Prague

Prague (/prɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha [ˈpraɦa] (listen), German: Prag, Latin: Praga, Hebrew: פראג Prag‎) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 13th largest city in the European Union[9] and the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated on the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.7 million.[5] The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with relatively warm summers and chilly winters.

This article is about the capital of the Czech Republic. For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation).
"Praha" redirects here. For other uses, see Praha (disambiguation).

Prague

Praha
Capital city
Capital City of Prague
Hlavní město Praha
Clockwise from top: panorama with Prague Castle, Malá Strana and Charles Bridge; Pankrác district with high-rise buildings; street view in Malá Strana; Old Town Square panorama; gatehouse tower of the Charles Bridge; National Theatre
Motto(s): 
"Praga Caput Rei publicae" (Latin)[1]
"Prague, Head of the Republic"
Prague
Location within the Czech Republic
Prague
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 50°05′N 14°25′E
Country Czech Republic
Founded7th century
Government
 • MayorZdeněk Hřib (Pirates)
Area
 • Capital city496 km2 (192 sq mi)
 • Urban
298 km2 (115 sq mi)
Highest elevation
399 m (1,309 ft)
Lowest elevation
177 m (581 ft)
Population
 (2020-01-01[4])
 • Capital city1,324,277
 • Density2,700/km2 (6,900/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,677,964[5]
 • Nationality[6]
64.3% Czech
8.8% other nationalities
1.6% dual nationality
25.3% nationality not declared
Demonym(s)Praguer
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
100 00 – 199 00
ISO 3166 codeCZ-10
Vehicle registrationA, AA – AZ
GRP (nominal)[7]2018
 – Total€54 billion
($64B)
 – Per capita€41,200
($48657)
HDI (2018)0.961[8] – very high · 1st
Websitepraha.eu

Prague is a political, cultural and economic centre of central Europe complete with a rich history. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque eras, Prague was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the main residence of several Holy Roman Emperors, most notably of Charles IV (r. 1346–1378).[10] It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city played major roles in the Bohemian and Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War and in 20th-century history as the capital of Czechoslovakia between the World Wars and the post-war Communist era.[11]

Prague is home to a number of well-known cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction of 20th-century Europe. Main attractions include Prague Castle, Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, the Jewish Quarter, Petřín hill and Vyšehrad. Since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

The city has more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas and other historical exhibits. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city. It is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe.[12]

Prague is classified as an "Alpha-" global city according to GaWC studies[13] and ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016.[14] In 2019, the city was ranked as 69th most liveable city in the world by Mercer.[15] In the same year, the PICSA Index ranked the city as 13th most liveable city in the world.[16] Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination and as of 2017, the city receives more than 8.5 million international visitors annually. In 2017 Prague was listed as the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Rome and Istanbul.[17]

History
Main articles: History of Prague and Timeline of Prague
The mythological princess Libuše prophesies the glory of Prague.

During the thousand years of its existence, Prague grew from a settlement stretching from Prague Castle in the north to the fort of Vyšehrad in the south, to become the capital of a modern European country.

Early history
The Prague astronomical clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.

The region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age.[18] Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c. 1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya.[19]

Around the fifth and fourth century BC, a Celtic tribe appeared in the area, later establishing settlements including an oppidum in Závist, a present-day suburb of Prague, and naming the region of Bohemia, which means "home of the Boii people".[18][20] In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes (Marcomanni, Quadi, Lombards and possibly the Suebi), leading some to place the seat of the Marcomanni king, Maroboduus, in southern Prague in the suburb now called Závist.[21][19] Around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map drawn by Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis.[22]

In the late 5th century AD, during the great Migration Period following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes living in Bohemia moved westwards and, probably in the 6th century, the Slavic tribes (Venedi) settled the Central Bohemian Region. In the following three centuries, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in the Šárka valley, Butovice and Levý Hradec.[18]

The construction of what came to be known as Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, expanding a fortified settlement that had existed on the site since the year 800.[23] The first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest.[24] The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, some 70 years later than Prague Castle.[25] Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which began construction in 1344, but wasn't completed until the 20th century.[26]

