al-Baqir was born in Medina around 56 AH (676 AD), when Muawiyah I was trying to ensure that his son Yazid I could inherit the caliphate. When Al-Baqir was a child, his family was affected by the Battle of Karbala; he was three or four years old when his grandfather, Husayn, was killed. According to Ya'qubi, al-Baqir was present at Karbala. In his youth he witnessed the struggle for power among the Umayyads, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and a number of Shiite parties, whilst his father maintained a distance from local political activity. [9] [8]

Under the Umayyad rulers

Despite his non-involvement in political activities, the Umayyad rulers harassed Muhammad al-Baqir. Many Shia individuals and delegations came to Medina from Kufa to hear al-Baqir's teachings and ask him questions,[11] among which was who had the right to rule.[12] He was also distrusted because of the uprising of his brother Zayd ibn Ali and other relatives.

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

It is said that Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan consulted Muhammad al-Baqir about the threatening letters he received from Roman emperor. It was because Abd al-Malik forbade the papers and clothes with Christian motto (the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit) on them. Roman emperor wrote to Abd al-Malik, threatening him that he should change his mind, otherwise he(Roman emperor) would engrave insulting words to Muhammad on the coins engraved in Roman empire. When Abd al-Malik consulted al-Baqir, he proposed making coins, so that Muslims won't need to use Roman coins.[13]

Al-Walid I

Al-Walid I

Umar II

Umar II is often considered as the fifth righteous caliph of Islam.[14] He did Shia many favors, forbade cursing Ali, and returned Fadak to Alids.[15]

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik made a pilgrimage to Mecca, where Mohammed al-Baqir and his son Ja'far al-Sadiq were present. At a gathering, al-Baqir delivered a sermon: "We are the favorite and chosen servants of God, and His vicegerents on the face of the earth. One who obeys us is successful and one who opposes would be evil and wretched."[6] His statements were conveyed to Hisham, who wrote to the governor of Medina when he returned to his court in Syria instructing him to send al-Baqir and his son to Damascus. When they arrived, he kept them waiting for three days; on the fourth he called them to court, where he was practicing archery with his officials.[6]

Death

The imam's desecrated grave at al-Baqi' in Saudi Arabia

Al-Baqir died on 7th Dhu al-Hijjah. Al-Baqir was poisoned by Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. According to the Shi'i account, the Caliph gave Zaid a saddle treated with poison; Zaid gave it to al-Baqir, who used it and died. Al-Baqir was laid to rest under the dome in al-Baqi', where Hasan ibn Ali and Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin were buried.[7][8]

Imamate

According to both main branch of Shia Islam, Twelver and Isma'ilis, al-Baqir inherited Imamate from his father, Zayn al-Abidin. According to al-Kulayni, Baqir received a full chest of the weapons and book of Prophet, which symbolizes authority, from his father, in presence of his brothers.[16]

During the imamah of Muhammad al-Baqir, riots erupted throughout the Islamic world due to the Umayyad Caliphate's oppression. Disagreements within the Umayyad party kept them occupied, and they left members of the household undisturbed for some time. However, tyranny in the Battle of Karbala had attracted many people to the imams. These conditions had permitted people (particularly the Shiites) to travel to Medina in large groups and visit al-Baqir freely. The possibility of spreading Islam (which had not existed for the previous imams) was available to the fifth imam, indicated by a number of traditions about al-Baqir and scholars trained under him.[lower-alpha 2][7]

Division

After the death of Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (the fourth Imam), most of the Shiites agreed upon his son al-Baqir as the next imam; a minority favored another son of Zayn al-Abidin (Zayd ibn Ali), and became known as Zaidiyyah. According to Ibn Khallikan,[lower-alpha 3] Zaid (Muhammad al-Baqir's brother), appealed for people to support his cause. According to Al-Masudi, he asked for advice from Muhammad al-Baqir; al-Baqir advised him not to rely on the people of Kufa, explaining how they had previously behaved toward the members of his household. Zaid did not listen to his brother's advice, and led the people of Kufa in a fruitless riot.

