Pioneer Drum and Bugle Corps

The Pioneer Drum & Bugle Corps was a World Class competitive junior drum and bugle corps from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[1] Pioneer is a former member corps of Drum Corps International (DCI).[2] The unit current operates as three different winter ensembles.

Pioneer Drum and Bugle Corps
TypeParade Corps and Winter Ensembles
LocationMilwaukee, WI
Founded1961
DirectorBobby Bonslater
Championship titlesClass A60: 1991
Division II: 1994 & '95
UniformWhite jacket w/Orange & Dark Green baldric, Dark green pants, White gauntlets w/orange trim, White combination hat w/orange trim-ribbon & a large shamrock badge
Websitepioneer-corps.org

Sources = [3][4][5][6][7]

Pioneer traces its roots to the St. Patrick's (Catholic) parish of Milwaukee and its drum and bugle (D&B) corps, the Imperials of St. Patrick, founded in 1961; although some have said that the actual founding of the corps was the start of the Thunderbolts of Cedarburg, Wisconsin in 1953.(See Note A) Both corps had been active in the Milwaukee area and the Midwest region, and both attended the inaugural DCI World Championship prelims in Whitewater, Wisconsin in 1972, with the Imperials of St. Patrick finishing in 19th place and the Thunderbolts in 28th.

By 1973, the Imperials were facing financial difficulties and the Thunderbolts were having difficulty maintaining support staff, so the two corps merged. This resulted in a 150 member corps—much larger than most drum corps of that time—with financial and staff stability. Unable to decide on a better name and wearing the vastly different uniforms of both corps, the new corps was called "The Thing" during its first season. In 1974 the corps received the sponsorship of the Pioneer Container Corporation and found a name. The Thunderbolts' cadet corps continued, joined by a second "feeder" corps known as Pioneer II. After only a few years, the Thunderbolts' part of the merger departed in favor of the Thunderbolts Cadets, leaving only the Imperials' part in place, bringing about the unit's dropping the Thunderbolts' 1953 founding as its beginning.

While not initially a strong contender, Pioneer became a regular competitor in the Midwest region during the remainder of the 1970s, and in 1978, the corps was one of the founding members of Drum Corps Midwest (DCM) which was to become the premier regional circuit in North America over the next quarter century. In 1985 the primary corps went inactive, and Pioneer II began a transition into becoming Pioneer in 1986. By 1989, Pioneer had started to become a power in Class A60. In 1991, the corps won both the DCM Division III (DIII) title and the DCI Class A60 World Championship; in 1992, they won their 3rd DCM DIII championship but finished second in DCI DIII to the Mandarins.

In 1993 Pioneer moved into Division II (DII), where the corps was an immediate challenger for the championship. The corps was DCM DII champion for four consecutive years, from 1993 to 1996. In 1994, the corps went undefeated and won the DCI DII crown. They defended their DCI title in 1995, but in 1996 fell in finals to Quebec's Les Etoiles by two-tenths of a point. Pioneer moved to Division I (DI) in 1997, and have continued to compete in that division (now known as World Class), where the corps' best finish at the DCI World Championships was 16th place in 2000. Although Pioneer won the DCM DI title in 2004 and 2005, making them the only corps to win DCM titles in 3 divisions, the most prominent corps had abandoned DCM by then and there were no other competitors for the DI titles.

In 1994, the organization was administratively dissolved by the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions. But in 1998, the organization was restored to good standing.[8]

Pioneer celebrated the corps' 50th anniversary during the 2011 season.

Since the banning of smoking in public places, such as during Pioneer's bingo operation, fundraising declined for the corps. In response, Pioneer "tightened its belt" by eliminating many expenses. The end result was a smaller corps, often the smallest in World Class, and diminished scores and lower finishes at the DCI Championships. Regardless, the corps has kept going and striving to be "Better Every Day".

On May 17, 2019, Pioneer announced that it will be hosting a weekend-only performance corps. The performance corps was started to be a foundation for Pioneer's plans to compete in WGI.[9]

Pioneer competed in Drum Line Battle for the first time, when it competed in the 2019 Drum Line Battle during the DCI Championships in Indianapolis.

