Pepsi

Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and introduced as Brad's Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola in 1898,[1] and then shortened to Pepsi in 1961.

Pepsi
TypeCola
ManufacturerPepsiCo
Country of originUnited States
Introduced1893 (1893) (as Brad's Drink)
1898 (1898) (as Pepsi-Cola)
1961 (1961) (as Pepsi)
ColorCaramel E-150d
VariantsDiet Pepsi
Pepsi Twist
Pepsi Lime
Pepsi Wild Cherry
Crystal Pepsi
Caffeine-Free Pepsi
Pepsi-Cola Made with Real Sugar
Pepsi Vanilla
Pepsi Zero Sugar
Pepsi Next
Related productsCoca-Cola
RC Cola
Websitepepsi.com
This article is about the beverage. For its manufacturer, see PepsiCo. For other uses, see Pepsi (disambiguation).

History
The pharmacy of Caleb Bradham, with a Pepsi dispenser
A plaque at 256 Middle Street, New Bern, NC

Pepsi was first introduced as "Brad's Drink"[1] in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham, who made it at his drugstore where the drink was sold.

It was renamed Pepsi-Cola in 1898, "Pepsi" because it was advertised to relieve dyspepsia[2][1][3] (today more commonly known as indigestion or an upset stomach) and "Cola" referring to the cola flavor.[3] Some have also suggested that "Pepsi" may have been a reference to the drink aiding digestion like the digestive enzyme pepsin,[4][3] but pepsin itself was never used as an ingredient to Pepsi-Cola.[1]

The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla.[1] Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy.[1]

The original stylized Pepsi-Cola wordmark used from 1898 until 1905.

In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse. That year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in six-ounce bottles, and sales increased to 19,848 gallons. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The advertising theme "Delicious and Healthful" was then used over the next two decades.[5]

A 1919 newspaper ad for Pepsi-Cola

In 1923, the Pepsi-Cola Company entered bankruptcy—in large part due to financial losses incurred by speculating on the wildly fluctuating sugar prices as a result of World War I. Assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark.[1] Megargel was unsuccessful in efforts to find funding to revive the brand and soon Pepsi's assets were purchased by Charles Guth, the president of Loft, Inc. Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores' fountains after the Coca-Cola Company refused to give him additional discounts on syrup. Guth then had Loft's chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula.[6]

On three occasions between 1922 and 1933, the Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion.[7]

Growth in popularity

During the Great Depression, Pepsi-Cola gained popularity following the introduction in 1934 of a 12-ounce bottle. Prior to that, Pepsi and Coca-Cola sold their drinks in 6.5-ounce servings for about $0.05 a bottle. With a radio advertising campaign featuring the popular jingle "Nickel, Nickel" – first recorded by the Tune Twisters in 1940 – Pepsi encouraged price-conscious consumers to double the volume their nickels could purchase.[8][9] The jingle is arranged in a way that loops, creating a never-ending tune:

"Pepsi-Cola hits the spot / Twelve full ounces, that's a lot / Twice as much for a nickel, too / Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you."[10]

Coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsi's status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Cola's profits doubled.[11]

The stylized Pepsi-Cola wordmark used from 1940 to 1950. It was reintroduced in 2014.

Pepsi's success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering. Since he had initially used Loft's finances and facilities to establish the new Pepsi success, the near-bankrupt Loft Company sued Guth for possession of the Pepsi-Cola company. A long legal battle, Guth v. Loft, then ensued, with the case reaching the Delaware Supreme Court and ultimately ending in a loss for Guth.

Marketing
The Pepsi logo used from 1973 to 1987. From 1987 to 1991, the logo was the same, but with the wordmark in Handel Gothic.[12] This logo was used for Pepsi Throwback until 2014.
The Pepsi globe and wordmark used from 1992 to 2003. The wordmark has been separated from the globe, italicized and made much larger (written vertically on cans) but is still in Handel Gothic.
The Pepsi logo used from 2008 to 2014. The Pepsi globe is now two-dimensional again, and the red, white, and blue design has been changed to look like a smile.

From the 1930s through the late 1950s, "Pepsi-Cola Hits The Spot" was the most commonly used slogan in the days of old radio, classic motion pictures, and later television.[13] Its jingle (conceived in the days when Pepsi cost only five cents) was used in many different forms with different lyrics. With the rise of radio, Pepsi utilized the services of a young, up-and-coming actress named Polly Bergen to promote products, oftentimes lending her singing talents to the classic "...Hits The Spot" jingle.

