Osteoglossomorpha

The Osteoglossomorpha are a group of bony fish in the Teleostei.

Xiphactinus audax three-dimensionally restoreded skeleton in the Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park, Colorado

Osteoglossomorpha Temporal range: Triassic - Recent
Arapaima (Arapaima gigas)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Infraclass:	Teleostei
Superorder:	Osteoglossomorpha Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman & Myers, 1966
Orders
Hiodontiformes Osteoglossiformes and see text

Specimen of the primitive ichthyodectiform Allothrissops

Notable members

A notable member is the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), the largest freshwater fish in South America and one of the largest bony fishes alive. Other notable members include the bizarre freshwater elephantfishes of family Mormyridae, and the extinct predator, Xiphactinus.

Systematics

Most osteoglossomorph lineages are extinct today. Only the somewhat diverse "bone-tongues" (Osteoglossiformes) and two species of mooneyes (Hiodontiformes) remain.[1][2][3]

The Ichthyodectiform fishes from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were once classified as osteoglossomorphs, but are now generally recognized as stem teleosts.[4]

Basal and incertae sedis (Extinct) Genus †Paralycoptera Chang & Chou, 1977 Genus †Jinanichthys Ma & Sun 1988 [Liaoxiichthys Su 1992] Genus ?†Kokuraichthys Yabumoto 2013 Genus ?†Nierrkunia Su 1992 Genus ?†Shuleichthys Murray, You & Peng 2010 Genus ?†Suziichthys Su 1992 Genus ?†Wilsonichthys Murray, Newbrey, Neumand & Brinkmand 2016 Family †Jiaohichthyidae Ma 1983 Genus †Jiaohichthys Ma 1983 Family †Kuyangichthidae Liu, Ma & Liu, 1982 Genus †Kuyangichthys Liu, Ma & Liu 1982 Genus †Pulinia Ma 1983 Order †Lycopteriformes Chang & Chou 1977 Family †Juiquanichthyidae Ma, 1984 Genus †Jiuquanichthys Ma 1984 Genus †Changma Ma 1984 Genus †Qilianichthys Ma 1984 Family †Lycopteridae Liu, Su, Huang & Chang, 1963 Genus †Aokiichthys Yabumoto 1994 Genus †Changichthys Su 1991 Genus †Manchurichthys Saito 1936 Genus †Neolycoptera Dolgopol de Saez 1939 Genus †Pingolepis Chang & Chow 1974 Genus †Tongxinichthys Ma 1980 Genus †Yixianichthys Wu 2003 Genus †Yungkangichthys Chang & Chou 1977 Genus †Lycoptera Liu et al. 1963 [Asiatolepis Takai 1944; Sungarichthys Takai 1944] Order †Ichthyodectiformes Bardeck & Sprinkle, 1969 Basal and incertae sedis Genus †Ascalabothrissops Arratia, 2000 Genus †Chiromystus Genus †Occithrissops Genus †Pachythrissops (tentatively placed here) Family †Allothrissopidae Patterson & Rosen, 1977 Family †Thryptodontidae (tentatively placed here) Suborder †Ichthyodectoidei Romer, 1966 Family †Ichthyodectidae Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979 Genus †Chetungichthys Chang & Chou, 1977 Genus †Plesiolycoptera Zhang & Zhou 1976 Genus †Yanbiania Li 1987 Family Hiodontidae Valenciennes 1846 sensu stricto (mooneyes) Genus †Eohiodon Cavender 1966 Genus Hiodon Lesueur 1818

Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004 Genus Xixiaichthys Zhang 2004 Genus Tanolepis Jin 1994 [Tanichthys Jin 1991 non Lin 1932] Family †Huashiidae Chang & Chou, 1977 Genus †Kuntulunia Liu, Ma & Liu 1982 Genus †Huashia Chang & Chou 1977 Suborder Pantodontoidei Family Pantodontidae Peters 1876 (freshwater butterflyfishes) Genus Pantodon Peters 1877 Suborder Osteoglossoidei Regan 1909 Genus †Genartina Frizzell & Dante 1965 Genus †Monopteros Volta 1796 Genus †Musperia Sanders 1934 Genus †Phareoides Taverne, 1973 Genus †Chauliopareion Family †Brychaetidae Bonde 1966 Genus †Brychaetus Woodward 1901 Family †Singididae Greenwood & Patterson 1967 Genus †Singida Greenwood & Patterson 1967 Family Phaerodontidae Jordan 1925a Genus †Phareodusichthys Gayet 1991 Genus †Cretophareodus Li 1996 Genus †Phareodus Leidy 1873 Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte 1832 sensu lato (arowanas) Suborder Notopteroidei Greenwood 1973 Family †Ostariostomidae Schaeffer, 1949 Genus †Ostariostoma Schaeffer 1949 Superfamily Notopteroidea Family †Wakinoichthyidae Yabumoto 1994 Genus Wakinoichthys Yabumoto 1994 corrig. Family †Kipalaichthyidae Benveniste 1998 Genus †Kipalaichthys Casier 1965 Genus †Paradercetis Casier 1965 Family Notopteridae Bleeker 1851 (Brown knifefish; featherbacks) Superfamily Mormyroidea Family Gymnarchidae Bleeker 1859 (Aba, African Knifefish) Family Mormyridae Bonaparte 1832 (freshwater elephantfishes)

Phylogeny

Phylogeny based on the following works:[5][6][7]

Osteoglossomorpha	Hiodontiformes Hiodontidae   Osteoglossiformes Pantodontoidei Pantodontidae     Osteoglossoidei Osteoglossidae   Notopteroidei Notopteroidea Notopteridae   Mormyroidea   Gymnarchidae     Mormyridae

References

1. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
2. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Osteoglossomorpha – bony-tongue fishes and relatives". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
3. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. Hilton, Eric J. (2003). "Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 137: 1–100. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00032.x.
5. Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
6. Lavoué, S., Sullivan J. P., & Hopkins C. D. (2003): Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 78, 273-292. PDF Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
7. Sullivan, J. P., Lavoué S., & Hopkins C. D. (2000): Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. Journal of Experimental Biology. 203, 665-683. PDF Archived 2014-10-30 at the Wayback Machine