On November 17, 2019, Pioneer announced a new executive director, Bobby Bonslater. Bobby previously joined the organization as the director for Pioneer's 2019 drumline.[10]

Sponsorship

Pioneer Drum & Bugle Corps & Color Guard, Inc. is a 501 (c)(3) musical organization. As such, it has a Board of Advisors, director, and staff assigned to carry out the organization's mission. The organization is under the direction of Executive Director, Bobby Bonslater and an interim Board of Advisors. However, the interim board of directors does not have the legal authority to remove current Board members, or make legal decisions on behalf of the corps without permission of the existing Board of Directors.[11]

Winter Ensembles

On October 28, 2019, Pioneer announced that they will be hosting three different winter ensembles, which will all compete in the Winter Guard International circuit. These ensembles consist of a percussion ensemble, winds ensemble, and color guard ensemble. These winter ensembles will have show themes that stray away from being Irish, as a way for the organization to re-brand itself. The percussion ensemble will continue to field a cymbal line, as long as there are still interest and membership.[12]

DCI Membership Revoked

During the 2018 season, Pioneer members and staff had sent reports to DCI and made threads on drum corps forums for compliance and administrative issues. These issues included little to no treatment for health issues and injuries sustained during the season, the organization's executive director making racist/culturally insensitive comments to the corps international members and jokes about the holocaust, and the organization having unreliable buses with no or little air conditioning for the long southern tour. As well as the organization's executive director saying at an all corps meeting discussing the reports sent to DCI, "If your dad is beating you, you wouldn't go tell people, would you?".[13]

On August 16, 2018, DCI had suspended Pioneer from all DCI activities, while DCI investigated the organization. The investigation focused on many issues reported by members and staff, possible retaliation for those who spoke out against Pioneer, as well as discouraging members from reporting questionable incidents and areas of concern.[14][15]

On August 24, 2018, DCI had decided that Pioneer will not be allowed to participate in the 2019 season as a condition of the corps' suspension. Following the decision, Pioneer informed DCI that they are moving immediately to replace the executive director and all board members of the organization.[16]

On January 10, 2019, DCI voting membership voted to revoke Pioneer's DCI membership. DCI stated that if Pioneer makes operational and administrative improvements, they will be eligible to re-apply for open class participation as early as 2020.[17]

Notes

Note A--- Originally the Cedarburg High school Drum & Bugle corps, the Thunderbolts gained sponsorship by the Kiekhaefer Mercury Corporation, a manufacturer of outboard motors, and they were officially named the Mercury Thunderbolts. In 1971, the corps and Mercury parted company, and the corps took the name Thunderbolts of Cedarburg. When The Thing was formed, the corps also brought a cadet feeder corps into the new organization. In 1976, the Thunderbolt Cadets parted company with Pioneer, and, using the name Cedarburg Thunderbolts, marched as a separate unit until ceasing operations after the 1979 season.[3][4]

Note B---Roman Blenski II, a member of the DCI Hall of Fame, World Drum Corps Hall of Fame, and the Canadian Legion of Honor, began his association with the corps in the Imperials of St. Patrick's first season. In 1961, while still a marching member of the Norwood Park (IL) Imperials, Blenski was hired to teach the young, novice brass players from the St. Patrick Parish School. His wife Susan was also an instructor for the Imperials of St. Patrick. Their children marched in Pioneer, a family tradition passed on to grandchildren. Blenski was also Executive Director of Drum Corps Midwest from 1979 until it ceased operations in 2005 and continues to serve as a member of the Executive Board of DCI.[18][19] Roman continued to be executive director of the organization until 2019, when he was replaced by Bobby Bonslater.

Show Summary (1973-2019)

Sources:[20]

Gold background indicates DCI Championship; pale blue background indicates DCI Class Finalist; pale green background indicates DCI semifinalist.