According to Al-Shahrastani,[lower-alpha 4] a dispute had arisen between Muhammad al-Baqir and Zaid because Zaid had been following the Mu'tazilite Wasil ibn Ata. Zaid had also announced that the position of imam was conditional on his appearing publicly to assert his rights. Muhammad al-Baqir replied, "Your faith then is merely in your father, as such, for according to your theory he was not an imam, for he certainly never came forth to assert his claims."[7][8]

Less welcomed among Baqir's followers were the Ghulat who exaggerated the holiness of the Shia Imams. Mughira ibn sa'id al-Bajali, the founder of the sect Mughiriyya, who claimed the divinity of al-Baqir, was rejected by the Shia Imam. Bayan ibn sam'an was another exterismis who asked al-Baqir to recognize him as prophet and Imam. Abu al-Khattab, the founder of the sect Ghulat, and his followers were cursed by al-Baqir.[4]

Teachings

According to Lalani, al-Baqir was the first Shia Imam, from whom a vast corpus of Hadiths comes down, as the name al-baqir(he who splits open knowledge) shows this emergence of Knowledge in various matters,[16] including exegesis of Quran, knowledge of ahadith of the Prophet, issues concerning law, and theological topics of both a worldly and spiritual nature.[17] The interpretation of Quran, as the main concern of Baqir's time, was in need of some other fields of knowledge such as, philology and lexicography. Also sayings and actions of the prophet which had some relevance to the subject of Qurans text, should have been collected. Rules for daily life of Muslims, were also sought from practices of the prophet which was called Sunnah. These gave rise to the knowledge of Hadith, which itself, along with Quran, were basis of knowledge of Kalam and fiqh.[17]

Baqir is known for establishing the school of Law, later recognized as the Ja'fari Madhhab after the name of his son, Ja'far al-sadiq, who expanded the school. Baqir brought back rituals like the expression Heyya ala al-salat (come to the best of deed) to Adhan; forbade wiping the soles of footwear, instead of feet, in the Wudu; and lifted prohibition from Nikah mut'ah.[4]

Baqir's view around subjects relating Imamat, such as Islam, Imam and Ghaza wa Ghadar were distinguished among serious theological discussions took place between scholars.[18] So al-Baqir was initiator of principles which later became distinctive tenets of Twelver Shia Islam, such as Nass (the Imam's explicit designation of his successor), Ilm (the special knowledge of the Imam), Ismah (the infallibility of the Imam) and Taqiya (precautionary dissimulation in order to avoid persecution).[4]

According to al-Kafi, Baqir stressed the importance of intelligence saying that Allah will hold everyone accountable on the day of judgement according to the degree of intelligence they received in the worldly life.[19]

Musnad al-Imam al-Baqir

Musnad al-Imam al Baqir is a six-volume book attributed to Baqir, consisting of twelver law and doctrine of Shia. It is collected by Azizallah al-Utaridi, who compiled it mosltly from twelver Shia works, but also from Ismailis, zaydies and Sunni sources. This book covers: legal issues like divorce, manumission, testimony, inheritance, funerals, and marriage; ritual practices like Dua (supplications), , prayer, fasting, alms , and pilgrimage; and doctrinal issues such as monotheism, the Imamat, faith, and unbelief.[4]

Ma'athiru'l-Baqir

In Ma'athiru'l-Baqir al-Baqir discussed a number of topics, from the nature of the soul and the qualities of the Ulama to the attributes of God and the divine nature (explaining that it was impossible for humans to understand it). A man asked him, "Should I think of anything (to understand Allah)?" al-Baqir replied: "Yes, but you have to imagine a thing which the mind cannot contain and which is without limit. He is unlike whatever comes into your mind. Nothing resembles Him nor can any thought reach Him."[6] He also said, "Talk about the creation of Allah, but do not talk about Allah Himself, for that increases the owner of the talk nothing except perplexity."[6] He defined a Rasul as a prophet who hears and sees the angel in bodily form or in a dream. A Nabi is a prophet who hears but does not see the angel, and the imam is like the Nabi.[lower-alpha 5] Al-Baqir was frequently asked to explain teachings about the imamate, which is also explained in Ma'athiru'l-Baqir (a summary of which is translated into English in Canon Sell's Ithna ʻAsharíyya or The Twelve Shiʻah Imams.[lower-alpha 6][6][8][20]