The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th-century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty. Legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied: "I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars." She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site.[18]

The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia. Under Holy Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973.[27] Until Prague was elevated to archbishopric in 1344, it was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Mainz.[28]

Prague was an important seat for trading where merchants from across Europe settled, including many Jews, as recalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller Abraham ben Jacob.[29] The Old New Synagogue of 1270 still stands in the city. Prague was also once home to an important slave market.[30]

At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King Vladislaus I had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge (Juditin most), named in honour of his wife Judith of Thuringia.[31] This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342, but some of the original foundation stones of that bridge remain in the river. It was rebuilt and named the Charles Bridge.[31]

In 1257, under King Ottokar II, Malá Strana ("Lesser Quarter") was founded in Prague on the site of an older village in what would become the Hradčany (Prague Castle) area.[32] This was the district of the German people, who had the right to administer the law autonomously, pursuant to Magdeburg rights.[33] The new district was on the bank opposite of the Staré Město ("Old Town"), which had borough status and was bordered by a line of walls and fortifications.

The era of Charles IV
The Bohemian Crown Jewels are the fourth oldest in Europe.

Prague flourished during the 14th-century reign (1346–1378) of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Bohemia of the new Luxembourg dynasty. As King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, he transformed Prague into an imperial capital and it was at that time by the area the third-largest city in Europe (after Rome and Constantinople).

Charles IV ordered the building of the New Town (Nové Město) adjacent to the Old Town and laid out the design himself. The Charles Bridge, replacing the Judith Bridge destroyed in the flood just prior to his reign, was erected to connect the east bank districts to the Malá Strana and castle area. On 9 July 1357 at 5:31 am, Charles IV personally laid the first foundation stone for the Charles Bridge. The exact time of laying the first foundation stone is known because the palindromic number 135797531 was carved into the Old Town bridge tower having been chosen by the royal astrologists and numerologists as the best time for starting the bridge construction.[34] In 1347, he founded Charles University, which remains the oldest university in Central Europe.

St. Vitus Cathedral at Prague Castle.

He began construction of the Gothic Saint Vitus Cathedral, within the largest of the Prague Castle courtyards, on the site of the Romanesque rotunda there. Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344,[35] the year the cathedral was begun.

The city had a mint and was a centre of trade for German and Italian bankers and merchants. The social order, however, became more turbulent due to the rising power of the craftsmen's guilds (themselves often torn by internal fights), and the increasing number of poor.

The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the Castle area, was built during a famine in the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and food to the workers and their families.

Charles IV died in 1378. During the reign of his son, King Wenceslaus IV (1378–1419), a period of intense turmoil ensued. During Easter 1389, members of the Prague clergy announced that Jews had desecrated the host (Eucharistic wafer) and the clergy encouraged mobs to pillage, ransack and burn the Jewish quarter. Nearly the entire Jewish population of Prague (3,000 people) was murdered.[36][37]

Depiction of the "Prague Banner" (municipal flag dated to the 16th century)[38]
The coat of arms of Prague (1649).[1]

Jan Hus, a theologian and rector at the Charles University, preached in Prague. In 1402, he began giving sermons in the Bethlehem Chapel. Inspired by John Wycliffe, these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of a corrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned to the Council of Constance, put on trial for heresy, and burned at the stake in Constanz in 1415.

Four years later Prague experienced its first defenestration, when the people rebelled under the command of the Prague priest Jan Želivský. Hus' death, coupled with Czech proto-nationalism and proto-Protestantism, had spurred the Hussite Wars. Peasant rebels, led by the general Jan Žižka, along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeated Emperor Sigismund, in the Battle of Vítkov Hill in 1420.

During the Hussite Wars when the City of Prague was attacked by "Crusader" and mercenary forces, the city militia fought bravely under the Prague Banner. This swallow-tailed banner is approximately 4 by 6 feet (1.2 by 1.8 metres), with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the centre. The words "PÁN BŮH POMOC NAŠE" (The Lord is our Relief) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite chalice centred on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent-shaped golden sun with rays protruding.

