Radeon Rx 200 series

The AMD Radeon R5/R7/R9 200 series is a family of GPUs developed by AMD. These GPUs are manufactured on a 28 nm Gate-Last process through TSMC or Common Platform Alliance.[9]

AMD Radeon R5/R7/R9 200 series

Release date	October 8, 2013
Codename	Southern Islands Sea Islands Volcanic Islands
Architecture	TeraScale 2 GCN 1st gen GCN 2nd gen GCN 3rd gen
Cards
Entry-level	Radeon R5 220 Radeon R5 230 Radeon R5 235 Radeon R5 235X
Mid-range	Radeon R7 240 Radeon R7 250 Radeon R7 250X Radeon R7 260 Radeon R7 260X Radeon R7 265
High-end	Radeon R9 270 Radeon R9 270X Radeon R9 280 Radeon R9 280X Radeon R9 285
Enthusiast	Radeon R9 290 Radeon R9 290X Radeon R9 295X2
API support
Direct3D	Direct3D 12.0 (feature level 12_0) (GCN version) [1] Shader Model 6.0
OpenCL	OpenCL 2.0 (GCN version) [2]
OpenGL	OpenGL 4.5 (4.6 Windows 7+ and Adrenalin 18.4.1+)[3][4][5][6][7]
Vulkan	Vulkan 1.2 (GCN 2nd gen and newer),[8] Vulkan 1.0 (GCN 1st gen), or none (TeraScale) SPIR-V
History
Predecessor	Radeon HD 7000 series Radeon HD 8000 series
Successor	Radeon R5/R7/R9 300 series

Release

The Rx 200 series was announced on September 25, 2013, at the AMD GPU14 Tech Day event.[10] Non-disclosure agreements were lifted on October 15, except for the R9 290X, and pre-orders opened on October 3.[11]

Architecture

This article is about all products under the AMD Radeon Rx 200 Series brand.

• A GPU implementing Graphics Core Next 3 (Volcanic Islands) is found on the R9 285 (Tonga Pro) branded products.
• A GPU implementing Graphics Core Next 2 (Sea Islands) is found on R7 260 (Bonaire), R7 260X (Bonaire XTX), R9 290 (Hawaii Pro), R9 290X (Hawaii XT), and R9 295X2 (Vesuvius) branded products.
• A GPU implementing Graphics Core Next 1 (Southern Islands) is found on R9 270, 270X, 280, 280X, R7 240, 250, 250X, 265, and R5 240 branded products.
• A GPU implementing TeraScale 2 (VLIW5) (Northern Islands or Evergreen) is found on R5 235X and "below" branded products.
• OpenGL 4.x compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders. These are implemented by emulation on some TeraScale (microarchitecture) GPUs.
• Vulkan 1.0 requires GCN-Architecture. Vulkan 1.1 requires actual 2nd Gen. of GCN or higher.[12]

Multi-monitor support

The AMD Eyefinity-branded on-die display controllers were introduced in September 2009 in the Radeon HD 5000 Series and have been present in all products since.[13]

AMD TrueAudio

AMD TrueAudio was introduced with the AMD Radeon Rx 200 Series, but can only be found on the dies of GCN 2/3 products.

Video acceleration

AMD's SIP core for video acceleration, Unified Video Decoder and Video Coding Engine, are found on all GPUs and supported by AMD Catalyst and by the free and open-source graphics device driver.

Use in cryptocurrency mining

During 2014 the Radeon R9 200 series GPUs offered a very competitive price for usage in cryptocurrency mining. This led to limited supply and huge price increases of up to 164% over the MSRP in Q4 of 2013 and Q1 of 2014.[14][15] Since Q2 of 2018 availability of AMD GPUs as well as pricing has, in most cases, returned to normal.