When asked about collective knowledge of the Quran, Imam al-Baqir would say that no one collected and memorized the Holy Book as Allah revealed it except Muhammad, Ali ibn Abu Talib and the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt after him. Further, no one is able to claim that they have knowledge of the entire Quran, its apparent and hidden essence, except the executors of the will of the Holy Prophet.[19]

Umm al-Kitab

Umm al-Kitab, or The Archetype of the Book, is in the form of a discussion between the imam and three companions. Resembling the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, it illustrates the similarity between imamology and gnostic Christology. A major concept of this work is the description of the numinous experience. Its central motif is the psychological and philosophical explanation of spiritual symbols, with believers instructed to perform acts of self-purification and renewal. Colors are used to symbolize theories and levels of consciousness which one must recognize in oneself.[21]

Tafsir al-Baqir

Tafsir al-baqir, or Tafsir Abul Jaroud is al-Baqir's exegesis of the Quran. Ibn al-Nadim included this book in his list of exegeses of the Quran in his Kitab al-Fihrist, writing that Abul Jaroud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad (the head of the Jarudiyya) reported al-Baqir's book. According to Sayyd Hasan al-Sadr, "A group of the reliable Shiites reported the book from him [Abul Jaroud] from the days of his righteousness"; among them was Abu Basïr Yahya bin al-Qasim al-Asadi. Ali bin Ibrahï~m bin Hashim al-Qummi also mentioned it in his book Kitāb al-Bāqir (“The book of alBāqir”), by the authority of Abu Basïr.[6][4]

His Disciples

Muhammad al-Baqir is known as the first Shia Imam who engaged in the systematic teaching.[17] He was living in Medina, however most of his disciples were in Kufa, some others in Mecca and Basra. Most prominent, among them were Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, Aban ibn Taghlib, Zurara ibn A'yan and Burayd ibn Mu'awiya al-ijli.

Kufa

• Jabir ibn Yazid al-Ju'fi, known sometimes as Thiqa (trustworthy), is recognized as Babe (gate) of al-Baqir, who, related 70 secret hadiths to him. Jabir claimed that he had seen some miracles from Baqir; still Shia do not reject him as a Ghali. Jabir is also transmitter of some Hadiths in the book Umm al-Kitab, which is Baqir's answers to the questions of his followers. Jabir is also the main narrator of some other Hadiths which is collected in another book, named Risalat al-Ju'fi which is said, consists of Jabir's view on Ismaili belief.[22]
• Aban ibn Taghlib was another disciple of Muhammad al-Baqir. He was previously a disciple of Baqir's father, zayn al-abedin, and lived long enough to relate tradition from Baqir's son, Ja'far al-Sadiq, too. He was a famous Jurist and traditionist, so as Baqir said him "Sit in the mosque of Kufa and give legal judgment to the people. Indeed I would like to see among my Shia, people like you." By the time of al-Sadiq, Aban was so famous that whenever he visited Madina, people would give way to him and let him lean to the column prophet used to lean.[23]
• Zurarah ibn A'yan was a former pupil of al-Hakam ibn Utayba, then changed his allegiance and joined Muhammad al-Baqir. Zurarah and his pupils plaid an important role in the development of Shia, since a large amount of Shia traditions were transmitted through him. Zurarah lived long enough to become a close disciple of Ja'far al-Sadiq too.[24]
• Muhammad bin Muslim was a Mawla from Thaqif, who became famous in the legal circle of Kufa for his quick decisions as a practising lawyer. He was also known as a traditionist and ascetic.[25]
• Burayd ibn Mu'awieh Ejli was another famous disciple of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq. He was a Jurist who later became an authority in Shi'i Fiqh. It is known that al-Baqir said he(along with Abu Basir Moradi, Muhammad bin Muslim, and Zurarah) was worthy of paradise.[26]
• Abu Basir Moradi is another associate of al-Baqir and al-Sadiq, who was a famous Faqih and traditionist. Al-Sadiq is believed that said Moradi, Zurarah, Burayd and Muhammad ibn Mosmlem, that without them the prophetic Hadith would have been lost.[27]
• Abu Hamza al-Thumali and Abu Khalid Kameli, formerly disciples of Zayn al-Abedin, was also among al-Baqir's followers. According to , Abu Hamza al-Thumali is a trusty transmitter of Hadith, mainly about miracles.[28]
• Fudayl ibn Yasar is another famous associates of both al-Baqir and al-Sadiq. It is said that al-Sadiq said of him what the prophet said of Salman the Persian, that Fudayl is from us, the People of the House.[29]
• al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi was a famous poet of his time. His Hashimiyyat, was in praise of Ahl al-Bayt and considered as one of ancient evidence of doctrine of Imamat.[30]
• Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Nu'maa was a known theologist, whose debates with adversaries in the right of Imamat, is famous. Kitab al-Imamah and Kitab al_Radd alla al-Mu'tazila fi Imamat al-Mafdul is among his works.[31]