YearThemeRepertoireScorePlacement
1973Fanfare (Unknown) / Circus March (Unknown) / Rule Britannia by Thomas Arne and James Thomson /
Skyliner by Charlie Barnet and Dale Bennett / Elijah Rock (Traditional) /
Here There And Everywhere by Lennon–McCartney
65.1526th
1974Fanfare (Unknown) / Elegy March by Roger Nixon / Hey Jude by Lennon–McCartney /
Skyliner by Charlie Barnet and Dale Bennett / In the Mood by Wingy Manone, Joe Garland, and Andy Razaf /
1812 Overture by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
71.1022nd
1975Alexander's Ragtime Band by Irving Berlin / Temptation by Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed /
In the Mood by Wingy Manone, Joe Garland, and Andy Razaf / Encore in Jazz by Vic Firth /
How the West Was Won by Alfred Newman / Battle Hymn of the Republic by William Steffe and Julia Ward Howe
74.4522nd
1976Alexander's Ragtime Band by Irving Berlin / Encore in Jazz by Vic Firth / My Quiet Thoughts (Unknown) /
El Malo by Willie Colón / Selections from Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb
72.3036th
1977Sheherazade by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov / Selections from Cabaret by John Kander and Fred Ebb65.9534th
1978Could it be Magic by Adrienne Anderson, Barry Manilow, and Frédéric Chopin / Pepsi Theme (Unknown) /
McDonald's Theme by Kevin Gavin and Sid Woloshin / Bandstand Boogie by Charles Albertine /
Theme from New York New York by John Kander and Fred Ebb
57.854th Class A
1979Circus March (Unknown) / Harrigan by George M. Cohan /
Sheik Of Araby by Harry B. Smith, Francis Wheeler, and Ted Snyder /
Give My Regards to Broadway (from Little Johnny Jones) by George M. Cohan /
Try to Remember by Harvey Schmidt and Tom Jones
65.9631st
1980Circus March (Unknown) / Mambo Tambo by Miguelito Valdés /
They're Playing Our Song by Marvin Hamlisch and Carole Bayer Sager / Pippin by Stephen Schwartz
53.9535th
1981Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin / New York Jump (Unknown) /
Walking Papers (from The Act) by John Kander and Fred Ebb /
Mambo Tambo by Miguelito Valdés / Morning Glow (from Pippin) by Stephen Schwartz
60.553rd Class A
1982Selections from 42nd Street by Harry Warren and Al Dubin / Morning Glow (from Pippen) by Stephen Schwartz56.305th Class A
1983Alexander's Ragtime Band by Irving Berlin /
Way Down Yonder in New Orleans by John Turner Layton, Jr. and Henry Creamer /
I Feel the Earth Move by Carole King / Waiting for the A Train by Jimmie Rodgers /
Lullaby of Broadway (from 42nd Street) by Harry Warren and Al Dubin
51.4532nd
1984Far From Over by Vince DiCola and Frank Stallone / All Night Long by Lionel Richie /
Shop Around by Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy /
Waiting for the A Train by Jimmie Rodgers / La Cage Aux Folles by Jerry Herman
64.70
56.20
15th Div.III
39th
1985Oklahoma! (from Oklahoma!) by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II /
Medley of George M. Cohan pieces / Comedian's Galop by Dmitry Kabalevsky /
Return of the Spiders by Alice Cooper, Glen Buxton, Michael Bruce, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith /
The Hands of Time (Theme from Brian's Song) by Michel Legrand, Marilyn and Alan Bergman
------
1986Irish Rhapsody by Victor Herbert /
McNamara's Band by Guy Bonham, John J. Stamford, Red Latham, Shamus O'Connor, and Wamp Carlson /
The Girl I Left Behind from (the Irish Suite) (Traditional), adapted by Leroy Anderson /
Reeling and Railing (Traditional) / Kelly the Boy from Calion (Traditional) /
When Irish Eyes Are Smiling by Ernest R. Ball, Chauncey Olcott, and George Graff, Jr.
53.415th Class A60
1987The American SpiritAmerica (from West Side Story) by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim /
When Irish Eyes Are Smiling by Ernest R. Ball, Chauncey Olcott, and George Graff, Jr. / America by Neil Diamond /