CrossFire Compatibility

Because many of the products in the range are rebadged versions of Radeon HD products, they remain compatible with the original versions when used in CrossFire mode. For example, the Radeon HD 7770 and Radeon R7 250X both use the 'Cape Verde XT' chip so have identical specifications and will work in CrossFire mode. This provides a useful upgrade option for anyone who owns an existing Radeon HD card and has a CrossFire compatible motherboard.

Virtual super resolution support

Starting with the driver release candidate version v14.501-141112a-177751E, officially named as Catalyst Omega, AMD's driver release introduced VSR on the R9 285 and R9 290 series graphics cards. This feature allows users to run games with higher image quality by rendering frames at above native resolution. Each frame is then downsampled to native resolution. This process is an alternative to supersampling which is not supported by all games. Virtual super resolution is similar to Dynamic Super Resolution, a feature available on competing nVidia graphics cards, but trades flexibility for increased performance.[16][17] VSR can run at a resolution upwards of 2048 x 1536 at a 120 Hz refresh rate or 3840 x 2400 at 60 Hz.[18]

OpenCL (API)

OpenCL accelerates many scientific Software Packages against CPU up to factor 10 or 100 and more. Open CL 1.0 to 1.2 are supported for all Chips with Terascale and GCN Architecture. OpenCL 2.0 is supported with GCN 2nd Gen. or 1.2 and higher)[19] For OpenCL 2.1 and 2.2 only Driver Updates are necessary with OpenCL 2.0 conformant Cards.

Vulkan (API)

API Vulkan 1.0 is supported for all GCN architecture cards. Vulkan 1.2 requires GCN 2nd gen or higher with the Adrenalin 20.1 and Linux Mesa 20.0 drivers and newer.

Desktop models

Radeon R9 295X2

The Radeon R9 295X2 was released on April 21, 2014. It is a dual GPU card. Press samples were shipped in a metal case. It is the first reference card to utilize a closed looped liquid cooler.[20][21] At 11.5 teraflops of computing power, the R9 295X2 was the most powerful dual-gpu consumer-oriented card in the world, until it was succeeded by the Radeon Pro Duo on April 26, 2016, which is essentially a combination of two (2) R9 Fury X (Fiji XT) GPUs on a single card.[20] The R9 295x2 has essentially two R9 290x (Hawaii XT) GPUs each with 4GB GDDR5 VRAM.[20]

Radeon R9 290X

A R9 290X by Sapphire

The Radeon R9 290X, codename "Hawaii XT", was released on October 24, 2013 and features 2816 Stream Processors, 176 TMUs, 64 ROPs, 512-bit wide buses, 44 CUs (compute units) and 8 ACE units. The R9 290X had a launch price of $549.

Radeon R9 290

The Radeon R9 290 and R9 290X were announced on September 25, 2013.[22][23] The R9 290 is based on AMD's Hawaii Pro chip and R9 290X on Hawaii XT. R9 290 and R9 290X will support AMD TrueAudio, Mantle, Direct3D 11.2, and bridge-free Crossfire technology using XDMA. A limited "Battlefield 4 Edition" pre-order bundle of R9 290X that includes Battlefield 4 was available on October 3, 2013, with reported quantity being 8,000. The R9 290 had a launch price of $399.

Radeon R9 285

The Radeon R9 285 was announced on August 23, 2014 at AMD's 30 years of graphics celebration and released September 2, 2014. It was the first card to feature AMD's GCN 3 microarchitecture, in the form of a Tonga-series GPU.

Radeon R9 280X

Radeon R9 280X was announced on September 25, 2013. With a launch price of $299, it is based on the Tahiti XTL chip, being a slightly upgraded, rebranded Radeon HD 7970 GHz Edition.

Radeon R9 280

Radeon R9 280 was announced on March 4, 2014. With a launch MSRP set at $279, it is based on a rebranded Radeon HD 7950 with an increased clock speed, from 725 MHz to 975 MHz.[24]

Radeon R9 270X

Radeon R9 270X was announced on September 25, 2013. With a launch price of $199, it is based on the Curaçao XT chip, which was formerly called Pitcairn.[25] It is speculated to be faster than a Radeon HD 7870 GHz edition. Radeon R9 270 has a launch price of $179.