Film actress Joan Crawford, after marrying Pepsi-Cola president Alfred N. Steele became a spokesperson for Pepsi, appearing in commercials, television specials, and televised beauty pageants on behalf of the company. Crawford also had images of the soft drink placed prominently in several of her later films. When Steele died in 1959, Crawford was appointed to the Board of Directors of Pepsi-Cola, a position she held until 1973, although she was not a board member of the larger PepsiCo, created in 1965.[14]

Pepsi has been featured in several films, including Back to the Future (1985), Home Alone (1990), Wayne's World (1992), Fight Club (1999), and World War Z (2013).[15][16]

In 1992, the Pepsi Number Fever marketing campaign in the Philippines accidentally distributed 800,000 winning bottle caps for a 1 million peso grand prize, leading to riots and the deaths of five people.[17]

In 1996, PepsiCo launched the highly successful Pepsi Stuff marketing strategy.[18] "Project Blue" was launched in several international markets outside the United States in April.[18] The launch included extravagant publicity stunts, such as a Concorde airplane painted in blue colors (which was owned by Air France) and a banner on the Mir space station.

The Project Blue design was first tested in the United States in June 1997, and was released worldwide in 1998 to celebrate Pepsi's 100th anniversary.[19] It was at this point, the logo began to be referred to as the Pepsi Globe.[20]

In October 2008, Pepsi announced that it would redesign its logo and re-brand many of its products by early 2009. In 2009, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, and Pepsi Max began using all lower-case fonts for name brands. The brand's blue and red globe trademark became a series of "smiles," with the central white band arcing at different angles depending on the product until 2010. Pepsi released this logo in U.S. in late 2008, and later it was released in 2009 in Canada (the first country outside of the United States for Pepsi's new logo), Brazil, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Colombia, Argentina, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile, Dominican Republic, the Philippines, and Australia. In the rest of the world, the new logo was released in 2010. The old logo is still used in several international markets, and has been phased out most recently in France and Mexico.

Niche marketing

Walter Mack was named the new president of Pepsi-Cola and guided the company through the 1940s. Mack, who supported progressive causes, noticed that the company's strategy of using advertising for a general audience either ignored African Americans or used ethnic stereotypes in portraying blacks. Up until the 1940s, the full revenue potential of what was called "the Negro market" was largely ignored by white-owned manufacturers in the U.S.[21] Mack realized that blacks were an untapped niche market and that Pepsi stood to gain market share by targeting its advertising directly towards them.[22] To this end, he hired Hennan Smith, an advertising executive "from the Negro newspaper field"[23] to lead an all-black sales team, which had to be cut due to the onset of World War II.

A 1940s advertisement specifically targeting African Americans, an untapped niche market that was largely ignored by white-owned manufacturers in the U.S. A young Ron Brown is the boy reaching for a bottle.

In 1947, Walter Mack resumed his efforts, hiring Edward F. Boyd to lead a twelve-man team. They came up with advertising portraying black Americans in a positive light, such as one with a smiling mother holding a six pack of Pepsi while her son (a young Ron Brown, who grew up to be Secretary of Commerce)[24] reaches up for one. Another ad campaign, titled "Leaders in Their Fields", profiled twenty prominent African Americans such as Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche and photographer Gordon Parks.

Boyd also led a sales team composed entirely of blacks around the country to promote Pepsi. Racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were still in place throughout much of the U.S.; Boyd's team faced a great deal of discrimination as a result,[23] from insults by Pepsi co-workers to threats by the Ku Klux Klan.[24] On the other hand, it was able to use its anti-racism stance as a selling point, attacking Coke's reluctance to hire blacks and support by the chairman of the Coca-Cola Company for segregationist governor of Georgia Herman Talmadge.[22] As a result, Pepsi's market share as compared to Coca-Cola's shot up dramatically in the 1950s with African American soft-drink consumers three times more likely to purchase Pepsi over Coke.[25] After the sales team visited Chicago, Pepsi's share in the city overtook that of Coke for the first time.[22]

Journalist Stephanie Capparell interviewed six men who were on the team in the late 1940s. The team members had a grueling schedule, working seven days a week, morning and night, for weeks on end. They visited bottlers, churches, ladies groups, schools, college campuses, YMCAs, community centers, insurance conventions, teacher and doctor conferences, and various civic organizations. They got famous jazzmen such as Duke Ellington and Lionel Hampton to promote Pepsi from the stage. No group was too small or too large to target for a promotion.[26]