Stars and Stripes Forever, Thunder March & Manhattan Beach March by John Philip Sousa /
57.5013th Class A60
1988Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin / Jericho by Morton Gould /
Carioca by Vincent Youmans, Edward Eliscu, and Gus Kahn / Rockin' Robin by Leon René /
My Old Kentucky Home & Camptown Races by Stephen Collins Foster /
Autumn Leaves by Joseph Kosma and Jacques Prévert, adapted by Johnny Mercer /
Way Down Yonder in New Orleans by Turner Layton and Henry Creamer
69.2011th Class A60
1989(Up a) Lazy River by Hoagy Carmichael and Sidney Arodin / Go Tell It on the Mountain (Traditional) /
Jericho by Morton Gould / Carioca by Vincent Youmans, Edward Eliscu, and Gus Kahn /
Where is the Love by Ralph MacDonald and William Salter
76.108th Class A60
1990Repertoire unavailable85.593rd Class A60
1991Irish FestivalA collection of traditional Irish folk songs86.001st Class A60
1992Jig (from Saint Paul's Suite, First Movement) by Gustav Holst /
Freda by Kenny Baker / Minstrel Boy (Traditional) and Thomas Moore /
The Rakes of Mallow (Traditional), adapted by Leroy Anderson / Four Scottish Dances by Malcolm Arnold
88.90
88.70
2nd Div.III
5th Div.II/III
1993Gary Owen March (Traditional) / Over There by George M. Cohan / Tramp! Tramp! Tramp! by George F. Root /
My Bonny Boy (Traditional), adapted by Ralph Vaughan Williams / Far and Away by John Williams
91.10
65.50
4th Div.II
27th
1994Voices of the IsleFour Scottish Dances by Malcolm Arnold /
Maggie Goes To Scotland & The Seduction (from Year of the Comet) by Hummie Mann /
Gary Owen March (Traditional) / Danny Boy (Traditional) and Frederic Weatherly
96.00
69.60
1st Div.II
18th
1995Shades of the EmeraldDiamond Dance by Bill Douglas /
Maggie Goes To Scotland, Helicopter Chase& The Seduction (from The Year of the Comet) by Hummie Mann /
Cursum Perficio, Storms in Africa & Orinoco Flow by Enya and Roma Ryan
95.40
74.70
1st Div.II
18th
1996Celtic TwilightHighstep by Bill Douglas / The Journey Home by John Doan /
Scotland the Brave (Traditional) / Gary Owen March (Traditional)
95.30
74.10
2nd Div.II
20th
1997RiverdanceRiverdance, The Heart's Cry, Shivna, Woman of Sidhe, Russian Dervish, American Wake, Firedance & Home and the Heartland
All from Riverdance by Bill Whelan
76.8019th
1998Irish in your FaceIrish Washerwoman (First Movement from Irish Suite) (Traditional), adapted by Leroy Anderson /
Londonderry Air \ (Traditional), adapted by Percy Grainger / Irish Rhapsody by Victor Herbert
77.2018th
1999GreensleevesFlute Concerto Movement III by Christopher Rouse /
The Girl I Left Behind (from Irish Suite) (Traditional), adapted by Leroy Anderson /
Magh Seola (The Level Plain) by Gerard Fahy / The Cat Rambles to the Child's Saucepan (Traditional) /
English Dances 4th Movement by Malcolm Arnold /
Dargason (from The Saint Paul's Suite - Movement 4) (Traditional), adapted by Gustav Holst
75.2017th
2000Dances of BrigadoonFanfare (Original by Pioneer Staff) /
McConachy Square, Come To Me, Almost Like Being in Love & The Chase
From Brigadoon by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe
77.6016th
2001Irish in the Civil War...
A Quest for Freedom
Main Theme from Gettysburg by Randy Edelman / Variations on the Theme from Minstrel Boy by Frank McNamara /
Over the Fence & Dawn (from Gettysburg) by Randy Edelman / Dixie by Daniel Decatur Emmett /
Battle at Devil's Den (from Gettysburg) by Randy Edelman /
America the Beautiful by Samuel A. Ward and Katharine Lee Bates
79.3018th
2002Oliver!Where is Love?, Main title theme, Be Back Soon, Consider Yourself,
The Robbery, As Long As He Needs Me & Who Will Buy
All from Oliver! by Lionel Bart
73.2522nd
2003Spirit of the PioneerThe Song of Moses by David Holsinger72.3023rd
2004Return to IrelandBy Loch and Mountain by Robert W. Smith /
Irish Washerwoman (First Movement from Irish Suite) (Traditional), adapted by Leroy Anderson /
