Politics of Montenegro

Politics of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Политика Црне Горе, Tr. Politika Crne Gore) takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Montenegro is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Montenegro. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Montenegro a "hybrid regime" in 2019.[1]

Constitution

The current Constitution of Montenegro was ratified and adopted by the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro on 19 October 2007. The Constitution was officially proclaimed as the Constitution of Montenegro on 22 October 2007. This Constitution replaced the Constitution of 1992.

The new Constitution defines Montenegro as a civic, democratic and environmentally friendly country with social justice, established by the sovereign rights of its government.

Main office holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President of Montenegro	Milo Đukanović	Democratic Party of Socialists	20 May 2018
Prime Minister of Montenegro	Zdravko Krivokapić	Independent politician	4 December 2020
President of the Parliament	Aleksa Bečić	Democratic Montenegro	23 September 2020

Executive branch

The Government of Montenegro (Влада Републике Црне Горе, Vlada Republike Crne Gore) comprises the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers as well as ministers. Zdravko Krivokapić is the Prime Minister of Montenegro and head of the Government, since December 2020. 42st composition of the Government of Montenegro includes the following political subjects; the For the Future of Montenegro, Peace is Our Nation and the United Reform Action.

President

The Blue Palace in Cetinje, the seat of the President of Montenegro

The President of Montenegro is elected for a period of five years through direct and secret ballots. The President:

• Represents Montenegro in the country and abroad
• Promulgates laws
• Calls for Parliamentary elections
• Proposes to the Parliament a candidate for Prime Minister, as well as for the president and justices of the Constitutional Court
• Proposes the holding of a referendum
• Grants pardons
• Confers honors and decorations

Government

The Government of Montenegro building in Podgorica

The Government of Montenegro is appointed by majority vote of the Parliament. The Government:

• Formulates and conducts foreign policy
• Adopts decrees and other regulations
• Implements laws
• Concludes international treaties
• Establishes the organization and the mode of operation of the government administration
• Performs other duties as laid down in the Constitution

Prime Minister

The Prime Minister of Montenegro directs the work of the Government, and submits to the Parliament the Government's Program including a list of proposed ministers. The resignation of the Prime Minister will cause the fall of the Government.

Legislative branch

The House of the Assembly in Podgorica, seat of the Parliament

The Parliament of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Скупштина Црне Горе, Skupština Crne Gore) is the legislature of Montenegro. The Parliament currently has 81 members, each elected for a four-year term. Montenegro has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.

The Assembly passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints the Prime Minister, ministers, and justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution. The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence on the Government by a majority of the members. One deputy is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a reduction of total number of deputies in the Assembly of Montenegro.

Political parties and elections

2020 Parliamentary election

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Democratic Party of Socialists	143,548	35.06	30	–6
	For the Future of Montenegro	133,267	32.55	27	+6
	Peace is Our Nation	51,297	12.54	10	–2
	United Reform Action	22,649	5.53	4	+2
	Social Democrats	16,769	4.10	3	+1
	Bosniak Party^M	16,286	3.98	3	+1
	Social Democratic Party	12,839	3.14	2	–2
	Albanian List^M	6,488	1.58	1	0
	Albanian Coalition^M	4,675	1.14	1	+1
	Croatian Civic Initiative^M	1,115	0.27	0	–1
	Croatian Reform Party^M	532	0.13	0	New
Invalid/blank votes		4,503	2.09	–	–
Total		413,954	100	81	0
Registered voters/turnout		541,232	76.65	–	–
^M — denotes the national minority lists, for which the 3% threshold does not apply.

2018 Presidential elections

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Milo Đukanović	Democratic Party of Socialists	180,274	53.90
	Mladen Bojanić	Independent	111,711	33.40
	Draginja Vuksanović	Social Democratic Party	27,441	8.20
	Marko Milačić	True Montenegro	9,405	2.81
	Hazbija Kalač	Justice and Reconciliation Party	2,677	0.80
	Vasilije Miličković	Independent	1,593	0.48
	Dobrilo Dedeić	Serb Coalition	1,363	0.41
Invalid/blank votes			5,998	–
Total			340,462	100
Registered voters/turnout			532,599	63.92
Source: DIK

Judicial branch

Montenegro follows the principle of division of powers. Its judicial, legislative, and executive branches are independent of each other. The judiciary is autonomous and independent. The rulings of the courts must be in accordance with the Constitution and the laws of Montenegro. Appointment to a judiciary position is permanent.

With regard to the legal profession, it is important to note that Montenegro officially became a sovereign state in 2006. According to a 2015 source, the country has approximately 800 registered attorneys and the bar association has existed for over a century.[2] Although the Bar Association of Montenegro [Advokatska Komora Crne Gore] maintains records, there is no indication as to how demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field.

Subdivisions

Montenegro is divided in 21 municipalities.

Symbols

A new official flag of Montenegro was adopted on July 12, 2004 by the Montenegrin legislature. The new flag is based on the personal standard of King Nikola I of Montenegro. This flag was all red with a gold border, a gold coat of arms, and the initials "НИ" in Cyrillic script (corresponding to NI in Latin script) representing King Nikola I. These initials are omitted from the modern flag. The national day of 13 July marks the date in 1878 when the Congress of Berlin recognised Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world and the start of the first popular uprising in Europe against the Axis Powers on 13 July 1941.

In 2004, the Montenegrin legislature selected a popular Montenegrin folk song, "Oh the Bright Dawn of May", as the national anthem. Montenegro's official anthem during the reign of King Nikola was Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori (To our beautiful Montenegro).

References

1. The Economist Intelligence Unit (8 January 2019). "Democracy Index 2019". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
2. "Pro Bono Practices and Opportunities in Montenegro" (PDF). Latham & Watkins LLP. September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

External links

• The Njegoskij Fund Public Project >> Country Profile on Montenegro