New York City Hall

New York City Hall is the seat of New York City government, located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center area of Lower Manhattan, between Broadway, Park Row, and Chambers Street. Constructed from 1803 to 1812,[1] the building is the oldest city hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions,[5] such as the office of the Mayor of New York City and the chambers of the New York City Council. While the Mayor's Office is in the building, the staff of thirteen municipal agencies under mayoral control are located in the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building, one of the largest government buildings in the world.

City Hall
NYC Landmark No. 0080, 0916
LocationCity Hall Park
between Broadway and Park Row[1][2]
Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40.7127°N 74.0059°W / 40.7127; -74.0059
Built1811
ArchitectJoseph-François Mangin and John McComb Jr.
Architectural styleexterior:
French Renaissance Revival
interior:
Georgian Revival
NRHP reference No.66000539
NYCL No.0080, 0916
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[3]
Designated NHLDecember 19, 1960[4]
Designated NYCLexterior: February 1, 1966
interior: January 17, 1976

New York City Hall is a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[4][6][7] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated both City Hall's exterior and interior as official city landmarks in 1966 and 1976, respectively.[2]

History

Context

New Amsterdam's first City Hall was built by the Dutch in the 17th century near 73 Pearl Street.[8] The city's second City Hall, built in 1700, stood on Wall and Nassau Streets. That building was renamed Federal Hall in 1789, after New York became the first official capital of the United States after the Constitution was ratified.

Plans for building a new City Hall were discussed by the New York City Council as early as 1776, but the financial strains of the war delayed progress. The Council chose a site at the old Common at the northern limits of the city, now City Hall Park. City Hall was originally an area for the first almshouse in 1653. In 1736, there was a financed almshouse for those who were fit to work, for the unfit, and those that were like criminals but were paupers.[9]

Design and construction
City Hall at night in 2008
New York City Municipal and Metropolitan policemen riot and fight each other in front of New York City Hall in 1857.

In 1802 the City held a competition for a new City Hall. The first prize of $350 was awarded to Joseph-François Mangin and John McComb Jr. Mangin, who was the principal designer,[1] studied architecture in his native France before becoming a New York City surveyor in 1795 and publishing an official map of the city in 1803. Mangin was also the architect of the landmark St. Patrick's Old Cathedral on Mulberry Street. McComb, whose father had worked on the old City Hall, was a New Yorker and designed Castle Clinton in Battery Park. He would supervise the construction of the building, and designed the architectural detailing as well.[1]

The cornerstone of the new City Hall was laid on May 26, 1803.[10] Construction was delayed after the City Council objected that the design was too extravagant. In response, McComb and Mangin reduced the size of the building and used brownstone at the rear of the building to lower costs; the brownstone, along with the original deteriorated Massachusetts marble facade, quarried from Alford, Massachusetts, would later be replaced with Alabama limestone between 1954[11] and 1956. Labor disputes and an outbreak of yellow fever further slowed construction. The building was not dedicated until 1811, and opened officially in 1812.

Usage

The New York City Police riot occurred in front of New York City Hall between the recently dissolved New York Municipal Police and the newly formed Metropolitan Police on June 16, 1857. Municipal police fought with Metropolitan officers who were attempting to arrest New York City Mayor Fernando Wood.

On July 23, 2003, at 2:08 p.m., City Hall was the scene of a rare political assassination. Othniel Askew, a political rival of City Councilman James E. Davis, opened fire with a pistol from the balcony of the City Council chamber. Askew shot Davis twice, fatally wounding him. A police officer on the floor of the chamber then fatally shot Askew. Askew and Davis had entered the building together without passing through a metal detector, a courtesy extended to elected officials and their guests. As a result of the security breach, then-Mayor Michael Bloomberg revised security policy to require that everyone entering the building pass through metal detectors without exception.[12]

In 2008, work began on a restoration of the building, after a century without a major renovation. The construction included structural enhancements, upgrades to building services, as well as in-depth restoration of much of the interior and exterior. Due to the complexity of the demands of the project, the New York City Department of Design and Construction hired Hill International to provide construction management. Renovations were originally estimated to cost $104 million and take four years, but ended up costing nearly $150 million and taking over five years.[13][14]

City Hall, Park Row and City Hall Park, 1911. The structure on the right is the Manhattan station for the cable cars which ran across the Brooklyn Bridge.

Architecture
City Hall, from the Historic American Buildings Survey, with the Manhattan Municipal Building in the background on the right
The Chamber of the Board of Councilmen in 1868

Although Mangin and McComb designed the building, which was constructed between 1810 and 1812, it has been altered numerous times over the years by several architects:[1]:69[2]

The architectural style of City Hall combines two noted historical movements, French Renaissance, which can be seen in the design of the exterior, and American-Georgian in the interior design. The design of City Hall influenced at least two later civic structures, the Tweed Courthouse and the Surrogate's Courthouse immediately to the north. City Hall is a New York City designated landmark. It is also listed on the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places.

