Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)

The Rif Dimashq clashes were a series of unrests and armed clashes in and around Damascus, the capital of Syria, from November 2011 till a stalemate in March 2012. The violence was part of the wider early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War. Large pro-government and anti-government protests took place in the suburbs and center of Damascus, with the situation escalating when members of the Free Syrian Army started attacking military targets in November.

Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011 – March 2012)
Part of the Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War
Date3 November 2011 – 1 March 2012
(3 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Rif Dimashq Governorate, Syria
Result
  • Damascus centre under Ba'athist government control
  • Protests largely suppressed in the city
Belligerents

Free Syrian Army

Ahrar ash-Sham

Al-Nusra Front

Ba'athist Syria

PFLP – GC[1]
Commanders and leaders
Unknown

Brig. Gen. Maher al-Assad
Brig. Gen. Mohammed al-Awwad †[2]
Brig. Gen. Hassan al-Ibrahim †[3]

Brig. Gen. Rajeh Mahmoud †[4]
Units involved
  • Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah Battalion[5]
  • Muawiyah bin Abi-Sufyan Battalion[5]

1st Army Corps:

Republican Guard:

  • 101 Security Regiment
  • 102 Security Regiment
Strength
Unknown 50,000 soldiers and policemen
Casualties and losses
at least 1,000 killed at least 880 killed
A few hundred protesters and civilians killed[6]

It is claimed that in January 2012, parts of rural Damascus and the Damascus suburbs started to fall under opposition control. On 27 January 2012, the Syrian Army launched a military operation which retook the Damascus suburbs and the town of Zabadani with the offensive ending on 11 February. However, fighting still continued, when on 15 February FSA fighters were seen on the streets of a district in the Damascus centre, trying to recruit and mingling with opposition protesters. A few anti-government protests were still ongoing after the army offensive.

On 12 March 2012, major clashes were reported in central Damascus between the FSA and the Syrian Army for the first time. By April 2012 a fragile cease-fire was brokered by the UN peace envoy Kofi Annan. However, following the cease fire collapse, by July 2012, rebels erupted again into most Damascus suburbs and rural areas around the city, launching the Battle of Damascus, also known as Operation Damascus Volcano.

2011 unrests and clashes

Large anti-government protests were shot at by Shabiha, killing 23 protesters in a single day.[7] More were killed in October and November.[8][9][10][11] Ten more protesters were killed around Damascus, including a 14-year-old boy.[12]

Fourteen were killed in house-to-house raids and in protests in Damascus suburbs, and an activist in the eastern Damascus suburb of Harasta, who gave his name as Assem, said three deserters were killed after they abandoned military units which fired live ammunition at a demonstration of 1,500–2,000 people in the al-Zar neighbourhood. "Security police could not put down the demonstration. The eight soldiers defected when Republican Guards and the Fourth Armoured Division were sent in," he said.[13]

November 2011

On 16 November 2011, according to opposition sources, Syrian army deserters attacked a military intelligence office in Harasta, a suburb of the capital Damascus, killing six soldiers and wounding more than 20. "The Syrian Free Army struck with rockets and RPGs" said Omar Idlibi, the Beirut-based spokesperson for the opposition Syrian Local Co-ordination Committees. It was also said that all the army defectors involved returned after the attack.[14][15] All other attacks targeted military checkpoints in the suburbs of Douma, Qaboun and Arabeen and Saqba, killing three soldiers.[9][16][17] A Russian official said that the outbreak of fighting in Damascus "looks like a civil war."[18]

On 20 November 2011, a loud explosion was reported to have occurred in the heart of Damascus, the Syrian capital, amid reports of a grenade attack on offices of the ruling Baath Party, the boldest attack by army defectors at the time.[19][20] The Free Syrian Army later claimed responsibility for the attack, saying they fired two rocket-propelled grenades at the building.[21]

December 2011

In December 2011, Al Jazeera published an article; that protesters in the suburbs of Damascus did gather every evening to make their support for the Free Syrian Army known.[22] Seeing though that this disinformation did not bring anyone on the streets, the article was later changed into.[23]

On 4 December 2011, the SANA news agency reported that a funeral procession was held on Sunday for 13 soldiers who were killed. It claimed that killed while they were in the line of duty in Damascus countryside.[24]

On 9 December 2011, two children, aged 10 and 12, were among others killed by Syrian security forces on Friday in Homs and on the outskirts of Damascus, rights groups said.[25] On 13 December, another person died.[26]

On 23 December 2011, Syrian state TV claimed that two explosions at security bases in Damascus were caused by suicide bombers; a number of military personnel and civilians were killed.[27] At least 44 people were reported killed and 55 others wounded.[28] State television claimed that "several soldiers and a large number of civilians" had been killed in the bombings although an exact figure was hard to ascertain.[29]

On 29 December 2011, Syrian security forces opened fire on tens of thousands protesting outside a mosque in a Damascus suburb called Douma, close to a municipal building that members of the Arab League monitoring mission were believed to be visiting. At least four protesters died. Rami Abdul-Rahman, head of his one-man British-based "Syrian Observatory for Human Rights", said about 20,000 people were protesting outside the Grand Mosque in Douma when troops opened fire. Cars belonging to the Arab League monitors were seen in front of a municipal building close to the mosque, he said. Abdul-Rahman and other activists said the monitors were barred by security officials from entering Douma following the killings, after the situation deteriorated.[30]

2012 unrests and clashes

January 2012

On 4 January 2012, a journalist and a host on state-owned Radio Damascus and an editor with the state-owned daily Al-Thawra, was shot in the head by unidentified gunmen on Friday in his home in the Damascus suburb of Darya. State television reported that the journalist was targeted by "armed terrorist groups."[31]