One of these banners was captured by Swedish troops in Battle of Prague (1648), when they captured the western bank of the Vltava river and were repulsed from the eastern bank, they placed it in the Royal Military Museum in Stockholm; although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition. They also took the Codex Gigas and the Codex Argenteus. The earliest evidence indicates that a gonfalon with a municipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.

In the following two centuries, Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy Gothic buildings[39][40] were erected and Vladislav Hall of the Prague Castle was added.

Habsburg era
Prague panorama in 1650

In 1526, the Bohemian estates elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg. The fervent Catholicism of its members brought them into conflict in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where Protestant ideas were gaining popularity.[41] These problems were not pre-eminent under Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, elected King of Bohemia in 1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in the Prague Castle, where his court welcomed not only astrologers and magicians but also scientists, musicians, and artists. Rudolf was an art lover too, and Prague became the capital of European culture. This was a prosperous period for the city: famous people living there in that age include the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, the painter Arcimboldo, the alchemists Edward Kelley and John Dee, the poet Elizabeth Jane Weston, and others.

In 1618, the famous second defenestration of Prague provoked the Thirty Years' War, a particularly harsh period for Prague and Bohemia. Ferdinand II of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of Bohemia taken by Frederick V, Elector Palatine; however his army was crushed in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) not far from the city. Following this in 1621 was an execution of 27 Czech Protestant leaders (involved in the uprising) in Old Town Square and the exiling of many others. Prague was forcibly converted back to Roman Catholicism followed by the rest of Czech lands. The city suffered subsequently during the war under an attack by Electoral Saxony (1631) and during the Battle of Prague (1648).[42] Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000 it had had in the years before the war to 20,000. In the second half of the 17th century, Prague's population began to grow again. Jews had been in Prague since the end of the 10th century and, by 1708, they accounted for about a quarter of Prague's population.[43]

Monument to František Palacký, a significant member of the Czech National Revival

In 1689, a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city. In 1713–14, a major outbreak of plague hit Prague one last time, killing 12,000 to 13,000 people.[44]

In 1744, Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Bohemia. He took Prague after a severe and prolonged siege in the course of which a large part of the town was destroyed.[45] In 1757 the Prussian bombardment[45] destroyed more than one quarter of the city and heavily damaged St. Vitus Cathedral. However a month later, Frederick the Great was defeated and forced to retreat from Bohemia.

The economy of Prague continued to improve during the 18th century. The population increased to 80,000 inhabitants by 1771. Many rich merchants and nobles enhanced the city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens full of art and music, creating a Baroque city renowned throughout the world to this day.

In 1784, under Joseph II, the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Město, Staré Město, and Hradčany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district, called Josefov, was included only in 1850. The Industrial Revolution had a strong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines and ironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, Karlín, was created in 1817, and twenty years later the population exceeded 100,000.

The revolutions in Europe in 1848 also touched Prague, but they were fiercely suppressed. In the following years, the Czech National Revival began its rise, until it gained the majority in the town council in 1861. Prague had a German-speaking majority in 1848, but by 1880 the number of German speakers had decreased to 14% (42,000), and by 1910 to 6.7% (37,000), due to a massive increase of the city's overall population caused by the influx of Czechs from the rest of Bohemia and Moravia and also due to return of social status importance of the Czech language.

20th century
Statue of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk near Prague Castle

First Czechoslovak Republic
Main article: First Czechoslovak Republic

World War I ended with the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capital and Prague Castle as the seat of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. At this time Prague was a true European capital with highly developed industry. By 1930, the population had risen to 850,000.