Exterior

The building consists of a central pavilion with two projecting wings. The entrance, reached by a long flight of steps, has figured prominently in civic events for over a century and a half. There is a columned entrance portico capped by a balustrade, and another balustrade at the roof. The domed tower in the center was rebuilt in 1917 after the last of two major fires. The original Massachusetts marble facade, quarried from Alford, Massachusetts, and complemented with brownstone on the rear elevation, had deteriorated over time from pollution and pigeons.[15]:30 It was completely reclad in Alabama limestone above a Missouri granite base in 1954–56 by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, architects of the Empire State Building.[15]:30, 103

The steps of City Hall frequently provide a backdrop for political demonstrations and press conferences concerning city politics. Live, unedited coverage of events at City Hall is carried on NYC Media channel 74, a City Government-access television (GATV) official cable TV channel.

Fencing surrounds the building's perimeter, with a strong security presence by the New York City Police Department. Public access to the building is restricted to tours and to those with specific business appointments.

Interior
City Hall Rotunda

On the inside, the rotunda is a soaring space with a grand marble stairway rising up to the second floor, where ten fluted Corinthian columns support the coffered dome, which was added in a 1912 restoration by Grosvenor Atterbury.[2] The rotunda has been the site of municipal as well as national events. Abraham Lincoln's coffin was placed on the staircase landing across the rotunda when he lay in state in 1865 after his assassination. Ulysses S. Grant also lay in state beneath the soaring rotunda dome – as did Colonel Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth, first Union officer killed in the Civil War and commander of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (First Fire Zouaves).

There are 108 paintings from the late 18th century through the 20th. The New York Times declared it "almost unrivaled as an ensemble, with several masterpieces."[16] Among the collection is John Trumbull's 1805 portrait of Alexander Hamilton, the source of the face on the United States ten-dollar bill. There were significant efforts to restore the paintings in the 1920s and 1940s. In 2006 a new restoration campaign began for 47 paintings identified by the Art Commission as highest in priority.

Official receptions are held in the Governor's Room, which has hosted many dignitaries including the Marquis de Lafayette and Albert Einstein. The building's Governor's Room hosted President-elect Abraham Lincoln in 1861. The Governor's Room, which is used for official receptions, also houses one of the most important collections of 19th-century American portraiture and notable artifacts such as George Washington's desk.

Other notable rooms include:

  • The Outer Room is adjacent to the traditional Mayor's office, which is a small space on the northwest corner of the first floor.
  • The Ceremonial Room is where the mayor would meet officials and hold small group meetings.
  • The Blue Room is where New York City mayors have been giving official press conferences for decades and is often used for bill-signing ceremonies.
  • Room 9 is the press room at City Hall where reporters file stories in cramped quarters.

Surroundings
City Hall Park
The control room at the subway station underneath City Hall
City Hall at dusk, 2007

Neighborhood

The area around City Hall is commonly referred to as the Civic Center. Most of the neighborhood consists of government offices (city, state, and federal), as well as an increasing number of upscale residential dwellings being converted from older commercial structures. Architectural landmarks surround City Hall, including St. Paul's Chapel, St. Peter's Church, the Home Life Building, the Rogers Peet Building, and the Woolworth Building to the west; the Broadway–Chambers Building to the northwest; 280 Broadway, 49 Chambers, Tweed Courthouse, and Surrogate's Courthouse to the north; the Manhattan Municipal Building to the northeast; the Brooklyn Bridge to the east; and the New York Times Building, the Potter Building, and the Park Row Building to the southwest. City Hall Park is approximately three blocks away from the World Trade Center to the west.[17] Pace University's New York City campus is located across Park Row from City Hall.[18]

Subway stations

Located directly under City Hall Park is the former City Hall subway station, the original southern terminal of the first service of the New York City Subway built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Opened on October 27, 1904,[19] this station beneath the public area in front of City Hall was designed to be the showpiece of the new subway. The platform and mezzanine feature Guastavino tile, skylights, colored glass tile work and brass chandeliers.[20] Passenger service was discontinued on December 31, 1945,[21] although the station is still used as a turning loop for 6 and <6>​ trains.[22]

Another station named City Hall (N, ​R, and ​W trains) also exists on the BMT Broadway Line, albeit on the western side of City Hall and not directly under it.[23] This station was built in 1918 for the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT).[24]

Other nearby, open subway stations are Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall/Chambers Street (4, ​5, ​6, <6>​, J, and ​Z trains) and Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street (2, ​3​, A, ​C, ​E​, ​N, ​R, and ​W trains).[25]