Radeon R7 260X

Radeon R7 260X was announced on September 25, 2013. With a launch price of $139, it is based on the Bonaire XTX chip, a faster iteration of Bonaire XT that the Radeon HD 7790 is based on. It will have 2 GB of GDDR5 memory as standard and will also feature TrueAudio, on-chip audio DSP based on Tensilica HiFi EP architecture. The stock card features a boost clock of 1100 MHz. It has 2 GBs of GDDR5 memory with a 6.5 GHz memory clock over a 128-bit Interface. The 260X will draw around 115 W in typical use.[26][27]

Radeon R7 250

Radeon R7 250 was announced on September 25, 2013. It has a launch price of $89.[26] The card is based on the Oland core with 384 GCN cores. On February 10, 2014, AMD announced the R7 250X which is based on the Cape Verde GPU with 640 GCN cores and an MSRP of $99.[28]

Chipset table

Desktop models

Model (codename)	Release Date & Price	Architecture & Fab	Transistors & Die Size	Core		Fillrate[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]		Processing power[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 4] (GFLOPS)		Memory				TBP	Bus interface
				Config[lower-alpha 5]	Clock[lower-alpha 1] (MHz)	Texture (GT/s)	Pixel (GP/s)	Single	Double	Bus type & width	Size (MiB)	Clock (MT/s)	Band- width (GB/s)
Radeon R5 220[29] (Caicos Pro)	December 21, 2013 OEM	Terascale 2 40 nm	370×10^6 67 mm^2	80:8:4	625 650	5	2.5	200	N/A	DDR3 64-bit	1024	1066	8.53	18 W	PCIe 2.1 ×16
Radeon R5 230[30] (Caicos Pro)	April 3, 2014[31] ?			160:8:4	625	5	2.5	200	N/A	DDR3 64-bit	1024 2048	1066	8.53	19 W[32]
Radeon R5 235[29] (Caicos XT)	December 21, 2013 OEM			160:8:4	775	6.2	3.1	248	N/A	DDR3 64-bit	1024	1800	14.4	35 W[33]
Radeon R5 235X[29] (Caicos XT)	December 21, 2013 OEM			160:8:4	875	7.0	3.5	280	N/A	DDR3 64-bit	1024	1800	14.4	18 W
Radeon R5 240[29] (Oland)	November 1, 2013[34] OEM	GCN 1^st gen 28 nm	1040×10^6 90 mm^2	384:24:8	730 780	14.6	5.84	560.6 599	29.2	DDR3 GDDR3 64-bit	1024 2048	1800 2000	28.8 16.0	30 W	PCIe 3.0 ×8
Radeon R7 240[35] (Oland Pro)	August 8, 2013 US $69			320:20:8	730 780	14.6	5.84	467.2 499.2	29.2	DDR3 GDDR5 128-bit	2048 4096	1800 4500	28.8 72	30 W, <45 W (4 GB)[36]
Radeon R7 250[35] (Oland XT)	August 8, 2013 US $89			384:24:8	1000 (1050)	24	8	768 806.4	48	DDR3 GDDR5 128-bit	1024 2048	1800 4600	73.6	75 W
Radeon R7 250E[37] (Cape Verde Pro)	December 21, 2013 US $109		1500×10^6 123 mm^2	512:32:16	800	25.6	12.8	819.2	51.2	GDDR5 128-bit	1024 2048	4500	72	55 W	PCIe 3.0 ×16
Radeon R7 250X[35] (Cape Verde XT)	February 10, 2014 US $99			640:40:16	1000	40	16	1280	80	GDDR5 128-bit	1024 2048	4500	72	95 W
Radeon R7 260[35] (Bonaire)	December 17, 2013 US $109	GCN 2^nd gen 28 nm	2080×10^6 160 mm^2	768:48:16	1000	48	16	1536	96	GDDR5 128-bit	1024	6000	96	95 W