Second World War
Prague liberated by the Red Army in May 1945
Further information: German occupation of Czechoslovakia

Hitler ordered the German Army to enter Prague on 15 March 1939, and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate. For most of its history, Prague had been a multi-ethnic city[46] with important Czech, German and (mostly native German-speaking) Jewish populations.[47] From 1939, when the country was occupied by Nazi Germany, Hitler took over the Prague Castle. During the Second World War, most Jews were deported and killed by the Germans. In 1942, Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany—Reinhard Heydrich—during Operation Anthropoid, accomplished by Czechoslovak national heroes Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš. Hitler ordered bloody reprisals.[48]

In February 1945, Prague suffered several bombing raids by the US Army Air Forces. 701 people were killed, more than 1,000 people were injured and some buildings, factories and historical landmarks (Emmaus Monastery, Faust House, Vinohrady Synagogue) were destroyed.[49] Many historic structures in Prague, however, escaped the destruction of the war and the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time. According to American pilots, it was the result of a navigational mistake. In March, a deliberate raid targeted military factories in Prague, killing about 370 people.[50]

On 5 May 1945, two days before Germany capitulated, an uprising against Germany occurred. Several thousand Czechs were killed in four days of bloody street fighting, with many atrocities committed by both sides. At daybreak on 9 May, the 3rd Shock Army of the Red Army took the city almost unopposed. The majority (about 50,000 people) of the German population of Prague either fled or were expelled by the Beneš decrees in the aftermath of the war.

Cold War
Main article: History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)
Velvet Revolution in November 1989

Prague was a city in the territory of military and political control of the Soviet Union (see Iron Curtain). The largest Stalin Monument was unveiled on Letná hill in 1955 and destroyed in 1962. The 4th Czechoslovak Writers' Congress held in the city in June 1967 took a strong position against the regime.[51] On 31 October 1967 students demonstrated at Strahov. This spurred the new secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, Alexander Dubček, to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country's life, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a human face". It was the Prague Spring, which aimed at the renovation of institutions in a democratic way. The other Warsaw Pact member countries, except Romania and Albania, reacted with the invasion of Czechoslovakia and the capital on 21 August 1968 by tanks, suppressing any attempt at reform. Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc committed suicide by self-immolation in January and February 1969 to protest against the "normalization" of the country.

After the Velvet Revolution
Prague high-rise buildings at Pankrác

In 1989, after the riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration, the Velvet Revolution crowded the streets of Prague, and the capital of Czechoslovakia benefited greatly from the new mood. In 1993, after the Velvet Divorce, Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. From 1995 high-rise buildings began to be built in Prague in large quantities. In the late 1990s, Prague again became an important cultural centre of Europe and was notably influenced by globalisation.[52] In 2000, IMF and World Bank summit took place in Prague and anti-globalization riots took place here. In 2002, Prague suffered from widespread floods that damaged buildings and its underground transport system.

Prague launched a bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics,[53] but failed to make the candidate city shortlist. In June 2009, as the result of financial pressures from the global recession, Prague's officials also chose to cancel the city's planned bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[54]

Name
Bridges over the River Vltava, as seen from Letná

The Czech name Praha is derived from an old Slavic word, práh, which means "ford" or "rapid", referring to the city's origin at a crossing point of the Vltava river.[55] The same etymology is associated with the Praga district of Warsaw.[56]

Another view to the origin of name is also related to the Czech word práh (in the mean of a threshold) and a legendary etymology connects the name of the city with princess Libuše, prophetess and a wife of mythical founder of the Přemyslid dynasty. She is said to have ordered the city "to be built where a man hews a threshold of his house". The Czech práh might thus be understood to refer to rapids or fords in the river, the edge of which could have acted as a means of fording the river – thus providing a "threshold" to the castle.

Another derivation of the name Praha is suggested from na prazě, the original term for the shale hillside rock upon which the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of the future city – the Old Town on the opposite side of the river, as well as the Lesser Town beneath the existing castle, appeared only later.

The English spelling of the city's name is borrowed from French. In the 19th and early 20th centuries it was pronounced in English to rhyme with "vague": it was so pronounced by Lady Diana Cooper (born 1892) on Desert Island Discs in 1969,[57] and it is written to rhyme with "vague" in a verse of The Beleaguered City by Longfellow (1839) and also in the limerick There was an Old Lady of Prague by Edward Lear (1846).