Pepsi advertisements avoided the stereotypical images common in the major media that depicted Aunt Jemimas and Uncle Bens, whose role was to draw a smile from white customers. Instead, it portrayed black customers as self-confident middle-class citizens who showed very good taste in their soft drinks. They were economical too, as Pepsi bottles were twice the size.[27]

This focus on the market for black people caused some consternation within the company and among its affiliates. It did not want to seem focused on black customers for fear white customers would be pushed away.[22] In a national meeting, Mack tried to assuage the 500 bottlers in attendance by pandering to them, saying "We don't want it to become known as a nigger drink."[28] After Mack left the company in 1950, support for the black sales team faded and it was cut.[21]

Boyd was replaced in 1952 by Harvey C. Russell, who was notable for his marketing campaigns towards black youth in New Orleans. These campaigns, held at locales attended largely by black children, would encourage children to collect Pepsi bottle caps, which they could then exchange for rewards. One example is Pepsi's 1954 "Pepsi Day at the Beach" event, where New Orleans children could ride rides at an amusement park in exchange for Pepsi bottle caps. By the end of the event, 125,000 bottle caps been collected. According to The Pepsi Cola World, the New Orleans campaign was a success; once people's supply of bottle caps ran out, the only way they could get more was to buy more Pepsi.[29]

Rivalry with Coca-Cola
Main article: Cola wars

According to Consumer Reports, in the 1970s, the rivalry continued to heat up the market. Pepsi conducted blind taste tests in stores, in what was called the "Pepsi Challenge". These tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi to Coca-Cola. The sales of Pepsi started to climb, and Pepsi kicked off the "Challenge" across the nation. This became known as the "Cola Wars".

In 1985, the Coca-Cola Company, amid much publicity, changed its formula. The theory has been advanced that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically in response to the Pepsi Challenge. However, a consumer backlash led to Coca-Cola quickly reintroducing the original formula as "Coca-Cola Classic".

In 1989, Billy Joel mentioned the rivalry between the two companies in the song "We Didn't Start the Fire". The line "Rock & Roller Cola Wars" refers to Pepsi and Coke's usage of various musicians in advertising campaigns. Coke used Paula Abdul, while Pepsi used Michael Jackson. Both companies then competed to get other musicians to advertise its beverages.

According to Beverage Digest's 2008 report on carbonated soft drinks, PepsiCo's U.S. market share is 30.8 percent, while the Coca-Cola Company's is 42.7 percent.[30] Coca-Cola outsells Pepsi in most parts of the U.S., notable exceptions being central Appalachia, North Dakota, and Utah. In the city of Buffalo, New York, Pepsi outsells Coca-Cola by a two-to-one margin.[31]

Overall, Coca-Cola continues to outsell Pepsi in almost all areas of the world. However, exceptions include: Oman, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, and Northern Ontario.[32]

Pepsi had long been the drink of French-Canadians, and it continues to hold its dominance by relying on local Québécois celebrities (especially Claude Meunier, of La Petite Vie fame) to sell its product.[33] PepsiCo introduced the Quebec slogan "here, it's Pepsi" (Ici, c'est Pepsi) in response to Coca-Cola ads proclaiming "Around the world, it's Coke" (Partout dans le monde, c'est Coke).

As of 2012, Pepsi is the third most popular carbonated drink in India, with a 15% market share, behind Sprite and Thums Up. In comparison, Coca-Cola is the fourth most popular carbonated drink, occupying a mere 8.8% of the Indian market share.[34] By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977, when it left India because of the new foreign exchange laws which mandated majority shareholding in companies to be held by Indian shareholders. The Coca-Cola Company was unwilling to dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), thus sharing its formula with an entity in which it did not have majority shareholding. In 1988, PepsiCo gained entry to India by creating a joint venture with the Punjab government-owned Punjab Agro Industrial Corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India Limited. This joint venture marketed and sold Lehar Pepsi until 1991, when the use of foreign brands was allowed; PepsiCo bought out its partners and ended the joint venture in 1994. In 1993, the Coca-Cola Company returned in pursuance of India's Liberalization policy.[35]

Pepsi bottles in Soviet period style in supermarket in Kyiv, Ukraine.