On 6 January 2012, SANA claimed that another suicide bomber killed at least 26 when a police building or intelligence building was attacked. However, the opposition pointed the finger at the Government, saying "this is a plot staged by the government to deter thousands of people that were planning to converge on that same spot to call for the international community to step in and enforce a no-fly zone and enforce also a dramatic end to the regime". Later SANA reported the death of General Mohammed Abdul-Hamid al-Awwad, claiming he was assassinated while he was headed for work in the al-Ghouta area of Damascus. His driver, who was injured, said that "As we were heading to the Brigadier General's military unit, we saw a taxi on the right of the road…it overtook us and then blocked our way. Four gunmen started shooting at us. Brigadier al-Awwad was shot in the head and I was also injured."[2]

On 7 January 2012, 14 protesters were said to have died though a roadside bomb blast and anti-government protests on the same day.[32]

On 12 January 2012, state TV reported that an army bus was attacked in the area of the Damascus countryside with another roadside bomb and gunfire, killing four soldiers and wounding eight.[33] Six more soldiers (including a colonel) were killed in battles around the province, according to the Syrian government.[34][35]

On 19 January 2012, a Syrian security officer was killed after the bombing of his car in al-Tadhamun neighborhood in Damascus.[36]

On 22 January 2012, amidst a battle in the suburb of Douma two officers and a soldier of the Syrian Army and a deserter was killed in the Talfita area.[37]

Rural Damascus came under rebel control. At the police hospital in Harasta, the staff said most of rural Damascus was not controlled by the government forces and gunmen were kidnapping and killing those affiliated with the government in those areas. "Any car plate that belongs to the government cannot drive inside Harasta, we as doctors cannot go, they hijacked one of our cars a week ago," said a doctor.[38]

According to the Syrian Government, Brigadier General Hassan al-Ibrahim and a First Lieutenant were killed when their car was fired on in the Damascus countryside.[3]

Syrian Army offensive

On 27 January 2012, the Syrian army stormed Douma.[39]

On 28 January 2012, seven more soldiers died around Damascus amidst the offensive. They were ambushed.[40] Later SANA reported that the bus was ambushed near Douma, and it was carrying army officers, in which seven of the officers died.[41]

On 29 January 2012, the Syrian army launched an offensive, trying to retake some of the Damascus suburbs from rebel control. Amateur video appeared to show tanks rolling in to Al-Ghouta and Zamalka to the east. Al-Ghouta is historically known for being a hub of dissent against the Assad government, and the crackdown appeared to be an attempt "to avoid any Tahrir Square-style mass movements,".[42] According to activists, 14 civilians and 5 opposition fighters were killed in shelling of neighbourhoods. 2,000 pro-assad forces and 50 tanks and armoured vehicles took part in the offensive.[43] However, they met fierce resistance and six government soldiers, including two officers, were killed and six wounded in the opposition controlled suburb of Sahnaya when their bus was blown up by a remote-controlled bomb.[44] Some activists claimed that the fighting in Damascus was not unusual, and there wasn't any tanks in the city,[45] while others said that it was "the worst fighting around the capital in the 10-month uprising."[46] Clashes were also reported near Damascus airport, leading to its closure. "It’s urban war. There are bodies in the street," one activist, speaking from Kfar Batna told Reuters.[47] Other Damascus suburbs that have come under fire from heavy artillery and mortar rounds from government forces include Douma, Saaba, Arbin and Hamuriyeh, activists said. "The more the regime uses the army, the more soldiers defect," Ahmed al-Khatib, a local rebel council member on the Damascus outskirts, told the AFP news agency. A spokesperson for the rebel FSA, which at the time, had 40,000 men and whose leadership was in Turkey, said that the fighting came a day after "a large wave of defections," with 50 officers and soldiers turning their back on Assad.[48] At least two generals and other "high-ranking officers" reportedly defected to the opposition.[49]

After two days of clashes, oppositions and FSA sources confirmed that the Syrian army gained back control of some of the eastern suburbs of Damascus from the rebels and started to make house to house checks and arrests. Hamouriyeh was taken by the Syrian government, as was Kfar Batna by the end of the clashes. FSA and government forces still fought in the suburb of Saqba, according to an activist.[50][51][52] However, the Free Syrian army regained control of at least one suburb, Douma, and destroyed one tank and also killing three government snipers.[53] Another 11 soldiers had been killed in the government offensive on the Al-Ghouta suburb, as well as six civilians.[54]

On 30 January 2012, the fighting subsided as Syrian army extanded their control in Ghouta. The military also advanced through Saqba. An activist said that the FSA moved out of the suburbs and that the Syrian army arrested 200 opposition members in Hammourya. The death toll given by activists was 19 civilians and 6 FSA fighters, while the overall number of those killed in the previous three days, since the fighting in the area started, was 100.[50][55] After the fighting, the Free Syrian Army withdrew to unidentified positions within 10 kilometers of Damascus.[56]

On 31 January 2012, the Syrian army continued to advance in order to crush the last FSA pockets.[57] The army fired into the air, as they advanced with tanks even beyond the positions from where the FSA withdrew. Activists told that the suburbs were on unannounced curfew while others were allowed to flee. The army was conducting arrests on suspected people in the district of Irbin.[58] In some instances, curfews were defied by some citizens, who put up a large opposition flag in the centre of Damascus.[59]

February 2012

On 1 February 2012, the Syrian army extended their cleaning operations, with more troops moving into the mountainous area of Qalamoun, north of Damascus. Further north, the troops which took the control of Rankous, started to extend their control into farmland surrounding the city. In the eastern suburbs of Mesraba, activist reported that army snipers were positioned and that tanks were in the streets.[4] In fighting in Wadi Barada, located north-west of Damascus in the Rif Damashk governorate, the Local Committee of Coordination initially reported that 12 people, including six FSA fighter, were killed.[60] Four of those died during a tank bombardment by the military in an attempt to flush out the Free Syrian Army units operating in the area. A rebel spokesman put the death toll at 15.[61] Later, the death toll of FSA fighters in the area was raised to 14 by the activist group. The opposition activist group also wrongly stated that the government poisoned the water supply of Wadi Barada, however, there was no independent confirmation and no other media reported the claim. One other FSA fighter was reportedly killed in fighting in the suburb of Moadhamieh.[62] The town of Deir Kanoun and Ein al Fija were also under army assaults according to the London-based SOHR.[63] Syria's state news agency SANA said a general, Rajeh Mahmoud, was killed along with three other soldiers on the outskirts of Damascus.[4]