Prague is also called the "City of a Hundred Spires", based on a count by 19th century mathematician Bernard Bolzano; today's count is estimated by the Prague Information Service at 500.[58] Nicknames for Prague have also included: the Golden City, the Mother of Cities and the Heart of Europe.[59]

Geography

Prague is situated on the Vltava river, at 50°05′N 14°27′E.[60] in the centre of the Bohemian Basin. Prague is approximately at the same latitude as Frankfurt, Germany;[61] Paris, France;[62] and Vancouver, Canada.[63]

Climate
Prague seen from satellite

Prague has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb)[64][65] with humid continental (Dfb) influences, defined as such by the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm.[66] The winters are relatively cold with average temperatures at about freezing point, and with very little sunshine. Snow cover can be common between mid-November and late March although snow accumulations of more than 20 cm (8 in) are infrequent. There are also a few periods of mild temperatures in winter. Summers usually bring plenty of sunshine and the average high temperature of 24 °C (75 °F). Nights can be quite cool even in summer, though. Precipitation in Prague (and most of the Bohemian lowland) is rather low (just over 500 mm [20 in] per year) since it is located in the rain shadow of the Sudetes and other mountain ranges. The driest season is usually winter while late spring and summer can bring quite heavy rain, especially in form of thundershowers. Temperature inversions are relatively common between mid-October and mid-March bringing foggy, cold days and sometimes moderate air pollution. Prague is also a windy city with common sustained western winds and an average wind speed of 16 km/h (10 mph) that often help break temperature inversions and clear the air in cold months.

Climate data for Prague (1961–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.4
(63.3)		 19.2
(66.6)		 22.5
(72.5)		 28.8
(83.8)		 32.5
(90.5)		 37.9
(100.2)		 37.8
(100.0)		 37.4
(99.3)		 33.1
(91.6)		 27.0
(80.6)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.4
(63.3)		 37.8
(100.0)
Average high °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7)		 4.4
(39.9)		 9.1
(48.4)		 15.1
(59.2)		 20.3
(68.5)		 22.8
(73.0)		 25.3
(77.5)		 25.1
(77.2)		 19.9
(67.8)		 14.2
(57.6)		 7.2
(45.0)		 3.4
(38.1)		 14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)		 1.3
(34.3)		 5.3
(41.5)		 10.1
(50.2)		 15
(59)		 17.8
(64.0)		 19.9
(67.8)		 19.7
(67.5)		 15.2
(59.4)		 10.3
(50.5)		 4.7
(40.5)		 1.2
(34.2)		 10.1
(50.1)
Average low °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 1.5
(34.7)		 5.1
(41.2)		 9.7
(49.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 10.5
(50.9)		 6.4
(43.5)		 2.1
(35.8)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 6.0
(42.7)
Record low °C (°F) −27.5
(−17.5)		 −27.1
(−16.8)		 −27.6
(−17.7)		 −8
(18)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 1.9
(35.4)		 6.7
(44.1)		 6.4
(43.5)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −16.9
(1.6)		 −24.8
(−12.6)		 −27.6
(−17.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.4
(0.80)		 18.7
(0.74)		 25.7
(1.01)		 23.6
(0.93)		 53.2
(2.09)		 56.9
(2.24)		 64.4
(2.54)		 60.4
(2.38)		 34.5
(1.36)		 23.6
(0.93)		 28.3
(1.11)		 25.3
(1.00)		 435
(17.13)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 17.9
(7.0)		 15.9
(6.3)		 10.3
(4.1)		 2.9
(1.1)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.1
(0.0)		 8.4
(3.3)		 15.9
(6.3)		 71.4
(28.1)
Average precipitation days 5.7 5.2 6.6 5.8 8.5 9.4 8.9 8.4 7.3 5.5 7.1 5.9 84.3
Average relative humidity (%) 86 83 77 69 70 71 70 71 76 81 87 88 77
Average dew point °C (°F) −4.6
(23.7)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 2.0
(35.6)		 7.0
(44.6)		 10.3
(50.5)		 11.6
(52.9)		 11.5
(52.7)		 9.1
(48.4)		 5.1
(41.2)		 .6
(33.1)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 3.8
(38.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 50.0 72.4 124.7 167.6 214.0 218.3 226.2 212.3 161.0 120.8 53.9 46.7 1,667.9
Average ultraviolet index 1 1 3 4 6 7 6 6 4 2 1 1 4
Source: World Meteorological Organization (temperature and rainfall 1981–2010)[67] NOAA[68] and Weather Atlas[69]