In Russia, Pepsi initially had a larger market share than Coke, but it was undercut once the Cold War ended. In 1972, PepsiCo struck a barter agreement with the then government of the Soviet Union, in which PepsiCo was granted exportation and Western marketing rights to Stolichnaya vodka in exchange for importation and Soviet marketing of Pepsi.[36][37] This exchange led to Pepsi being the first foreign product sanctioned for sale in the Soviet Union.[38]

Reminiscent of the way that Coca-Cola became a cultural icon and its global spread spawned words like "cocacolonization", Pepsi-Cola and its relation to the Soviet system turned it into an icon. In the early 1990s, the term "Pepsi-stroika" began appearing as a pun on "perestroika", the reform policy of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. Critics viewed the policy as an attempt to usher in Western products in deals there with the old elites. Pepsi, as one of the first American products in the Soviet Union, became a symbol of that relationship and the Soviet policy. This was reflected in Russian author Victor Pelevin's book "Generation P".

In 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Coca-Cola was introduced to the Russian market. As it came to be associated with the new system and Pepsi to the old, Coca-Cola rapidly captured a significant market share that might otherwise have required years to achieve. By July 2005, Coca-Cola enjoyed a market share of 19.4 percent, followed by Pepsi with 13 percent.[39]

Pepsi was introduced in Romania in 1966, during the early liberalization policies of Nicolae Ceaușescu, opening up a factory at Constanța in 1967. This was done as a barter agreement similar to the one in the USSR, however, Romanian wine would be sold in the United States instead. The product quickly became popular, especially among young people, but due to the austerity measures imposed in the 1980s, the product became scarce and rare to find. Starting from 1991, PepsiCo entered the new Romanian market economy, and still maintains a bigger popularity than its competitor, Coca-Cola, introduced in Romania in 1992, despite heavy competition during the 1990s (sometime between 2000 and 2005, Pepsi overtook Coca-Cola in sales in Romania).[40]

Pepsi did not sell soft drinks in Israel until 1991. Many Israelis and some American Jewish organizations attributed Pepsi's previous reluctance to expand operations in Israel to fears of an Arab boycott. Pepsi, which has a large and lucrative business in the Arab world, denied that, saying that economic, rather than political, reasons kept it out of Israel.[41]

Pepsiman

Pepsiman is an official Pepsi mascot from Pepsi's Japanese corporate branch, created sometime around the mid-1990s.[42] Pepsiman took on three different outfits, each one representing the current style of the Pepsi can in distribution. Twelve commercials were created featuring the character. His role in the advertisements is to appear with Pepsi to thirsty people or people craving soda.[43] Pepsiman happens to appear at just the right time with the product. After delivering the beverage, sometimes Pepsiman would encounter a difficult and action-oriented situation which would result in injury. Another more minor mascot, Pepsiwoman, also featured in a few of her own commercials for Pepsi Twist; her appearance is basically a female Pepsiman wearing a lemon-shaped balaclava.

In 1994, Sega-AM2 released the Sega Saturn version of its arcade fighting game Fighting Vipers.[44] In this game, Pepsiman was included as a special character, with his specialty listed as being the ability to "quench one's thirst." He does not appear in any other version or sequel. In 1999, KID developed a video game for the PlayStation entitled Pepsiman. As the titular character, the player runs "on rails" (forced motion on a scrolling linear path), skateboards, rolls, and stumbles through various areas, avoiding dangers and collecting cans of Pepsi, all while trying to reach a thirsty person as in the commercials.[45][46][47]

Sports sponsorships

Pepsi has official sponsorship deals with the National Football League, National Hockey League, and National Basketball Association.[48][49][50] It was the sponsor of Major League Soccer until December 2015 and Major League Baseball until April 2017, both leagues signing deals with Coca-Cola.[51][52] From 1999 to 2020, Pepsi also had the naming rights to the Pepsi Center, an indoor sports and entertainment facility in Denver, Colorado, until the venue's new naming rights were announced on October 22, 2020.[53] In 1997, after his sponsorship with Coca-Cola ended, retired NASCAR Sprint Cup Series driver turned Fox NASCAR announcer Jeff Gordon signed a long-term contract with Pepsi, and he drives with the Pepsi logos on his car with various paint schemes for about 2 races each year, usually a darker paint scheme during nighttime races. Pepsi has remained as one of his sponsors ever since. Pepsi has also sponsored the NFL Rookie of the Year award since 2002.[54]

Pepsi also has sponsorship deals in international cricket teams.[55] The Pakistani national cricket team is one of the teams that the brand sponsors.[55] The team wears the Pepsi logo on the front of their test and ODI test match clothing.