Basrah

Basrah was considered to be a non-shi'i city however there are some disciple of al-Baqir, who were located there.

• Muhammad ibn Marwan al-Basri was born in Kufa. According to al-Kashani, he was a descendant of Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali[32]
• Isma'il ibn Fadl al-Hashemi is another prominent follower of al-Baqir, and a trusty transmitter of Hadith. He was a descendant of Abd al-Muttalib[33]
• Malek ibn A'yan al-juhani who should not be confused with Zurara's brother who has the same name.[34]

Mecca

• Ma'ruf ibn Kharbuz Makki was a faqīh and traditionist, not comparable to Zurarah, however was well known in Mecca. According to al-Kashani he was a moderate Shia scholar.[35]
• Maymun ibn al-Aswad al-Qaddah is another prominent followers of al-Baqir and his son, al-Sadiq in Mecca. According to Ivanov, Maymun was a kind of merchant who was in charge of Baqir's property in Mecca.He was not an educated figure, however had an impressive character. He had sons, among them Abdullah, later became the alleged ancestor of Isma'ili Imams.[36]

Other Prominent followers of Muhammad al-Baqir, that is not determined where they were living: Muhammad ibn Isma'il Bazi, and other memebers of Bazi's family, Abu Harun and his namesake, Abu Harun Makfuf, Uqba ibn Bashir al-Asadi, Aslam al-Makki, and Najiyy ibn Abi Mu'adh ibn Muslim.[37]

Views

Shi'ii view

Muhammad al-Baqir is not recognized by zayddies as Imam, however he is a prominent figure among them; as his traditions appear in some Zaidi works like Amālī al-Imām Aḥmad b. ʿĪsā. Al-Baqir is Ismaiilie's fourth Imam, and an authority in Ismaili law.[4] In Sunni view, a hadith, if traced back to companions of prophet,is reliable. In Shia view, however, the companions of the prophet, are capable of error, so the infallible Imams are true transmitters of hadith.[38] According to Al-Qadi al-Nu'man, the reliability of al-Baqir was such that an ethnically Maqtu (interrupted or broken) Hadith was regarded as Mawsul (linked) and was mentioned as Marfu (traceable to Prophet) when narrated by him.[39]

Sunni view

In Sunni works, al-Baqir is eminent as a Faqīh (expert in jurisprudence), for his knowledge of Tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis), and theology.[4] He is also known as Thiqa, the most trustworthy in transmitting ahadith of Prophet Muhammad.[40] Abd Allah ibn Ata al-Makki says he had never seen scholars feel so small in presence of anyone as they felt before al-Baqir. He adds; even the famous traditionist, al-Hakam ibn Utayba, despite his age and eminence, behaved al-Baqir, as so he was a pupil before a teacher.[40] Muhammad ibn al-Munkadir says that he had not seen anyone who excel Ali ibn al-Husayn, until he met Muhammd al-Baqir.[41]

Sufi view

Muhammad al-Baqir is a well known figure among Sufi, who frequently mentioned him in their biography books as being an expert in the intricacies of the (esoteric) sciences (daqāʾiq al-ʿulūm), the subtle allusions of the Quran (al-ishārāt), spiritual path (al-sulūk), and gnosis (maʿārif ). Baqir is also known as performing well-known miracles (karāmāt), radiant signs (āyāt), and distinct proofs (barāhīn) among Sufies, and is said he gained the spiritual stations of the gnostics (maqāmāt al-ʿārifīn).[4]