In Saqba, a working-class eastern suburb city of Damascus, had in-midst a peaceful anti-government demonstrations shortly fallen into control of a dozen armed and masked fighters from the Free Syria Army (FSA). FSA also tried to resist against retaking by the Syrian army, but was later purged. And the fighting had stopped after the soldiers cleared the area street by street. Checkpoints were manned at main intersections and FSA fighters had either fled or been killed or wounded in the fighting. Damages were visible in the streets. Bodies of killed civilians where found severely mutilated, some had their hands bound. A resident told that he saw tanks firing into shops and talked about Iranian and Hezbollah involvement while there was no other evidence of that. Some others vowed to continue to protest once the soldiers would have left. Another resident blamed the FSA for provoking a fight they could not win and said that ordinary people were paying the price of the fighting, fearing more fighting in the future.[64]

A Lebanese source close to the Syrian government said that the offensive had the goal to cleanse from rebels all the areas near the capital and to set up a security zone. An opposition activist named Ayman Idlibi told that the Syrian army was preparing a massive attack on the city of Zabadani, a city located north of Wadi Barada and west of Rankus.[65]

On 2 February 2012, it was confirmed that the Syrian Army had retaken Douma, with its streets mostly deserted, a few days earlier. Army defectors and most families had fled into the Damascus countryside.[66]

On 9 February 2012, seven soldiers were buried after being killed in fighting in the Damascus suburbs and other areas.[67]

On 10 February 2012, the FSA in a poor district of Damascus city engaged loyalist forces in a firefight. Members of the Free Syrian Army fought for four hours with armoured backed troops who entered al-Qaboun neighbourhood in the north of the capital according to witnesses, it was not immediately known how many people were killed but several FSA fighters were wounded.[68]

On 11 February 2012, more fighting was reported when SANA reported that three gunmen shot dead another army general. SANA said that General Issa al-Khouli was shot in the morning as he left his home in the Damascus neighborhood of Rukn-Eddine. He was the director of a military hospital in Damascus.[69] The Revolution Leadership Council, an anti-Assad group in Damascus, alleged that the government had carried out the killing itself.[70] Meanwhile, fighting was reported in the suburb of Douma, while a video was posted online reportedly showing a tank firing its guns in the streets of Douma.[71] More fighting in Douma was reported when soldiers stormed the Grand Mosque and detained a number of people who were inside. In the al-Qaboun clashes the day before, it was said that an activist in the area was shot dead by government forces.[72]

On 12 February 2012, a video was posted on the internet reportedly showing a Syrian military anti-aircraft vehicle being used in the streets of Douma with pictures of Bashar al-Assad pasted on the front next to the guns, and the vehicle appears to be firing directly at buildings.[73] On 14 February, Syrian press agency told that the security forces discovered an insurgent hiding place and confiscated weapons, bomb making kits and military suits.[74] Also, an activist group reported the death of 3 insurgents.[75] On 15 February, elite Syrian troops launched a large operation in the Barzeh suburb to locate insurgents hiding place, with around 1,000 troops deployed.[76]

On 15 February 2012, with clashes ongoing, FSA were seen on the streets of Damascus.[77]

On 18 February 2012, a military hideout was discovered in Douma as reported by state media, with the security forces finding 6 Kalashnikov assault rifles, 3 sniper rifles, 2 RPGs, 2 Turkish guns, a Turkish shotgun.[78] On the same day at least two protesters were reportedly killed in a bigger protest and funeral march for 3 protesters slain in the recent days before. In the central district of Mezzeh, near the Syrian Presidential Palace, the anti-government demonstration reportedly attracted tens of thousands of pro-democary protesters. Security forces then confronted them with gunfire and tear gas,[79] which was said to have killed and injured protesters.[80] The number of dead was risen to 3,[81] The number of protesters was estimated up to 30,000.[82]

On 19 February 2012, the area was calm, even though the opposition called for an even bigger "day of defiance" following the protests a day before. As no one turned up, the opposition then claimed that protests could not go on due to security forces being deployed in some districts of central Damascus. The streets of Mezzeh became largely empty, and people groups on the street were controlled on sight with some arrests. Students protests at local schools did occur however.[83][84]

March 2012

On 3 March 2012, the head of the Free Syrian Army, Riad al-Asaad, told al-Jazeera that FSA members had taken control of arms depots in Reef Damascus. He also stated that "the FSA killed more than 100 army troops in Reef Damascus." However, this was not confirmed by any media or the opposition groups responsible for tracking fatalities in the conflict as the sheer number would be counter-productive.[85] Riad al-Asaad's statement was made after a claim by another FSA leader that 100 soldiers were killed or wounded when the FSA seized a control of the bases. This FSA leader had said the report was preliminary, before it was confirmed by the commander of the FSA.[86] Two rebels and seven people harbouring them were killed by the Syrian Army in Duma, an activist stated for the news agencies.[87] On 10 March, two soldiers and three rebels were killed in a clash in the town of Daryaa, the London activist group reported.[88]

On 11 March 2012, London based S.O.H.R. reported that 19 soldiers were killed in Idlib and Damascus countryside,[89] 7 of them were reported dead in idlib, meaning the remaining 12 were killed outside Damascus.[90] The following day, 3 rebels were killed in the areas.