Administration

Administrative division
Map of Prague cadastral and administrative districts
Main article: Districts of Prague

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic and as such is the regular seat of its central authorities. Since 24 November 1990, it is de facto again a statutory town, but has a specific status of the municipality and the region at the same time. Prague also houses the administrative institutions of the Central Bohemian Region.

Mayor Zdeněk Hřib

Until 1949, all administrative districts of Prague were formed by the whole one or more cadastral unit, municipality or town. Since 1949, there has been a fundamental change in the administrative division. Since then, the boundaries of many urban districts, administrative districts and city districts are independent of the boundaries of cadastral territories and some cadastral territories are thus divided into administrative and self-governing parts of the city. Cadastral area (for example, Vinohrady, Smíchov) are still relevant especially for the registration of land and real estate and house numbering.

Prague is divided into 10 municipal districts (1–10), 22 administrative districts (1–22), 57 municipal parts, or 112 cadastral areas.

City government

Prague is automously administered by the Prague City Assembly, which is elected through municipal elections and consists of 55 to 70 members. Executive body of Prague, elected by the Assembly is a Prague City Council. The municipal office of Prague is called Prague City Hall. It has 11 members including the mayor and it prepares proposals for the Assembly meetings and ensures that adopted resolutions are fulfilled. The Mayor of Prague is Czech Pirate Party member Zdeněk Hřib.[70]

Population

According to the 2011 census, about 14% of the city inhabitants were born outside the Czech Republic. That is the highest proportion in the country.[71] However, in 2011, 64.8 per cent of the city's population self-identified themselves as Czechs, which is higher than the national average. Even though official population of Prague hovers around 1.3–1.4 million, the real population is much higher due to only 65% of its residents being marked as permanently living in the city,[72] these data were taken from mobile phone movements around the city, and bring total population of Prague to about 1.9–2 million, and with additional 300,000 to 400,000 people coming to the city for work, education or shopping, on weekdays there are more than 2 million people in the city.[73]

Development of the Prague population since 1378:[74][75][76]

Year 1378 1500 1610 1798 1880 1930 1961 1980 1995 2005 2019
Population 40,000 30,000 60,000 79,000 350,000 950,000 1,130,000 1,190,000 1,210,000 1,180,000 1,309,182[77]
Foreign residents in the city (2018)[78]
NationalityPopulation (incl. Praha-east and Praha-west)
 Ukraine56,984
 Slovakia37,549
 Russia26,005
 Vietnam14,154
 USA 6,648
Other countries/territories
 Bulgaria5,571
China[lower-alpha 1]5,460
 UK4,559
 Germany4,472
 Romania4,460
 Kazakhstan4,082
 Poland3,909
 Italy3,036
 France3,098
 Hungary2,771
 Belarus2,710
 India2,358
 Moldova1,856
 Serbia1,844
 Uzbekistan1,773
 Turkey1,466
 Korea1,357
 Bosnia1,146
 Japan1,094
 North Macedonia 1,021

Culture
Historic Centre of Prague
UNESCO World Heritage Site
IncludesHistoric Centre of Prague and Průhonice Park
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv, vi
Reference616
Inscription1992 (16th session)
Area1,106.36 ha
Buffer zone9,887.09 ha
See also: Prague underground (culture)
Veletržní palác houses the largest collection of National Gallery art
Rudolfinum, a concert and exhibition hall
Prague Congress Centre has hosted the IMF-WBG meeting and NATO summit

The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre (Národní Divadlo) and the Estates Theatre (Stavovské or Tylovo or Nosticovo divadlo), where the premières of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera (Státní opera) performs at the Smetana Theatre.