The Buffalo Bisons, an American Hockey League team, was sponsored by Pepsi-Cola in its later years; the team adopted the beverage's red, white, and blue color scheme along with a modification of the Pepsi logo (with the word "Buffalo" in place of the Pepsi-Cola wordmark). The Bisons ceased operations in 1970, making way for the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL.

Pepsi also has a large partnership with the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League and are the official sponsor of the Carolina’ Hurricanes bus, the “Pepsi Caniac Coach” and the team’s cheer squad, the “Pepsi Storm Squad.”

In 2017, Pepsi was the jersey sponsor of the Papua New Guinea national basketball team.

Ingredients
Nutrition facts
Serving size 12 fl oz (355 ml)
Servings per container 1
Amount per serving
Calories 150[56]Calories from fat 0
% Daily value*
Total fat 0 g0%
   Saturated fat 0 g0%
   Trans fat 0 g
Cholesterol 0 mg0%
Sodium 15 mg1%
Potassium 0 mg0%
Total carbohydrate 41 g14%
   Dietary fiber 0 g0%
   Sugars 41 g
Protein 0 g
Vitamin A0%     Vitamin C0%
Calcium0%     Iron0%
*Percent daily values are based on a 2,000‑calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.

In the United States, Pepsi is made with carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, sugar, phosphoric acid, caffeine, citric acid, and natural flavors.[57] A can of Pepsi (12 fl ounces) has 41 grams of carbohydrates (all from sugars), 30 mg of sodium, 0 grams of fat, 0 grams of protein, 38 mg of caffeine, and 150 calories.[58][59] Pepsi has 10 more calories and two more grams of sugar and carbohydrates than Coca-Cola.[60] Caffeine-Free Pepsi contains the same ingredients but without the caffeine.

Variants
Main article: List of Pepsi variations

Fictional drinks
  • Pepsi Perfect: A vitamin-enriched Pepsi variation in special bottle shown in the movie Back to the Future Part II in scenes set in the year 2015. This was later released as a limited-edition drink.[61] Only 6,500 bottles were available for $20.15, they have since been sold for hundreds of dollars on eBay.[62]