On 13 March 2012, SANA claimed a colonel was assassinated in the Damascus countryside. He was shot while heading to his military unit, causing his instant death.[91]

On 12 March 2012, major clashes were reported in central Damascus between the FSA and Loyalist army for the first time. Battles erupted in the Rukn Al-Din area in central Damascus. Gunshots were heard throughout the city, according to witnesses.[92]

On 16 March 2012, Heavy fighting was reported in several Damascus suburbs, with the FSA fighting loyalist forces in those areas.[93] Three soldiers were reported killed.[94] This came before a car bombing, the third in Damascus which was claimed to have killed 27 people and wounded another 140. Among the dead were members of the security forces, as the bombs targeted an air force intelligence base and a criminal security centre.[95]

On 18 March 2012, heavy street fighting ensued in Damascus, with the main district of Mezze being the battleground between the FSA and the military. The district is home to many security installations and residents reported hearing heavy machine gun and rocket-propelled grenade fire through the night. State controlled media claimed two rebels and one member of the security forces were killed in the fighting. "These clashes were the most violent and the closest to the security force headquarters in Damascus since the outbreak of the Syrian revolution," said Rami Abdulrahman, who runs the British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. He said 18 government soldiers were wounded in the shooting.[96] Details of the fighting emerged later. According to the Sunday Times, the fighting ended with a senior Sunni general, who had made it clear that he wished to defect to the FSA, and his family being escorted from their home under the protection of the rebels. The leader of this force said that 3 units of the FSA had launched an attack on Mezze at zero hour to secure the defecting general. Mezze is said to be home to Syria's wealthy elite and is the capital's most secure neighborhood, with embassies, armed guards and gated compounds. Two units of 10 men each were sent to secure the general, while a third larger unit assaulted Mezze Villas west, an area of Mezze where the house of Assef Shawkat, the brother-in-law of President Bashar al-Assad and deputy head of the armed forces, is situated. Witnesses described heavy machine gunfire and RPGs being fired in the pre-dawn assault. A commander of the FSA said "We wanted to show the regime we are capable of launching operations in the middle of their home, just a few [miles] from the presidential palace. People think nothing is happening in Damascus, but it is boiling.". By the end, the army sent in armed helicopters to subdue the clashes, killing 7 opposition fighters, according to the FSA.[97] Also, 80 elements of the security forces including pro-government militia were reportedly killed and 200 wounded during the clashes. The deputy commander of the Free Syrian Army also said that two military tanks were destroyed during the operation.[98][99]

On 20 March 2012, the Free Syria Army in Douma released an army general they had detained in return for several prisoners and the bodies of those killed recently by security forces.[100]

On 21 March 2012, Assad's forces shelled the suburbs of Harasta and Irbin.[101]

On 24 March 2012, after 8 protesters were wounded in a protest in Damascus, "very violent" clashes broke out in the Damascus area. Activists reported that explosions and small arms fire could be heard across a large part of Damascus province and in districts of the city itself, as anti-government protests were staged in Douma and Artuz close to the capital. The Observatory for human rights reported snipers and heavy armour in Douma.[102]

On 26 March 2012, three soldiers were killed as a military bus was attacked in Harasta.[103]

On 27 March 2012, The chief of the Air force intelligence branch in Syria was reportedly killed, according to opposition forces in an attack in Damascus. The chief, Col Iyad Mando was considered to be the head of one of the most powerful bodies of the state.[104][105]

On 30 March 2012, the FSA captured an air force general in Damascus.[106] Also, in the suburbs of Harasta and Irbin opposition fighters were said to have fired RPGs at military buildings, killing at least one soldier.[107]

Aftermath

April 2012

On 6 April 2012, the army invaded Douma and killed a civilian, serious fighting evolved after this in Douma.[108]

Cease-Fire (from 14 April until 1 June 2012)

Sporadic incidents occurred in Damascus and in Rif Damascus Governorate during the cease-fire. Following the collapse of the cease-fire due to continued attacks by independent opposition Rebel groups, the area became the scene of the Summer 2012 Damascus clashes.

On 18 April 2012, the government claimed that an army officer, a lieutenant colonel, had been shot dead in Douma.[109]

On 21 April 2012, an officer, a first lieutenant, was allegedly shot dead in the Damascus countryside.[110]

On 25 April 2012, 3 military officers were killed in Damascus, according to the opposition and government in the area.[111]

On 28 April 2012, after a suicide bombing rocked Damascus, State media claimed 11 security forces and civilians had died. SOHR reported that 2 of the deaths were civilians, meaning 9 security forces were killed.[112]

On 28 April 2012, the S.O.H.R. claimed that Syrian Army killed 10 rebels in the Damascus region.[113] These deaths were reported after a Syrian opposition group reported that hundreds of soldiers defected from the Syrian armed forces on Sunday in the outskirts of Damascus and Lattakia. This though could not be verified.

On 29 April 2012, state media reported that 2 Syrian border guards of the army had been killed in fighting in the Damascus countryside.[114]

On 30 April 2012, Brigadier General Shaker Tayjon was killed by a bomb blast in the Damascus countryside according to state media. Another officer, a lieutenant colonel was allegedly killed by a separate bomb.[115] Also, A director of a military hospital told Sky News that 10 to 15 dead soldiers were arriving every day and the same number were being treated for injuries sustained in the fighting. These figures only included incidents in the capital and southern Syria. In the hospital, a dead soldier who had been killed in Douma was brought in and a wounded army general who had lost his leg was shown.[116]

May 2012

On 2 May 2012, In Harasta, near Damascus, six members of the security forces were killed during clashes with armed opposition, according to S.O.H.R.[117]

On 3 May 2012, 7 soldiers and 1 rebel were killed.[118]

On 9 May 2012, 7 members of a pro-government militia called the Shabiha were killed when their bus was destroyed with rocket-propelled grenades on the edge of Irbin, a Damascus suburb. An activist said that army tanks began to shell the suburb afterwards.[119]

On 13 May 2012, an army colonel and other officers were reported killed.[120]

On 24 May 2012, a lieutenant colonel was shot and killed according to the Syrian government. 5 Police officers and 4 workers were also allegedly killed during the course of the day in a battle.[121]

End of Cease-Fire on 1 June 2012)

On 1 June 2012, Following the ongoing killing of Army personnel, the Army restarted their cleansing operations, killing 5 people during raids in the town of Daraya outside the capital Damascus, the London-based SOHR reported. They stormed the town which is a center for the armed opposition with tanks and fired shells at its western districts, the SOHR said. Local activists said the five killed were civilians, adding that one of them was an activist and "regime forces burnt his body completely after they killed him."[122]