Irish Washerwoman (Traditional), adapted by Robert W. Smith / Lord of the Dance by Ronan Hardiman /
Believe Me, if All those Endearing Young Charms (Traditional) and Thomas Moore / Riverdance by Bill Whelan
71.6024th
2005This Place Called IrelandOur Homeland (Unknown) / The Irish Spirit (Unknown) / Tragic Legacy (Unknown) / Celtic Pride (Unknown)71.52523rd
2006EmeraldscapesTarantella (from The Blue Room and Other Stories) by Phil Kline /
Slane (Traditional), commonly attributed to Dallán Forgaill
71.5523rd
2007Fields of GreenSuite in E♭ by Gustav Holst /
Dargason (from The Saint Paul's Suite - Movement III) (Traditional), adapted by Gustav Holst /
The Rakes of Mallow & Irish Washerwoman (Irish Suite, 1st Movement) (Traditional), adapted by Leroy Anderson /
Minstrel Boy (Traditional) and Thomas Moore / Gary Owen March (Traditional)
73.32522nd
2008Celtic ReflectionsSuite in E♭ by Gustav Holst / Horkstow Grange (from Lincolnshire Posy) (Traditional) adapted by Percy Grainger /
The Celtic Symphony by Brian Warfield / Richard III & Crown Imperial by William Walton
74.12520th
2009Celtic TrinityThree Celtic Dances by Brian Balmages / Into The Raging River by Steven Reineke75.7521st
2010Corps PrayerSwing Low, Sweet Chariot by Wallace Willis / Make His Praise Glorious by Bill and Robin Wolaver /
The Prayer by David Foster, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa and Tony Renis /
Stained Glass by David Gillingham / Old Hundredth (the Doxology) by Loys Bourgeois
73.9523rd
2011CelebrateFour Scottish Dances by Malcolm Arnold /
Song without Words, I'll Love My Love from 2nd Suite in F for Military Band (Traditional), adapted by Gustav Holst /
New World Symphony by Antonin Dvořák / As Time Goes By (from Everybody's Welcome) by Herman Hupfeld
68.4027th
2012Irish Immigrants:
The Hands that Built America
New World Symphony by Antonín Dvořák / Recollections of Ireland by Ignaz Moscheles /
I'll Take You Home Again Kathleen by Thomas P. Westendorf /
I'm Shipping Up To Boston by Woody Guthrie,
Al Barr, Ken Casey, Matt Kelly, James Lynch, Marc Orrell, Josh "Scruffy" Wallace, and Tim Brennan
66.2027th
2013A New SpiritDoxology by Loys Bourgeois and Thomas Ken / Awesome God by Rich Mullins /
It Is Well With My Soul by Philip Bliss and Horatio Spafford / Just A Closer Walk With Thee (Traditional) /
When the Saints Go Marching In (Traditional) adapted by Luther G. Presley /
The Hymn of Joy by Ludwig van Beethoven and Henry van Dyke / Gary Owen (Traditional)
69.05028th
2014Joy!A Mighty Fortress Is Our God by Martin Luther / We Gather Together by Adrianus Valerius /
When the Saints Go Marching In by Virgil Oliver Stamps and Luther G. Presley /
Hallelujah Chorus (from The Messiah, Part II) by George Frideric Handel
Irish Tune from County Derry (Traditional), adapted by Percy Grainger / Gary Owen (Traditional)
68.85030th
2015Exodus–
Divide the Sea
Unite the People
Exodus by Ernest Gold / The Ten Commandments by Elmer Bernstein / Man of Steel by Hans Zimmer66.17529th
2016The Story of St. Joan of ArcAct I: Voices–Voices of the Sky by Samuel Hazo /
Act II: Conflict–Lauds (Praise High Day) by Ron Nelson /
Act III: Capture and Condemnation–Adagio for Strings by Samuel Barber /
Act IV: Ascension–The Firebird Suite by Igor Stravinsky
68.37529th
2017Irish on Broadway:
The Music of Les Misérables
Look Down, At the End of the Day, Master of the House, On My Own, The Attack on Rue Plumet, and One Day More
All from Les Misérables by Claude-Michel Schönberg, Alain Boublil, Jean-Marc Natel and Herbert Kretzmer
65.91334th
2018Celtic DragonsThe Awakening by Rob Stein, Dave Campbell, and Julia Coleman /
Taking Flight (from How To Train Your Dragon) by John Powell /
Dragon Fire & Beneath the Earth and Sky by Rob Stein, Dave Campbell, and Julia Coleman /
64.30036th
2019Parade CorpsDCI Membership Revoked

