Rudolf Slánský
Rudolf Slánský (31 July 1901 – 3 December 1952) was a leading Czech Communist politician. Holding the post of the party's General Secretary after World War II, he was one of the leading creators and organizers of Communist rule in Czechoslovakia.
Rudolf Slánský | |
|---|---|
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| Born | 31 July 1901 |
| Died | 3 December 1952 (aged 51) |
| Nationality | Czechoslovakia |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Known for | General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia |
After the split between Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, the latter instigated a wave of "purges" of the respective Communist Party leaderships,[1] to prevent more splits between the Soviet Union and its Central European[2] "satellite" countries. In Czechoslovakia, Slánský was one of 14 leaders arrested in 1951 and put on show trial en masse in November 1952, charged with high treason. After eight days, 11 of the 14 were convicted and sentenced to death. Slánský was executed five days later.
Early life
Born at Nezvěstice, now in Plzeň-City District, Slánský was Jewish.[3] He attended secondary school in Plzeň at the Commercial Academy.
After the end of World War I, he went to Prague, the capital, where he discovered a leftist intellectual scene in institutions such as the Marxist Club. In 1921, Slánský joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia when it broke away from the Social Democratic Party. He rose within the party and became a senior lieutenant of its leader, Klement Gottwald. At the Fifth Party Congress in 1929, Slánský was named a member of the party Presidium and the Politburo, and Gottwald became General Secretary.
From 1929 to 1935, Slánský lived in hiding due to the illegal status of the Communist Party. In 1935, after the party was allowed to participate in politics, both he and Gottwald were elected to the National Assembly. Their gains were halted, however, when Czechoslovakia was carved up at the Munich Conference in 1938. After Nazi Germany occupied the Sudetenland in October 1938, Slánský, along with much of the rest of the Czechoslovak communist leadership, fled to the Soviet Union.
In Moscow, Slánský worked on broadcasts to Czechoslovakia over Radio Moscow. He lived through the defense of Moscow against the Germans during the winter of 1941-42. His experience in Moscow brought him into contact with Soviet Communists and the often brutal methods they favored for maintaining party discipline.
In 1943 in Moscow, Slánský's infant daughter, Naďa (Nadia), was forcibly abducted from her baby carriage by a woman. The infant was in the company of her eight-year-old brother, Rudolf, who put up resistance. The woman revealed details about their mother, Mrs. Slánský, including her job with Radio Moscow. Neither Nadia nor the perpetrators were ever found. In her 1969 memoir, Josefa Slánská, Slánský's widow, recounted that written inquiries were made to the police and to Stalin himself, all of which went unanswered.[4][5]
While in exile in the Soviet Union, Slánský also organized Czechoslovak army units. He returned with them to Czechoslovakia in 1944 to participate in the Slovak National Uprising.
Power in the postwar period
In 1945, after World War II, Slánský and other Czechoslovak leaders returned from exile in London and Moscow, holding meetings to organized the new National Front government under Edvard Beneš. At the 8th Party Congress of the Czechoslovakian Communist Party in March 1946, Slánský was chosen as General Secretary of the Communist Party. He was the number two man in the party behind party chairman Gottwald, who became leader of a coalition government after elections held that year.
In 1948 after the Communist Party seized power in the February coup, Slánský became the second most powerful man in the country behind Gottwald. Two years later, Gottwald accused two of Slánský's close associates, Otto Šling and Bedřich Reicin, of crimes against the Communist Party. Slánský participated in purging them because he did not have enough clout to fight the accusations. Slánský was also blamed for economic and industrial troubles, costing him popular support. But he was awarded the Order of Socialism, a top decoration, on 30 July 1951. Publication was planned for a book of his speeches in support of socialism, to be titled Towards the Victory of Socialism.
Trial
In November 1952 Slánský and 13 other high-ranking Communist bureaucrats (10 of whom were Jews) were arrested and charged with being Titoists and Zionists. This was after the split between Tito and the Soviet Union, and official USSR rhetoric had turned against Zionism. The Soviet Union was intent on keeping power in the Eastern bloc countries.
Party rhetoric asserted that Slánský was spying as part of an international western capitalist conspiracy to undermine socialism and that punishing him would avenge the Nazi murders of Czech communists Jan Šverma and Julius Fučík during World War II.