On 2 June 2012, 8 soldiers were killed on the outskirts of Damascus by the FSA.[123]

On 9 June 2012, in Damascus, residents spoke about a night of shooting and explosions in the worst violence Syria's capital has seen since the uprising against President Bashar al Assad's government began 15 months ago.[124] The nearly 12 hours of fighting in Damascus suggested a new boldness among armed rebels, who previously kept a low profile in the capital.[124]

On 10 June 2012, three police officers were killed when a bomb exploded, destroying their vehicle.[125] Also, around 600 Syrian Free Army fighters simultaneously attacked Government targets and Syrian army targets from five directions around the capital, in the biggest and most organised attack on Damascus at the time. One source reported that several Russians working with the Syrian Government were killed and others wounded.[126]

On early June rebels attacked Shabiha buses brought to quell protests in Qaboun, killing 20 Shabiha men and prompting forces from the nearby Airforce Intelligence compound to fire anti-aircraft guns and heavy mortar rounds into the district, according to opposition campaigners. YouTube footage released by opposition activists also showed army trucks and soldiers in combat gear inside the Abbasid Football Stadium in the city, which has become a base for troops and Shabiha men confronting the opposition neighbourhoods of Jobar, Zamalka and Irbin just to the east.[127]

On 16 June 2012, three opposition fighters were allegedly killed in Duma and a large number of others arrested when authorities raided their hideouts, SANA, state TV media, reported.[128]

On 17 June 2012, the Syrian military once again attacked Damascus suburbs. Seven civilians, including three women, were killed in shelling of Douma, an opposition stronghold. Five civilian men were killed in Saqaba, the London-based SOHR said, adding some of them had been "slaughtered" with knives. SOHR called for independent investigation as "This kind of killing has become common in recent weeks." In the suburb of Irbin a man and his wife and child were hit by an artillery shell fired by the Syrian army.[129]

The Syrian government claimed they killed a man who had participated rigging car bombs in Damascus.[130]

Widespread clashes were reported in Douma and Harasta with one general of the Syrian army and a police captain being killed by the FSA.[131] The dead Lieutenant General Ghassan Khalil Abu al-Dhahab was shot and killed in Douma.[132]

On 21 June 2012, according to the toll compiled by the London-based organization, 30 civilians were killed in the opposition bastion of Douma by the Syrian army.[133]

On 25 June 2012, 11 soldiers were captured by the FSA in Damascus.[134]

On 26 June 2012, rebels reportedly blew up an artillery piece at the entrance to Qudsaya, Damascus suburb, with clashes taking place in both Qudsaya and al-Hama, about 8 kilometers from the center of Damascus. Army also stormed the neighbourhood of Barzeh amid fierce fighting. The SOHR group reported that the government had massacred residents in al-Hama, and at least 14 people were reported killed.[135]

On 27 June 2012, a pro-Government media station was attacked, killing seven people, four from the security services and three journalists while 13 rebels were killed near Douma according to the Syrian government.[136][137]

On 29 June 2012 the latest development came as an activist reported a "massacre" in the Damascus suburb of Douma, about 15 km (9 miles) outside the capital Damascus. Heavy shelling was evident as the military tried to enter the suburb. 51 People were reportedly killed, including 10 who tried to flee the suburb but were stopped at a checkpoint by militiamen and executed.[138]

Resident of the city meanwhile said to press that city of Douma, on suburbs of Damascus, had become effectively ghost city, with most of its 200,000 population forced to flee as a result of rebel seizing with consequent army shelling. He also reported hearing for more than a week explosions from shelling in Harasta suburb, what resulted in collapse of ordinary life in Damascus. Security forces enforced unofficial curfew after 7 or 8pm when Shabiha militias arrest anyone wandering around the streets.[139]

On 29 June 2012, the Syrian Army continued its crackdown against the rebels in Douma, killing scores of rebels and arresting number of others. They claimed that 3 rebel deaths were confirmed.[140]

On 30 June 2012, it was reported that the military had regained control of Douma after a 10-day military offensive. Loyalists battled to control the ring of suburbs and settlements in the surrounding countryside. The army launches frequent offensives into the suburbs only to see them slip back into rebel control after they leave. Human rights groups said that conditions in Douma are miserable, with dead bodies in the streets. There is a lack of food, electricity and running water.[141] The army was accused of damaging hospitals that treated the wounded in Douma and carrying out waves of mass arrests and also execution of Rebels.[141]

On 30 June 2012, in Douma, the Syrian army said that they seized 3 rebels weapons stores and a Rebel explosive factory used for terror attacks, where dozens of rebels were killed while many others were arrested.[142] SANA reported that dozens of rebels were killed while many others were arrested.[143]

Also residents reported that the army, after weeks of intensive shelling, finally managed to push its way into former rebel-controlled Douma City center and was sweeping streets in search of rebel fighters who according to other resident withdrew from city night before, after 10-day government offensive. Residents also reported decaying dead bodies lying on streets and arrest of hundreds of citizens[144] to check on their implication with the rebels. Most where later released.

An ITV reporter filmed a Syrian military funeral for the deaths of soldiers during the siege of Douma. 42 soldiers were killed in the siege of Douma, most of them in the last day and a half when the Syrian army entered Douma after having shelled the city for days.[145] Over 200 people were killed overall, with at least 25 women being raped by the Syrian Army in front of their families.[146] One particular case that was documented by Women Under Siege was the case of a young woman whose apartment building was entered by the elite republican guard, and all residents taken out. They executed 8 male residents and brutallty raped the young woman.[147]

July 2012

On 1 July 2012, it was reported that 85 people had been killed by a car bomb in an attack on an anti-government demonstration, that started out as a funeral for a previous protester that had been killed by government soldiers. The car bomb had targeted the funeral march.[148] Video footage appeared on the internet showing the explosions and aftermath.[149][150] An initial false report by the UK based SOHR said that it was the government that killed at least 30 civilian protesters in this attack.