Radeon R7 260X[35] (Bonaire XTX)	August 8, 2013 US $139			896:56:16	1100	61.6	17.6	1971.2	123.2	GDDR5 128-bit	1024 2048	6500	104	115 W
Radeon R7 265[35] (Pitcairn Pro)	February 13, 2014 US $149	GCN 1^st gen 28 nm	2800×10^6 212 mm^2	1024:64:32	900 925	57.6	28.8	1843.2	115.2	GDDR5 256-bit	2048	5600	179.2	150 W
Radeon R9 270[38] (Pitcairn XT)	November 13, 2013 US $179			1280:80:32	900 925	72	28.8	2304 2368	144 148	GDDR5 256-bit	2048	5600	179.2	150 W
Radeon R9 270X[38] (Pitcairn XT)	August 8, 2013 US $199			1280:80:32	1000 1050	80	32	2560 2688	160 168	GDDR5 256-bit	2048 4096	5600	179.2	180 W
Radeon R9 280[38] (Tahiti Pro)	March 4, 2014 US $249		4313×10^6 352 mm^2	1792:112:32	827 933	92.6	26.5	2964 3343.9	741 836	GDDR5 384-bit	3072	5000	240	250 W
Radeon R9 280X[38] (Tahiti XTL)[39]	August 8, 2013 US $299			2048:128:32	850 1000	109–128	27.2–32	3481.6 4096	870.4 1024	GDDR5 384-bit	3072	6000	288	250 W
Radeon R9 285[38] (Tonga Pro)	September 2, 2014 US $249	GCN 3^rd gen 28 nm	5000×10^6 359 mm^2 [40]	1792:112:32	918	102.8	29.4	3290	206.6[41]	GDDR5 256-bit	2048	5500	176[lower-alpha 6]	190 W
Radeon R9 285X (Tonga XT)	Unreleased [43]			2048:128:32	1002	128.3	32.1	4104	256.5	GDDR5 384-bit	3072	5500	264	300 W
Radeon R9 290[38] (Hawaii Pro)	November 5, 2013 US $399	GCN 2^nd gen 28 nm	6200×10^6 438 mm^2 [44]	2560:160:64	up to 947[lower-alpha 7]	151.52	60.608	4848.6	606.1	GDDR5 512-bit	4096	5000	320	250 W[46]
Radeon R9 290X[38] (Hawaii XT)	October 24, 2013 November 6, 2014[47] US $549			2816:176:64	1000[lower-alpha 7]	176	64	5632	704	GDDR5 512-bit	4096 8192	5000	320	250 W[46]
Radeon R9 295X2[38][48] (Vesuvius)	April 8, 2014 US $1499		2× 6200×10^6 2× 438 mm^2	2× 2816:176:64	1018	358.33	130.3	11466.75	1433.34	GDDR5 512-bit	2× 4096	5000	2× 320	500 W
Model (codename)	Release Date & Price	Architecture & Fab	Transistors & Die Size	Config[lower-alpha 5]	Clock[lower-alpha 1] (MHz)	Texture (GT/s)	Pixel (GP/s)	Single	Double	Bus type & width	Size (MiB)	Clock (MT/s)	Band- width (GB/s)	TBP	Bus interface
				Core		Fillrate[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]		Processing power[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 4] (GFLOPS)		Memory

1. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic.
2. Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
3. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of Render Output Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
4. Precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.
5. Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units
6. The R9 285 utilizes loss-less colour compression which can increase effective memory performance (relative to GCN 1^st gen and 2^nd gen cards) in certain situations.[40][42]
7. Base clock of R9 290 and R9 290X will maintain at 947 MHz and 1000 MHz before reaching 95 °C, respectively.[45]