As a geographic center

Google Maps uses New York City Hall as the zero-mile point from which distances from New York City are measured.[26]

New York City Hall has played a central role in several films and television series. Examples include:

  • Spin City (1996–2002), set in City Hall, starred Michael J. Fox as a Deputy Mayor making efforts to stop the dim-witted Mayor from embarrassing himself in front of the media and voters.
  • City Hall (1996) starred Al Pacino as an idealistic Mayor and John Cusack as his Deputy Mayor, who leads an investigation with unexpectedly far-reaching consequences into an accidental shooting.
  • In the 1984 movie Ghostbusters the Mayor summons the protagonists to City Hall to discuss the impending end of the world.
  • City Hall is also referred to in the folk song "The Irish Rover" as performed by The Clancy Brothers, The Pogues and The Dubliners:

In the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and six,
We set sail from the Coal Quay of Cork
We were sailing away with a cargo of bricks
For the grand City Hall in New York

Although the dates match those of City Hall, there is no recorded usage of Irish bricks in the building's construction. However the song mentions that the Irish Rover never actually arrived in New York, but "struck a rock" and sank instead.
  • In the 2016 movie Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, part of J. K. Rowling's Wizarding World, Senator Henry Shaw (played by Josh Cowdery) holds a fundraising dinner at City Hall for his re-election; this dinner is later disrupted by a magical force that attacks him while he is delivering a speech. St George's Hall, in Liverpool, stands in for the City Hall in both interior and exterior scenes.
  • In 2020, with the release of the Warlords of New York expansion, New York's City Hall was featured in the game Tom Clancy's The Division 2, along with the rest of Lower Manhattan. The building was attacked by Rogue Division Agents, causing the personnel occupying this building to succumb to the effects of the newly formed Eclipse Virus.

See also

References
  1. White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
  2. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1., p.29
  3. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 15, 2006.
  4. "City Hall (New York)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 10, 2007.
  5. Michael M. Grynbaum (May 24, 2012). "The Reporters of City Hall Return to Their Old Perch". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  6. Shedd, Charles E. Jr. (October 28, 1959). "National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings: New York City Hall". National Park Service.
  7. "Mr. Bloomberg, Perth Amboy Begs to Differ", The New York Times (July 24, 2007). Accessed October 11, 2011
  8. "Public Tours: City Hall Sites and the Common" on "NYCDesign", the Public Design Commission of the City of New York website
  9. Keller, Kenneth; Keller, Lisa (2010). Encyclopedia Of New York City. New York City: Yale University Press. p. 51. ISBN 9780300114652 – via Second Edition.
  10. "City Hall Park Highlights : NYC Parks". www.nycgovparks.org. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
  11. "New York City Hall Tours | Free Tours by Foot". Free Tours by Foot. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
  12. Kolker, Robert (August 4, 2003). "Killer Competition". New York. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
  13. "New York City Hall Rehabilitation". ENR New York (November 11, 2013). November 7, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  14. Roberts, Sam (November 8, 2013). "As City Hall Changes Hands, Construction Will Go On". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
  15. White, Norval; Willensky, Eliot, eds. (1968). AIA Guide to New York City. The Macmillan Company. ISBN 978-1131638560.
  16. Dunlap, David W. (December 6, 2006). "In New York, Taking Years Off the Old, Famous Faces Adorning City Hall". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2010.
  17. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  18. "About Pace University - Directions To All Campuses - New York City Campus - PACE UNIVERSITY". www.pace.edu.
  19. "Our Subway Open, 150,000 People Try It" (PDF). The New York Times. October 28, 1904. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  20. "Interborough Rapid Transit System, Underground Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. October 23, 1979. pp. 5–6. Retrieved November 19, 2019.
  21. "Historic Station Closed After 41 Years". The New York Times. January 1, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2010.
  22. Cuza, Bobby (March 6, 2007). "See A Glimpse Of NYC History For The Price Of A Subway Ride". NY1. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
  23. "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower Manhattan" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  24. "Open New Subway To Times Square; Brooklyn Directly Connected with Wholesale and Shopping Districts of New York. Nickel Zone Is Extended. First Train in Broadway Tube Makes Run from Rector Street in 17 Minutes. Cost About $20,000,000 Rapid Transit from Downtown to Hotel and Theatre Sections Expected to Affect Surface Lines. Increases Five-Cent Zone. First Trip to Times Square. Benefits to Brooklyn" (PDF). The New York Times. January 6, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  25. "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 21, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  26. Garlock, Stephanie. "The Sign Says You've Got 72 Miles to Go Before the End of Your Road Trip. It's Lying". CityLab. Retrieved June 7, 2020.
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