On 2 July 2012, ITV News correspondent managed to get to the Irbeen suburb of Damascus with help of FSA fighters and confirmed that this and several other suburbs, including Zamalka, are completely out of government control with local rebel fighters patrolling on the streets openly. It was also falsedly reported that fighting in Douma was still ongoing.[145][151]

On 10 July 2012, 2 soldiers were killed when their military supply vehicle was destroyed in southern Damascus.[152]

On 11 July 2012, there was heavy fighting in the Damascus neighbourhood of Zabdin, were members of the FSA attacked a missile base, prompting the defection of at least 27 soldiers there. Clashes, raids and shelling also continued in Irbeen, Douma, Zamalka and Kafarsoussah.[153]

On 12 July 2012, Syrian army for the first time shelled areas of Damascus. Artillery fired several shells towards orchards in Kfar Souseh district where FSA was reportedly hiding. There was also clashes in New Artouz suburb, some 15 km from Damascus.[154]

On 14 July 2012, reportedly a major escalation in Damascus took place from 14 to 15 July, when a coordinated attack by multiple rebel forces was engaged upon Damascus neighbourhoods.

On 15 July 2012, fierce fighting was reported in some quarters of central Damascus as the army moved in to dislodge rebels. The rebels fighting were the ones who were crushed in Douma and other suburbs and fled to Damascus itself. Fighting also closed the road leading from central Damascus to airport.[155][156]

On 16 July 2012, for a second day, heavy clashes in the southern Midan and Tadhamon districts of Damascus raged[157] with the military managing to surround the rebel forces in the area and sending tanks and other armored vehicles into the neighborhoods. The rebels called the clashes a raid by them against the capital,[158] while the government called it a 48-hour military operation to clear the area of any opposition forces. There were also indications that the government knew about the planned rebel raid and acted on the information.

On 17 July 2012, shooting was reported in one of the main central streets and machine-gun fire was reported in nearby Sabaa Bahrat Square, site of the Central Bank of Syria, which was the scene of several major pro-government demonstrations.[159] Fighting was ongoing in the southern Midan and Kfar Sousa districts and the northern Barzeh and Qaboun districts.[160] There were contradictions among the rebels themselves on the nature of the conflict.

One FSA commander claimed that the Battle for "liberation" of Damascus had begun,[161] with another dubbing it Operation Damascus Volcano.[160]

But Tarek, the rebel spokesman in Damascus, dismissed the claims, stating the clashes were still only skirmishes. He also said the FSA didn't start the battle, which would be in line with earlier reports that the military made a preemptive strike on the opposition forces, after learning of their plan for the attack on the capital.[162]

On 18 July 2012, a bombing target the National security headquarters with Assad's most senior generals, known collectively as the "crisis cell", were meeting. 4 were killed; Defense minister Dawoud Rajiha, Deputy head of armed forces Assef Shawkat, General Hasan Turkmani and National security chief Hisham Ikhtiyar.[163]

Fighting resumed with the Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012).

