Nadolol

Nadolol, sold under the brand name Corgard among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart pain, and atrial fibrillation.[1] It has also been used to prevent migraine headaches and complications of cirrhosis.[2][3] It is taken orally.[2]

Nadolol
Clinical data
Trade namesCorgard, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682666
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classBeta blocker
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding30%
MetabolismNot metabolised
Elimination half-life14-24 hours
ExcretionRenal and fecal (unchanged)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.050.625
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H27NO4
Molar mass309.406 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, a slow heart rate, and Raynaud syndrome.[1] Serious side effects may include heart failure and bronchospasm.[1] Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety.[4] It is a non-selective beta blocker and works by blocking β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart and β2-adrenergic receptors in blood vessels.[1]

Nadolol was patented in 1970 and came into medical use in 1978.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[1] In 2016, it was the 283rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than a million prescriptions.[6]

Medical uses

Nadolol is used to treat hypertension and for long-term treatment of angina pectoris and is approved by the FDA for these purposes.[7]

It is regularly used off-label[7] for control of heart rate in people with atrial fibrillation,[8] prevention of migraine headaches;[9] prevention of bleeding veins in people with portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis;[3] and to treat people with high levels of thyroid hormone.[10]

Nadolol is one of the preferred beta-blockers in the management of patients with LQTS for shortening of the QT interval and prevention of ventricular arrhythmia. It is more efficacious than cardioselective beta-blockers like metoprolol and propanolol in the prevention of breakthrough cardiac events.[11] Nadolol has the advantage of once daily dosing and thus improved patient compliance. For patients with decreased kidney function, nadolol may be dosed less often.[12] It has also been found to be useful (off-label) for several neurological disorders such as the prevention of migraine attacks,[13] attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)[14] and its use has been explored as a treatment for essential tremor[15] and Parkinson's disease[16] but neither is well established.[17][18][19]

Side effects

The most common side effects include dizziness and fatigue.[16]

Contraindications

Nadolol and other beta blockers should be used with cautions in people with heart failure and its use should not be abruptly stopped. It is contraindicated for people with asthma, a slow heart rate and certain severe heart problems.[20]

Mechanism of action
Four stereoisomers of nadolol

Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker; that is, it non-selectively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It has a preference for beta-1 receptors, which are predominantly located in the heart, thereby inhibiting the effects of catecholamines and causing a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. Its inhibition of beta-2 receptors, which are mainly located in the bronchial smooth muscle of the airways, leads to airway constriction similar to that seen in asthma. Inhibition of beta-1 receptors in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney inhibits the renin–angiotensin system, causing a decrease in vasoconstriction and a decrease in water retention. Nadolol's inhibition of beta-1 receptors in the heart and kidney leads to its effects on lowering blood pressure.

The drug impairs AV node conduction and decreases sinus rate.

Nadolol may also increase plasma triglycerides and decrease HDL-cholesterol levels.

Chemistry

Nadolol is a mixture of stereoisomers. It is polar and hydrophilic, with low lipid solubility.[21]

References
  1. "Nadolol Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  2. British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 148. ISBN 9780857113382.
  3. Giannelli, V; Lattanzi, B; Thalheimer, U; Merli, M (2014). "Beta-blockers in liver cirrhosis". Annals of Gastroenterology. 27 (1): 20–26. PMC 3959530. PMID 24714633.
  4. "Nadolol Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  5. Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 460. ISBN 9783527607495.
  6. "Nadolol - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  7. Nadolol entry in AccessMedicine. McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed 8 November 2014
  8. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, Calkins H, Cigarroa JE, et al. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 130 (23): e199-267. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. PMC 4676081. PMID 24682347.
  9. Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, Dodick DW, Argoff C, et al. (2012). "Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society". Neurology. 78 (17): 1337–45. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d20. PMC 3335452. PMID 22529202.
  10. Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Greenlee MC, et al. (2011). "Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists". Thyroid. 21 (6): 593–646. doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417. PMID 21510801. S2CID 29669311.
  11. Mazzanti A, Maragna R, Vacanti G, Monteforte N, Bloise R, et al. (15 April 2018). "Interplay Between Genetic Substrate, QTc Duration, and Arrhythmia Risk in Patients With Long QT Syndrome". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 71 (15): 1663–1671. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.078. PMID 29650123.
  12. "Corgard (nadolol) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". reference.medscape.com. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  13. "Nadolol - a beta-blocker - Corgard. High blood pressure drugs". patient.info. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  14. Barkley, Russell A.; Murphy, Kevin R. (27 May 2017). Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Clinical Workbook. Guilford Press. ISBN 9781593852276. Retrieved 27 May 2017 – via Google Books.
  15. Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, et al. (Nov 2011). "Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology. 77 (19): 1752–5. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236f0fd. PMC 3208950. PMID 22013182.
  16. U.S. National Library of Medicine Nadolol entry in Medline Plus
  17. Foster NL, Newman RP, Lewitt PA, Gillespie MM, Larsen TA, et al. (October 1984). "Peripheral beta-adrenergic blockade treatment of parkinsonian tremor". Ann Neurol. 16 (4): 505–508. doi:10.1002/ana.410160412. PMID 6149724. S2CID 24179607.
  18. "Nadolol: MedlinePlus Drug Information". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  19. "Nadolol Dosage Guide with Precautions - Drugs.com". drugs.com. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  20. "Corgard Label" (PDF). fda.gov. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  21. Bragg W, Norton D, Shamsi SA (November 2008). "Optimized separation of beta-blockers with multiple chiral centers using capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry". J Chromatogr B. 875 (1): 304–16. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.028. PMC 2680439. PMID 18619928.
  • "Nadolol". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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