Mobile models

Model (Codename)	Launch	Architecture (Fab)	Core		Fillrate[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]		Processing power[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 4] (GFLOPS)	Memory				TDP
			Config[lower-alpha 5]	Clock[lower-alpha 1] (MHz)	Texture (GT/s)	Pixel (GP/s)		Bus type & width	Size (GiB)	Clock (MT/s)	Band- width (GB/s)
Radeon R5 M230 (Jet Pro)	January 2014	GCN 1^st gen (28 nm)	320:20:8:5	780 855	3.4	17.1	547	DDR3 64-bit	2 4	1000	16	Un­known
Radeon R5 M255 (Jet Pro)	June 2014		320:20:8:5	925 940	7.5	18.8	601	DDR3 64-bit	2 4	1000	16	Un­known
Radeon R7 M260 (Topaz)	June 2014		384:24:8:6	620 980	5.7 7.8	17.2 23.5	549.1 752.6	DDR3 64-bit	2 4	1000	32 16	Un­known
Radeon R7 M260X (Opal)	June 2014		384:24:8:6	620 715	5.7	17.2	549	GDDR5 128-bit	2 4	1000	64	Un­known
Radeon R7 M265 (Opal XT)	May 2014		384:24:8:6	725 825	6.6	19.8	633.6	DDR3 64-bit	2 4	1000	16 32	Un­known
Radeon R9 M265X (Venus Pro)	May 2014		640:40:16:10	575 625	10	25	800	GDDR5 128-bit	2 4	1125	72	Un­known
Radeon R9 M270X (Venus XT)	May 2014		640:40:16:10	725 775	12.4	31	992	GDDR5 128-bit	2 4	1125	72	Un­known
Radeon R9 M275X (Venus XTX)	May 2014		640:40:16:10	900 925	14.8	37	1184	GDDR5 128-bit	2 4	1125	72	50 W
Radeon R9 M280X (Saturn XT)	February 2015	GCN 2^nd gen (28 nm)	896:56:16:14	1000 1100	17.6	61.6	1792	GDDR5 128-bit	2 4	1500	96	~75 W
Radeon R9 M290X (Neptune XT)	May 2014	GCN 1^st gen (28 nm)	1280:80:32:20	850 900	28.8	72	2176 2304	GDDR5 256-bit	4	1200	153.6	100 W
Radeon R9 M295X (Amethyst XT)	November 2014	GCN 3^rd gen (28 nm)	2048:128:32:32	750 800	25.6	102.4	3276.8	GDDR5 256-bit	4	1375	176	250 W

1. Boost values (if available) are stated below the base value in italic.
2. Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of Texture Mapping Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
3. Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of Render Output Units multiplied by the base (or boost) core clock speed.
4. Precision performance is calculated from the base (or boost) core clock speed based on a FMA operation.
5. Unified Shaders : Texture Mapping Units : Render Output Units

Radeon Feature Matrix

The following table shows features of AMD's GPUs (see also: List of AMD graphics processing units).