References
  1. Syria rebels clash with Palestinians as envoy due in China | Egypt Independent
  2. "Officer, Five Army members martyred by Rocket missiles in Sahnaya, Damascus Countryside". Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
  3. "7 Martyred by Terrorists Gunfire in Damascus Countryside, Daraa, Homs and Hama, 2 Trucks Loaded with Weapons and Ammunition Seized in Raqqa". Syrian Arab News Agency. 23 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  4. Gutterman, Steve (1 February 2012). "Russia says veto unacceptable Syria resolution". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  5. Jeffrey White (30 November 2011). "Asad's Armed Opposition: The Free Syrian Army". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
  6. "Interactive: Syria death toll by location". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  7. Oweis, Khaled (15 July 2011). "32 killed in Syria protests, Damascus moves-activists". Reuters. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  8. "Syrian forces kill three in Damascus protest". Haaretz. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  9. "Russia urges talks amid unrelenting Syria violence". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  10. "30 protesters, 26 soldiers killed during clashes". NBC News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  11. "Syria unrest: 'Arrests in Hama as tanks move on Idlib'". BBC News. 4 July 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  12. "Two Syrian civilians killed in city of Homs". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  13. "Video: Armed attacks in Syria growing". NBC News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  14. "31 killed in Syria while Arab League meets". News24.com. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  15. "Rebels begin military operations against Assad forces with attacks in Damascus suburbs". Worldnewstribune.com. 17 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  16. "Syrian army defectors attack intelligence base". The Guardian. London. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  17. Mroue, Bassem. "Syrian army defectors attack base near Damascus". Yahoo News. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  18. "Fighting in Damascus 'looks like civil war' says Russian official". Digitaljournal.com. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  19. "Arab League rejects Syrian amendments". Al Jazeera. 20 November 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  20. Josie Ensor (20 November 2011). "Syrian Baath Party building 'hit by rockets'". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  21. Luke Harding (20 November 2011). "Syrian rebels attack Ba'ath party offices in Damascus". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  22. "Ranks of Free Syrian Army 'gaining strength'". Al Jazeera. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  23. "Ranks of Free Syrian Army 'gaining strength'". Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  24. "Violence in Syria as sanctions deadline looms". Mwcnews.net. 4 December 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  25. "Syrians rally for 'dignity' amid violent crackdown". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  26. "Russia toughens UN stance on Syria". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  27. "Suicide Bombers Blamed For Damascus Blasts". Sky News. 24 December 2011. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  28. "Syria blames al-Qaeda for twin suicide attacks in Damascus; at least 44 dead". Al Arabiya. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  29. Richard Spencer (23 December 2011). "Syria: Up to 40 dead as two bomb explosions rock Damascus". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  30. "Dec 20, 2011". Syria Live Blog. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  31. "Syria live blog Wed, 4 Jan 2012, 05:51". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 4 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  32. "Syria unrest: Damascus blast and clashes kill many". Al Jazeera. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  33. "Four Army Members Martyred, Eight Injured in a Bomb Detonated by Terrorists in Ya'four Area". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  34. "An Officer, 2 Military Members Martyred in Damascus Countryside, Citizen Martyred in Hama". Syrian Arab News Agency. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  35. "3 Military Members Martyred in Damascus Countryside, 3 Law Enforcement Members Martyred in Homs". Syrian Arab News Agency. 14 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2012.
  36. "Regime forces kill leading Syrian activists; Russia says no to Western intervention". Al Arabiya. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  37. "Saudi Arabia withdraws its monitors from Syria, urges more international pressure". Al Arabiya. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  38. Karouny, Mariam (26 January 2012). "Outside Syria's capital, suburbs look like war zone". Reuters. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  39. Bassem Mroue (26 January 2012). "Syrian troops storm Damascus suburb". Toronto: Associated Press via Thestar.com. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  40. "Seven troops killed in 'terror attack' near Damascus, state media says". Gulf News. 28 January 2012. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  41. "Syria: 6 soldiers killed in bus ambush". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  42. "Syrian army in offensive near Damascus". Al Jazeera. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  43. Yacoub, Khaled (29 January 2012). "Syria troops battle to retake Damascus suburbs, 19 die". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  44. "Syria: 6 soldiers killed in bus ambush". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  45. "AJE live blog". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  46. "Syria Live Blog". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  47. "At least 66 killed across Syria as troops battle to retake Damascus suburbs". Al Arabiya. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  48. "AJE live blog". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 29 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  49. İpek Yezdani (13 September 2011). "Syrian opposition: defections rise". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  50. Yacoub, Khaled (30 January 2012). "Assad troops fight back against Syria rebels". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  51. "Syria: Violence Continues Amid Crisis Talks". Sky News. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  52. Jim Muir (30 January 2012). "Syrian army returns to Damascus suburbs". BBC. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  53. Malas, Nour (30 January 2012). "Syrian Uprising Intensifies As Troops Defend Capital". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  54. "At Least 34 Killed in Clashes, Ambush in Syria". Naharnet.com. 28 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  55. "Syrian Troops Recapture Damascus Suburbs". International Business Times. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  56. "Syrian Army's counter-offensive hit by casualties, defections". Worldnewstribune.com. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  57. "Syrian troops push towards Damascus". The Belfast Telegraph. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  58. Dyer, Geoff (1 February 2012). "UN urged to endorse Syria transition plan". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  59. "AJE live blog". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  60. "U.N. Security Council at standstill on Syria, reports of deaths rise". CNN. 1 February 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  61. Gutterman, Steve (1 February 2012). "Russia says will veto "unacceptable" Syria resolution". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  62. "Syria Today 1-2-2012". Lccsyria.org. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  63. Keath, Lee (1 February 2012). "Syrian troops move on new rebel areas near Damascus". The Washington Times. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  64. Richard Beeston (3 February 2012). "gruesome face of Syria's deadly subur". The Times. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  65. "LEAD: Syria deploys forces, as 1982 massacre victims remembered – Monsters and Critics". News.monstersandcritics.com. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  66. "Russia warns the UN on Syria plan". The Age. Melbourne. 2 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  67. "Syria – Feb 9, 2012 – 20:31 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  68. "Syria – Feb 10, 2012 – 23:58 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  69. "Gunmen Assassinate Army General in Damascus". Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  70. "Violence rages in multiple Syrian cities". Al Jazeera. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  71. "Syria – Feb 11, 2012 – 17:46 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  72. "Gunmen assassinate Syrian army general in Damascus –". USA Today. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  73. "Syria – Feb 12, 2012 – 09:03 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 12 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  74. "Terrorists Detonate Houses, Attack University Housing in Homs". Syrian Arab News Agency. 14 February 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  75. "40 Martyrs 14-2-2012 | Local coordination committees of Syria". Lccsyria.org. 14 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  76. "Syria troops hit Hama; Homs oil line attacked". CBS News. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  77. "Assad's forces storm central district of Damascus". Reuters. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  78. https://web.archive.org/web/20120229225910/http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403170.htm. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  79. "Syrian forces fire on mourners near Assad's palace". MSNBC. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  80. Sterling, Joe (19 February 2012). "In Damascus, street protests and diplomacy". CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  81. "Syria: Bashar al-Assad's 'ghost gangs' that haunt Damascus". The Telegraph. London. 19 February 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  82. China calls for peace as protests grow in Syria's capital Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  83. "Topic Galleries". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  84. "Damascus clampdown after defiance call". Arabtimesonline.com. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  85. "177 Killed in Syria Clashes". Naharnet.com. 3 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  86. Khaled Yacoub Oweis and Mohammed Abbas (3 March 2012). "Syrians still waiting for food, fuel as troops block aid in Homs". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  87. Holmes, Oliver (4 March 2012). "Some aid reaches Syria's Homs, refugees flee to border". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  88. "Assad promises to back any 'honest' peace bid". Vanguardngr.com. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  89. "Annan to hold second meeting with Syrian president". USA Today. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  90. "Assad rebuffs Annan as Syrian troops attack Idlib". Financial Times. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  91. https://web.archive.org/web/20120312155931/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/03/11/405252.htm. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  92. "Report: Clashes erupt between Syria troops, FSA in Damascus". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  93. "syria – Mar 16, 2012 – 11:44 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  94. https://web.archive.org/web/20120604161818/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2012/03/16/406327.htm. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  95. Burge, Paul (18 March 2012). "Video: Syria: funerals held for Damascus bomb victims". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  96. Abigail Fielding-Smith (19 March 2012). "Street battle in Damascus suburb". Financial Times. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  97. "Free Syrian Army to conduct 'Guerilla warfare' in Damascus: report". Al Arabiya. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  98. "سورية: مقتل أكثر من 80 عنصرا من قوات الأمن في اشتباكات بين الجيش الحر والنظامي". Mjdna.com. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  99. "مقتل وإصابة 280 في اشتباكات بحي المزة – جريدة 25 يناير الالكترونية". 25jan-news.com. 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  100. https://web.archive.org/web/20120323211054/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article589729.ece. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  101. "Syrian forces assault opposition strongholds". Al Jazeera. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  102. "Fresh clashes break out in Damascus". Independent Online. South Africa. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  103. "Annan 'studying' Syria response to peace plan". Al Jazeera. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  104. Issacharoff, Avi (26 March 2012). "Syrian Air Force intelligence chief killed, opposition websites report". Haaretz. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  105. "Report: Syrian Air Force Intelligence Chief Killed". Arutz Sheva. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  106. Barnard, Anne (29 March 2012). "Syrian Rebels Kill at Least 2 Military Officials". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  107. "Syria fighting rages as protesters march nationwide against Arab inaction". Al Arabiya. 30 March 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  108. "At least 38 killed across Syria as fierce clashes rage on in rebel towns". Al Arabiya. 5 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  109. "Syria 'pledges respect' for Annan plan – Middle East". Al Jazeera. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  110. https://web.archive.org/web/20130731144552/http://sana.sy/eng/258/2012/04/21/413803.htm. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  111. "Annan says Syria violence 'unacceptable'". Al Jazeera. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  112. "Iran – Apr 28, 2012 – 07:32 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 28 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  113. "Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -Syrian troops kill 10 rebels in Damascus region". NOW Lebanon. 28 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  114. https://web.archive.org/web/20120604163402/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2012/04/29/415455.htm. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  115. https://web.archive.org/web/20120503044106/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/04/30/416040.htm. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  116. Marshall, Tim (30 April 2012). "Bomb Blasts Hit Syria As UN Expands Mission". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  117. "Soldiers ambushed in Aleppo amid continuing clashes – SYRIA". FRANCE 24. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  118. "Lebanon news – NOW Lebanon -Deadliest day for Syrian troops as monitors fan out". NOW Lebanon. 3 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  119. "Syria – May 9, 2012 – 12:30 – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  120. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120608094903/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/05/13/418480.htm. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  121. https://web.archive.org/web/20120526001438/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/05/24/421151.htm. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  122. "Germany, Russia agree on 'political solution' for Syria; Assad forces fire on protesters". Al Arabiya. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  123. Holmes, Oliver (2 June 2012). "Syrian rebels kill 14 soldiers in Deraa, Damascus". Reuters. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  124. "Global News | Timeline: Uprising in Syria". Globalnews.ca. 4 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  125. "William Hague: 'Syria Is Like 1990s Bosnia'". Sky News. 10 June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  126. Marshall, Tim (10 June 2012). "Syrian Fighters Co-Ordinate Attack". Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  127. "Damascus dissent brings uprising to Assad's gate". Mar15.info. 14 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  128. https://web.archive.org/web/20121031025814/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/16/425632.htm. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  129. "Regime forces besiege Homs, 69 killed across Syria". 17 June 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  130. https://web.archive.org/web/20120619182849/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/17/425873.htm. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  131. "Clashes between government troops, armed men underway in Syria despite int'l calls for pacification – Xinhua | English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  132. https://web.archive.org/web/20120623033719/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/21/426838.htm. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  133. "Death toll mounts as Russia confirms Syria-bound ship carried 'repaired' helicopters". Al Arabiya. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  134. "Syria Live Blog – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  135. "'Fierce Clashes' around Elite Unit Posts near Damascus". Naharnet.com. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  136. "Deadly attack on pro-Assad TV channel". Al Jazeera. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  137. https://web.archive.org/web/20120630131529/http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/27/428024.htm. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  138. "Annan 'optimistic' about Syria talks". Al Jazeera. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  139. "Damascus resident describes the 'collapse of ordinary life'". Itv.com. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  140. https://web.archive.org/web/20120630122333/http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2012/06/29/428407.htm. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  141. "Syria activists: Regime troops recover rebellious Damascus suburb of Douma – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  142. https://web.archive.org/web/20121031030154/http://sana.sy/eng/337/2012/06/30/428491.htm. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  143. Bassem Mroue (30 June 2012). "Syrian troops retake rebellious Damascus suburb, activists say". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  144. "Al Jazeera Live Blog". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  145. Bill Neely (2 July 2012). "Is Syrian Army losing control of Damascus?". Itv.com. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  146. Former Syrian army officer says 25 women raped in Douma. Womenundersiegesyria.crowdmap.com (6 August 2012). Retrieved 2012-10-08.
  147. Man reports Republican Guards raped woman, killed men, in Douma apartment building. Womenundersiegesyria.crowdmap.com. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
  148. "Zamalka residents gather to mourn funeral car bomb victims – Al Jazeera Blogs". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  149. "Video shows mortar fire striking funeral procession". Blogs.aljazeera.net. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  150. "Video shows the aftermath of the massacre". Retrieved 15 July 2012 – via YouTube.
  151. "Syria crisis deepens in Damascus". Itv.com. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  152. "Monday 9 July 2012 : Support Kurds in Syria". Supportkurds.org. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  153. "Syrian Daily Round-up – 11 July". Us2.campaign-archive2.com. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  154. "Syrian forces shell outskirts of Damascus, activists say". Haaretz. Reuters. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  155. Solomon, Erika (15 July 2012). "Fiercest fighting yet reported inside Damascus". Reuters. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
  156. Siddique, Haroon (17 July 2012). "live updates". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  157. "Syria unrest: Second day of fierce Damascus clashes". BBC. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  158. Karouny, Mariam (17 July 2012). "Syria fighting closes in on capital". Reuters. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  159. "Syria conflict: 'Fresh clashes rock Damascus'". BBC News. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  160. "Syria conflict: Central Damascus hit by clashes". BBC. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  161. "FSA: 'Battle for liberation' of Damascus has begun". Lbcgroup.tv. 17 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  162. Weaver, Matthew (17 July 2012). "1.44pm: Syria". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  163. Syria attack: Security chief Ikhtiar dies from wounds. BBC. (20 July 2012). Retrieved 2012-10-08.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.