Traditions

Pioneer has a tradition of Irish and Celtic influence in its uniforms and musical programs. This and the corps' shamrock logo are a heritage of the Imperials of St. Patrick.

Since the corps' days in Division III, Pioneer's motto has been "Better Every Day". This motto had been used by the Marion (OH) Cadets D&B corps, who in 1990 allowed Pioneer to also use it.

Whether it was a part of the year's musical program or not, from at least the mid-1990s Pioneer concluded each performance by marching off the field and/or "trooping the stands" (marching across the front of the grandstand in parade formation) while playing the traditional Irish air Garryowen (better known as the Garry Owen march). This tradition has occurred less frequently since 2010 but is still performed at parades.

Pioneerland

A picture of "The Blenski Stone" at the entrance of the main field at Pioneerland in Cudahy, Wisconsin.

Purchased on St. Patrick's Day in 1993, the "Pioneer Musical Youth Center", better known as "Pioneerland", is a 7 acres (2.8 ha) property in the Milwaukee suburb of Cudahy, Wisconsin, which is the corps' own rehearsal and storage facility. The property contains a full drill field, half sized sectional field, work space for corps staff, a garage for the corps' trucks and buses, and a parking lot. The corps plans to add a facility with practice rooms, a gym, additional office space, and a bingo hall.[21]

References

  1. "2016 990 Tax Form" (PDF). 990s.foundationcenter.org. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
  2. "Pioneer Membership Revoked". Drum Corps International. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  3. Steve Vickers, ed. (2003). A History of Drum & Bugle Corps. Vol. 2. Drum Corps World.
  4. "Pioneer". DCX: The Drum Corps Xperience. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  5. "History of Pioneer". Pioneer Drum & Bugle Corps. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  6. "Pioneer drum, bugle, and color guard group marches into 50th year". The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  7. "Pioneer Drum and Bugle Corps". HALFTIME MAGAZINE / MUSE MEDIA. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  8. "PIONEER DRUM & BUGLE CORPS & COLOR GUARD INC. (P008841)". www.wdfi.org. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
  9. "News From the Top - May 17th, 2019". pioneer-corps.org. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  10. "Pioneer Drum and Bugle Corps". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  11. "Pioneer Alumni, Booster & Friends Meeting Recap". pioneer-corps.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  12. "Pioneer Winter Ensembles". Pioneer Winter Ensembles. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  13. Nadolny, Tricia L. "Broke-down buses, Ibuprofen, and a sex offender: On the road with Pioneer Drum Corps". www.inquirer.com. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  14. "Citing operational concerns, Pioneer organization placed on suspension". www.dci.org. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  15. "Update to the DCI Community". www.dci.org. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  16. "Pioneer will not participate in 2019 DCI Tour". www.dci.org. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  17. "Pioneer membership revoked". www.dci.org. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  18. "Interview with Roman Blenski". Drum Corp World. January 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  19. "Interview with Roman Blenski". Drum Corp World. February 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  20. "Pioneer/Repertoire". DCX: The Drum Corps Xperience. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  21. "History of Pioneerland". Pioneer Drum & Bugle Corps. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
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