Name of GPU series	Wonder	Mach	3D Rage	Rage Pro	Rage	R100	R200	R300	R400	R500	R600	RV670	R700	Evergreen	Northern Islands	Southern Islands	Sea Islands	Volcanic Islands	Arctic Islands/Polaris	Vega	Navi	Big Navi
Released	1986	1991	1996	1997	1998	Apr 2000	Aug 2001	Sep 2002	May 2004	Oct 2005	May 2007	Nov 2007	Jun 2008	Sep 2009	Oct 2010	Jan 2012	Sep 2013	Jun 2015	Jun 2016	Jun 2017	Jul 2019	Nov 2020
Marketing Name	Wonder	Mach	3D Rage	Rage Pro	Rage	Radeon 7000	Radeon 8000	Radeon 9000	Radeon X700/X800	Radeon X1000	Radeon HD 2000	Radeon HD 3000	Radeon HD 4000	Radeon HD 5000	Radeon HD 6000	Radeon HD 7000	Radeon Rx 200	Radeon Rx 300	Radeon RX 400/500	Radeon RX Vega/Radeon VII(7nm)	Radeon RX 5000	Radeon RX 6000
AMD support
Kind	2D		3D
Instruction set	Not publicly known										TeraScale instruction set					GCN instruction set					RDNA instruction set
Microarchitecture											TeraScale 1			TeraScale 2 (VLIW5)	TeraScale 3 (VLIW4)	GCN 1st gen	GCN 2nd gen	GCN 3rd gen	GCN 4th gen	GCN 5th gen	RDNA	RDNA 2
Type	Fixed pipeline[lower-alpha 1]						Programmable pixel & vertex pipelines				Unified shader model
Direct3D	N/A		5.0	6.0		7.0	8.1	9.0 11 (9_2)	9.0b 11 (9_2)	9.0c 11 (9_3)	10.0 11 (10_0)	10.1 11 (10_1)		11 (11_0)		11 (11_1) 12 (11_1)	11 (12_0) 12 (12_0)			11 (12_1) 12 (12_1)		11 (12_2) 12 (12_2)
Shader model	N/A						1.4	2.0+	2.0b	3.0	4.0	4.1		5.0		5.1	5.1 6.3			6.4		6.5
OpenGL	N/A			1.1	1.2	1.3		2.0[lower-alpha 2]			3.3			4.5 (on Linux + Mesa 3D: 4.5 with FP64 HW support, 4.3 without)[49][5][6][lower-alpha 3]		4.6 (on Linux: 4.6 (Mesa 20.0))
Vulkan	N/A															1.0 (Win 7+ or Mesa 17+)	1.2 (Adrenalin 20.1, Linux Mesa 20.0)
OpenCL	N/A										Close to Metal		1.1	1.2			2.0 (Adrenalin driver on Win7+) (on Linux: 1.2 with Mesa 3D, 2.1 with AMD drivers or AMD ROCm)				?	2.1 [50]
HSA	N/A																				?
Video decoding ASIC	N/A										Avivo/UVD	UVD+	UVD 2	UVD 2.2	UVD 3	UVD 4	UVD 4.2	UVD 5.0 or 6.0	UVD 6.3	UVD 7[51][lower-alpha 4]	VCN 2.0[51][lower-alpha 4]	VCN 3.0[52]
Video encoding ASIC	N/A															VCE 1.0	VCE 2.0	VCE 3.0 or 3.1	VCE 3.4	VCE 4.0[51][lower-alpha 4]
Fluid Motion
Power saving	?										PowerPlay				PowerTune	PowerTune & ZeroCore Power					?
TrueAudio	N/A																Via dedicated DSP		Via shaders			?
FreeSync	N/A																1 2
HDCP[lower-alpha 5]	?																1.4		1.4 2.2		1.4 2.2 2.3	?
PlayReady[lower-alpha 5]	N/A																		3.0		3.0	?
Supported displays[lower-alpha 6]						1–2	2							2–6							?
Max. resolution	?													2–6 × 2560×1600		2–6 × 4096×2160 @ 60 Hz			2–6 × 5120×2880 @ 60 Hz	3 × 7680×4320 @ 60 Hz[53]	?
/drm/radeon[lower-alpha 7]																		N/A
/drm/amdgpu[lower-alpha 7]	N/A															Experimental[54]

1. The Radeon 100 Series has programmable pixel shaders, but do not fully comply with DirectX 8 or Pixel Shader 1.0. See article on R100's pixel shaders.
2. These series do not fully comply with OpenGL 2+ as the hardware does not support all types of non-power of two (NPOT) textures.
3. OpenGL 4+ compliance requires supporting FP64 shaders and these are emulated on some TeraScale chips using 32-bit hardware.
4. The UVD and VCE were replaced by the Video Core Next (VCN) ASIC in the Raven Ridge APU implementation of Vega.
5. To play protected video content, it also requires card, operating system, driver, and application support. A compatible HDCP display is also needed for this. HDCP is mandatory for the output of certain audio formats, placing additional constraints on the multimedia setup.
6. More displays may be supported with native DisplayPort connections, or splitting the maximum resolution between multiple monitors with active converters.
7. DRM (Direct Rendering Manager) is a component of the Linux kernel. Support in this table refers to the most current version.