The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum (Národní muzeum), the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague, the Náprstek Museum (Náprstkovo Muzeum), the Josef Sudek Gallery and The Josef Sudek Studio, the National Library and the National Gallery, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic.

There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubs in the city. It hosts music festivals including the Prague Spring International Music Festival, the Prague Autumn International Music Festival, the Prague International Organ Festival, the Dvořák Prague International Music Festival,[79] and the Prague International Jazz Festival. Film festivals include the Febiofest, the One World Film Festival and Echoes of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. The city also hosts the Prague Writers' Festival, the Prague Folklore Days, Prague Advent Choral Meeting the Summer Shakespeare Festival,[80] the Prague Fringe Festival, the World Roma Festival, as well as the hundreds of Vernissages and fashion shows.

Many films have been made at Barrandov Studios and at Prague Studios. Hollywood films set in Prague include Mission Impossible, xXx, Blade II, Children of Dune, Alien vs. Predator, Doom, Chronicles of Narnia, Hellboy, EuroTrip, Van Helsing, Red Tails, and Spider-Man: Far From Home.[81] Other Czech films shot in Prague include Empties, Amadeus and The Fifth Horseman is Fear. Also, the romantic music video "Never Tear Us Apart" by INXS, "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" by Kanye West was shot in the city, and features shots of the Charles Bridge and the Astronomical Clock, among other landmarks. Rihanna's "Don't Stop the Music" video was filmed at Prague's Radost FX Club. The city was also the setting for the film Dungeons and Dragons in 2000. The music video "Silver and Cold" by AFI, an American rock band, was also filmed in Prague. Many Indian films have also been filmed in the city including Yuvraaj, Drona and Rockstar. Early 2000s europop hit "Something" by "Lasgo" was filmed at the central train station in Prague.

Video games set in Prague include Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb, Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption, Soldier of Fortune II: Double Helix, Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon, Still Life, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 and Deus Ex: Mankind Divided.

With the growth of low-cost airlines in Europe, Prague has become a weekend city destination allowing tourists to visit its museums and cultural sites as well as try its Czech beers and cuisine.

The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including Adolf Loos (Villa Müller), Frank O. Gehry (Dancing House) and Jean Nouvel (Golden Angel).

Recent major events held in Prague:

Cuisine
U Medvídků (A.D. 1466), one of the oldest pubs in Europe

In 2008 the Allegro restaurant received the first Michelin star in the whole of the post-Communist part of Central Europe. It retained its star until 2011. As of 2018 there are two Michelin-starred restaurants in Prague: La Degustation Bohême Bourgeoise and Field. Another six have been awarded Michelin's Bib Gourmand: Bistrøt 104, Divinis, Eska, Maso a Kobliha, Na Kopci and Sansho.

In Malá Strana, Staré Město, Žižkov and Nusle there are hundreds of restaurants, bars and pubs, especially with Czech beer. Prague also hosts the Czech Beer Festival (Český pivní festival), which is the largest beer festival in the Czech Republic held for 17 days every year in May. At the festival, more than 70 brands of Czech beer can be tasted. There are several microbrewery festivals throughout the year as well.

Czech beer has a long history, with brewing taking place in Břevnov Monastery in 993. Prague is home to historical breweries Staropramen (Praha 5), U Fleků, U Medvídků, U Tří růží, Strahov Monastery Brewery (Praha 1) and Břevnov Monastery Brewery (Praha 6). Among many microbreweries are: Novoměstský, Pražský most u Valšů, Národní, Boršov, Loď pivovar, U Dobřenských, U Dvou koček, U Supa (Praha 1), Pivovarský dům (Praha 2), Sousedský pivovar Bašta (Praha 4), Suchdolský Jeník, Libocký pivovar (Praha 6), Marina (Praha 7), U Bulovky (Praha 8), Beznoska, Kolčavka (Praha 9), Vinohradský pivovar, Zubatý pes, Malešický mikropivovar (Praha 10), Jihoměstský pivovar (Praha 11), Lužiny (Praha 13), Počernický pivovar (Praha 14) and Hostivar (Praha 15).