See also

• Family tree of Muhammad
• Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin
• Ja'far al-Sadiq
• Jabir ibn Abd Allah
• Zayd ibn Ali
• Zaidiyyah
• Mashhad Ardehal

Footnotes

1. See Ibn Khallikan, trans. de Slane, Vol. II, p. 579 and Ya'qubi, History, Vol. II, p. 384.
2. See the books of biographies of famous men in Islam such as Irshad, pp.245-253. See also Kitab rijal al-Kashshi by Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn ’Abd al-’Aziz Kashshi, Bombay, 1317; Kitab rijal al- Tusi by Muhammad ibn Hasan Tusi, Najaf, 1381; Kitab-i fihrist of Tusi, Calcutta, 1281: and other books of biography.
3. See Ibn Khallikan, trans. de Slane, Vol. III, p. 274.
4. See Shahrastani, Kjtab al-milal wa'l-nihal(The Book of Religious and Philosophical Sects) edit. Cureton, p. 116 ff.
5. The Imams, he asserts, are pure and free from the sin; that the world was under their rule, that through them the eye of God mercy falls on men; that if they did not exist, men would perish, and that they should not fear though worthless fellows might deny all this.[8]
6. An interesting part of which that shows the intellectual and spiritual character of the Imamate goes as follows: A man once asked al-Baqir, "Was the Prophet heir to all the knowledge of the prophets?" He replied, " Yes"; then he was asked if he had inherited it. He said he had. He was then asked whether he could raise the dead to life, restore sight to the blind, and cleanse the leper. He said, "Yes, by the valour of God Most High." He thus put his hand on the eyes of a man and blinded him, and then brought back his sight. Many more such stories are told.[8]

References

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3. al-Qarashi, Baqir Shareef. "3". The life of Imam Mohammad al-Baqir. Qum: Ansariyan Publications.
4. Buckley, Ron p. (2020). Muḥammad al-Bāqir. Encyclopaedia of Islam.
5. Lalani 2000, p. 37
6. Sharif al-Qarashi, Baqir (1999). The Life of Imam Mohammed al-Baqir; Chapter VI & VIII (PDF). Translated by Jasim al-Rasheed. Qum, Islamic Republic of Iran: Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 964-438-044-4.
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10. Lalani 2000, p. 40
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13. Sharif al-Qarashi 1999, p. 237-239
14. Hoyland, In God's Path, 2015: p.199
15. Sharif al-Qarashi 1999, p. 242-245
16. Lalani 2000, p. 41
17. Lalani 2000, p. 8
18. Lalani 2000, p. 9
19. Al-Kulayni, Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub (2015). Kitab al-Kafi. South Huntington, NY: The Islamic Seminary Inc. ISBN 9780991430864.
20. Sell, Edward (1923). Ithna Asharíyya, or The twelve Shi'ah Imams, pp. 18-19. Publisher:. Madras, India: Christian Literature Society for India. pp. 18–19.
21. Corbin, Henry (2001). The History of Islamic Philosophy. Translated by Liadain Sherrard with the assistance of Philip Sherrard. London and New York: Kegan Paul International. pp. 75–76.
22. Lalani 2000, pp. 107–108
23. Lalani 2000, pp. 108–109
24. Lalani 2000, p. 109
25. Lalani 2000, p. 109-110
26. Lalani 2000, p. 110
27. Lalani 2000, p. 110
28. Lalani 2000, p. 110
29. Lalani 2000, p. 110
30. Lalani 2000, p. 110-111
31. Lalani 2000, p. 111
32. Lalani 2000, p. 111
33. Lalani 2000, p. 111
34. Lalani 2000, p. 111
35. Lalani 2000, p. 112
36. Lalani 2000, p. 112-113
37. Lalani 2000, p. 113
38. Lalani 2000, p. 103
39. Lalani 2000, p. 105
40. Lalani 2000, p. 96
41. Lalani 2000, p. 97

• Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1860644344.