Some historians say that Stalin desired complete obedience from leaders of the so-called "People's Democracies" (that is, Eastern bloc countries), as well as at home. He threatened to conduct purges of the "national communists". According to this theory, Gottwald, fearing for his own safety, decided to sacrifice his longtime collaborator and associate Slánský.
Other historians, though, say that the rivalry between Slánský and Gottwald escalated after the 1948 coup. Slánský began consolidating his power within the party secretariat and placing more of his party supporters in governmental positions, encroaching on Gottwald’s position as president after the resignation of Beneš. Stalin backed Gottwald because he was believed to have a better chance of building up the Czechoslovak economy into a position where it could start producing useful goods for the Soviet Union.
Slánský was thought to be weakened by his image as a "cosmopolitan" figure (he was Jewish, at a time when through the Eastern bloc, influenced by the USSR, Jewish leaders were being used as scapegoats for shortages and economic problems). Gottwald and his ally Antonín Zápotocký, both populists, tarred Slánský with charges of belonging to the bourgeoisie. Slánský and his allies were also opposed by old-time party members, the government, and the party’s Political Bureau. In prison after his arrest, Slánský was tortured and he attempted suicide.
The trial of the 14 national leaders began on 20 November 1952, in the Senate of the State Court, with the prosecutor being Josef Urválek. It lasted eight days. It was notable for its strong anti-Semitic overtones: Slánský and 10 of his 13 codefendants were Jewish. As in the Moscow show trials of the late 1930s, the defendants admitted guilt in court and requested a death sentence. Slánský was found guilty of "Trotskyite-Titoist-Zionist activities in the service of American imperialism." He was publicly hanged at Pankrác Prison on 3 December 1952.[6] His body was cremated, and the ashes were scattered on an icy road outside of Prague.
Posthumously
After the death of Stalin, Slánský was reviled by Antonín Novotný for having introduced Stalinist methods of interrogation into Czechoslovakia.
Reflecting changes in Czechoslovakia, in April 1963 Slánský and other victims of the purge trials were cleared under the penal code. They were fully rehabilitated and exonerated in May 1968. After the Velvet Revolution of 1989, the new president Václav Havel, appointed Slánský’s son, also named Rudolf, as the Czech ambassador to the Soviet Union.[7]
Slánský was the most powerful politician to be executed during the rule of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia and under the influence of Stalinism. Afterwards the treatment of leaders who had fallen out of favour with the government was more moderate; they were stripped of power and ordered to retire.
See also
Notes
- Lukes 1999: 161-162
- In the West prior to 1990, the "Communist countries" east of Germany, Austria, and Italy, and west of the Soviet Union, were collectively known as "Eastern Europe".
- "Czech Party Again Ousts Mrs. Slansky". The New York Times. 28 December 1970. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
Rudolf Slansky, former secretary general of the Czecho slovak Communist party and a Jew
- Slánská, Josefa 1969: 121-125, cited at Lukeš: 7
- Ignác Bilík recounted another version (which Bilík claimed to have been told in prison by Evžen Löbl (Eugen Loebl), a co-defendant in the future Slánský trial, and which was later published in English). According to Bilík, Rudolf Slánský allegedly discovered that his daughter had been abducted by the wife of a high-ranking Soviet official, and was said to be too intimidated by the power of such people in the Soviet system to try and retrieve his daughter. This apparently fourth hand account is published online at Paměť národa (Website), including the sound recording of Bilík's narration.
- Brent, Jonathan and Naumov, Vladimir P., Stalin's Last Crime, John Murray (Publishers), London, 2003, page 191
- Stokes, Gale. From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe Since 1945. 1996, page 66.
References
- London, Artur (1971). Confession. USA: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-22170-2.
- Kaplan, Karel (1990). Report on the Murder of the General Secretary. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-85043-211-2.
- Lukes, Igor. 1999. The Rudolf Slansky Affair: New Evidence. Slavic Review, Spring 1999, 58(1): 160-187. doi:10.2307/2672994
- Lukes, Igor. No date (post 2001). Rudolf Slansky: his trials and trial. Wash., D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ("Wilson Center"). Cold War International History Project] Working Papers; 50.
- Margolius, Ivan (2006). Reflections of Prague: Journeys through the 20th century. London: Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02219-1.
- Slánská, Josefa (1969). Report On My Husband. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-097320-8.
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