Graphics device drivers

AMD's proprietary graphics device driver "Catalyst"

AMD Catalyst is being developed for Microsoft Windows and Linux. As of July 2014, other operating system are not officially supported. This may be different for the AMD FirePro brand, which is based on identical hardware but features OpenGL-certified graphics device drivers.

AMD Catalyst supports of course all features advertised for the Radeon brand.

Free and open-source graphics device driver "Radeon"

The free and open-source drivers are primarily developed on Linux and for Linux, but have been ported to other operating systems as well. Each driver is composed out of five parts:

1. Linux kernel component DRM
2. Linux kernel component KMS driver: basically the device driver for the display controller
3. user-space component libDRM
4. user-space component in Mesa 3D;
5. a special and distinct 2D graphics device driver for X.Org Server, which if finally about to be replaced by Glamor

The free and open-source "Radeon" graphics driver supports most of the features implemented into the Radeon line of GPUs.[6] Unlike the nouveau project for Nvidia graphics cards, the open-source "Radeon" drivers are not reverse engineered, but based on documentation released by AMD.[55]

See also

• AMD FirePro
• AMD FireMV
• AMD FireStream
• List of AMD graphics processing units

References

1. "AMD Catalyst™ 15.7.1 Driver for Windows® Release Notes". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
2. "AMD OpenCL™ 2.0 Driver". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
3. "AMD Radeon Software Crimson Edition 16.3 Release Notes". AMD. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
4. "AMDGPU-PRO Driver for Linux Release Notes". 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-12-11. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
5. "Mesamatrix". mesamatrix.net. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
6. "RadeonFeature". X.Org Foundation. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
7. https://www.geeks3d.com/20180501/amd-adrenalin-18-4-1-graphics-driver-released-opengl-4-6-vulkan-1-1-70/
8. "AMD Open Source Driver for Vulkan". GPUOpen. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
9. "AMD Launches Next Generation Volcanic Islands (VI) GPUs in 2014 - Successor to Sea Islands". WCCFtech.
10. Ryan Smith. "AMD Announces Next Generation Radeon R7 and R9 Video Cards". anandtech.com.
11. Sebastian Pop (30 September 2013). "Launch Date Revealed for AMD Radeon R9 290X Hawaii Graphics Card". softpedia.
12. https://www.khronos.org/conformance/adopters/conformant-products#submission_318
13. "AMD Eyefinity: FAQ". AMD. 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
14. Ryan Smith. "Radeon R9 290X Retail Prices Hit $900". anandtech.com.
15. "AMD graphics card pricing skyrockets due to cryptocurrency mining, could kill AMD's gaming efforts". ExtremeTech.
16. Smith, Ryan. "The AMD Radeon R9 Fury X Review". Anandtech. Purch. p. 8. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
17. Kowaliski, Cyril. "Catalyst Omega driver adds more than 20 features, 400 bug fixes". TechReport.com. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
18. "AMD's Virtual Super Resolution Explained". Levvvel. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
19. https://www.khronos.org/conformance/adopters/conformant-products
20. AMD Radeon R9 Series Graphics Archived April 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
21. Ryan Smith. "Meet the Radeon R9 295X2: Cooling & Power Delivery - The AMD Radeon R9 295X2 Review". anandtech.com.
22. "What to expect from GPU14 event in Hawaii". Retrieved 25 September 2013.
23. "AMD GPU Lineup Announced: R9 and R7 Series". pcper.com.
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External links

• TechPowerUp! GPU Database
• AMD Radeon R9 Series Graphics
• AMD Radeon R7 Series Graphics
• GPU14 Tech Day Public Presentation.pdf
• AMD Announces FirePro W9100