See also

References

Notes

  1. The History of the Birthplace of Pepsi-Cola. Pepsistore.com. Retrieved on February 4, 2012.
  2. Vincent Tompkins; Judith Baughman; James W. Hipp (1994). American Decades: 1900-1909. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-8103-5722-8. Pepsi derives its name from the ailment it was advertised to relieve: dyspepsia.
  3. Tristan Donovan (1 November 2013). Fizz: How Soda Shook Up the World. Chicago Review Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-61374-725-4. The cola part of the name was an obvious nod to the cola flavor of the drink, whil the word Pepsi referred to his goal of making an indigestion-easing beverage. Whether the wor Pepsi came from the digestive enzyme pepsin or dyspesia [...] or both isn't known.
  4. Stoddard (28 February 2011). Encyclopedia of Pepsi-Cola Collectibles. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4402-2535-2.
  5. "Pepsi – FAQs". PepsiCo. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2009. 1909: Automobile racing pioneer Barney Oldfield becomes the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi when he appears in newspaper ads describing Pepsi: "A bully drink...refreshing, invigorating, a fine bracer before a race." The theme "Delicious and Healthful" appears and will be used intermittently over the next two decades.
  6. "Guth v. Loft (Del. 1939) [Pepsi]". h2o.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
  7. Mark Pendergrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Basic Books. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-465-05468-4.
  8. Marketing, Baer Performance (2011-07-01). "Flashback Friday- "Nickel Nickel"". Baer Performance Marketing. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  9. "Pepsi-Cola Advertising Through the Years". adage.com. 1998-07-20. Retrieved 2019-06-13.
  10. "1939 Radio Commercial (Twice as Much for a Nickel)". Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  11. Jones, Eleanor & Ritzmann, Florian. "Coca-Cola at Home". Retrieved June 17, 2006.
  12. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. Cross, Mary (2002). A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture. Greenwood Press. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-0313314810. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  14. "LA Times: Joan Crawford Appointed to Pepsi Board". Joancrawfordbest.com. May 7, 1959. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  15. Bricken, Rob (March 7, 2013). "20 Lies Back to the Future II Told Us (Besides the Hoverboard)". Retrieved May 4, 2015.
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  17. Drogin, Bob (26 July 1993). "Pepsi-Cola Uncaps A Lottery Nightmare -- Bombings, Threats Follow Contest With Too Many Winners". Los Angeles Times. Seattle Times Company. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  18. Reuters (1996-04-03). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS: ADVERTISING;Pepsi Introduces a New LookFor Its International Markets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  19. "Pepsi launches lavish 'blue' campaign". UPI. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  20. "The history of the Pepsi logo". 99designs. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  21. "How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity". Wall Street Journal. January 9, 2016.
  22. Martin, Douglas (May 6, 2007). "Edward F. Boyd Dies at 92; Marketed Pepsi to Blacks". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2007.
  23. Archer, Michelle (January 22, 2007). "Pepsi's challenge in 1940s: Color barrier". USA Today. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
  24. Stewart, Jocelyn Y. (May 5, 2007). "Edward Boyd, 92; Pepsi ad man broke color barriers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
  25. Brian D. Behnken, Gregory D. Smithers (2015). "Racism in American Popular Media: From Aunt Jemima to the Frito Bandito". p. 34. ABC-CLIO
  26. Stephanie Capparell, "How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity." CHANGE 63 (2007): 1-26 online.
  27. Stephanie Capparell, The Real Pepsi Challenge: The Inspirational Story of Breaking the Color Barrier in American Business (2007).
  28. Smiley, Tavis (February 27, 2007). "Edward Boyd". PBS. Archived from the original (interview) on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.
  29. Weems Jr., Robert E. (February 1998). Desegregating the dollar: African American consumerism in the twentieth century. New York University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-8147-9290-1.
  30. "Special Issue: Top-10 CSD Results for 2008" Archived April 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Beverage Digest, March 30, 2009 (PDF)
  31. "History of Pepsi vs. Coke Rivalry at Rivals4Ever". Rivals4ever.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  32. Vive la difference, Strategy Magazine, October 2004
  33. "The Pepsi 'Meunier' Campaign" (PDF). Canadian Advertising Success Stories (Cassies) Case Library. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
  34. The top 5 sodas in India by market share, Euromonitor International via Bloomberg, June 26, 2012 Archived November 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  35. "India: Soft Drinks, Hard Cases" Archived February 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Water Dossier, March 14, 2005
  36. Robert Laing (March 28, 2006). "Pepsi's comeback, Part II". Mail & Guardian online. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  37. Coke Vs. Pepsi Archived January 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Free-Essays.us. Retrieved on February 4, 2012.
  38. "PepsiCo Company History (1972)". PepsiCo, Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2005. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  39. "Coke Versus Pepsi, Santa Versus Moroz" Archived February 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Moscow Times, December 30, 2005
  40. “Interviu: Cum a ajuns Pepsi in Romania”. Wall Street.
  41. Tom Hundley Israel braces for new conflict: The soda war. Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1992
  42. LaPointe, Sarah (2019-11-08). "The Bizarre Untold History of Mountain Dew (And Other Popular Sodas)". Obsev. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  43. Journal, Yumiko OnoStaff Reporter of The Wall Street (1997-05-23). "PepsiCo's 'American' Superhero In Japanese Ads Is Alien to U.S." Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  44. Bryant, Paul (2012-11-21). "Virtua Fighter 2, Sonic the Fighters and Fighting Vipers busting heads on XBLA, PSN next week". Gaming Age. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  45. "Pepsiman: PlayStation's Strangest Moment?". IGN.
  46. Mike Suszek (July 29, 2012). "Stiq Figures, July 16–22: Pepsiman edition". Joystiq. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  47. "Pepsiman gameplay video". YouTube.
  48. "PepsiCo extends NFL sponsorship in $560 Million Deal". Chief Marketer. 2004-04-06. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  49. "Pepsi adds five years to NHL sponsorship". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  50. Peterson, Hayley. "The NBA just dealt a major blow to Coca-Cola". Business Insider. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  51. "PepsiCo nabs NBA sponsorship rights from Coca-Cola". Fortune.com. January 9, 2015.
  52. "MLB drops Pepsi for Coca-Cola". CNN. April 3, 2017.
  53. Singer, Mike (October 22, 2020). "After 21 years, Pepsi Center to be renamed Ball Arena as part of new partnership". The Denver Post. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  54. "Pepsi MAX Confirms 30-Second Ad and Consumer Activation for Super Bowl XLVI – PURCHASE, N.Y., Jan. 30, 2012 /PRNewswire/". Prnewswire.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
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Bibliography

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