Economy
Žižkov Television Tower with crawling "babies"

Prague's economy accounts for 25% of the Czech GDP[82] making it the highest performing regional economy of the country. As of 2017 its GDP per capita in purchasing power standard is €56,200, making it the sixth best performing region in the EU[83] at 182.4 per cent of the EU-28 average in 2016.[84]

Prague employs almost a fifth of the entire Czech workforce, and its wages are significantly above average (≈+25%). In 2Q/2019, average salaries available in Prague reached CZK 42.297 (≈€1,650) per month, an annual increase of 6.3%, which was nevertheless lower than national increase of 7.2% both in nominal and real terms. (Inflation in Prague was 2.8% in 2Q/2019 as well as with 2.8% nationally.)[84][85] Since 1990, the city's economic structure has shifted from industrial to service-oriented. Industry is present in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, printing, food processing, manufacture of transport equipment, computer technology and electrical engineering. In the service sector, financial and commercial services, trade, restaurants, hospitality and public administration are the most significant. Services account for around 80 per cent of employment. There are 800,000 employees in Prague, including 120,000 commuters.[82] The number of (legally registered) foreign residents in Prague has been increasing in spite of the country's economic downturn. As of March 2010, 148,035 foreign workers were reported to be living in the city making up about 18 per cent of the workforce, up from 131,132 in 2008.[86] Approximately one-fifth of all investment in the Czech Republic takes place in the city.

Tourism is a significant part of the city's economy

Almost one-half of the national income from tourism is spent in Prague. The city offers approximately 73,000 beds in accommodation facilities, most of which were built after 1990, including almost 51,000 beds in hotels and boarding houses.

From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a common filming location for international productions such as Hollywood and Bollywood motion pictures. A combination of architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have proven attractive to international film production companies.

Na příkopě, the most expensive street among the states of V4

The modern economy of Prague is largely service and export-based and, in a 2010 survey, the city was named the best city in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) for business.[87]

In 2005, Prague was deemed among the three best cities in Central and Eastern Europe according to The Economist's livability rankings.[88] The city was named as a top-tier nexus city for innovation across multiple sectors of the global innovation economy, placing 29th globally out of 289 cities, ahead of Brussels and Helsinki for innovation in 2010 in 2thinknow annual analysts Innovation Cities Index.[89]

Na příkopě is the most expensive street among all the states of the V4.[90] In 2017, with the amount of rent €2,640 (CZK 67,480) per square meter per year, ranked on 22nd place among the most expensive streets in the world.[91] The second most expensive is Pařížská street.

In the Eurostat research, Prague ranked fifth among Europe's 271 regions in terms of gross domestic product per inhabitant, achieving 172 per cent of the EU average. It ranked just above Paris and well above the country as a whole, which achieved 80 per cent of the EU average.[92][93]

Companies with highest turnover in the region in 2014:[94]

NameTurnover, mld. Kč
ČEZ200.8
Agrofert166.8
RWE Supply & Trading CZ146.1

Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic

Tourism
Wenceslas Square
The Gothic Powder Tower
Milunić's and Gehry's Dancing House
The Municipal House, built in Art Nouveau style
Library of the Strahov Monastery
The Child Jesus of Prague, religious statue and shrine
Franz Kafka monument, next to the Spanish synagogue

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. Prague suffered considerably less damage during World War II than some other major cities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to stay true to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and varied collections of architecture, from Romanesque, to Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic, Art Nouveau, Cubist, Neo-Classical and ultra-modern.

Prague is classified as an "Alpha-" global city according to GaWC studies, comparable to Vienna, Manila and Washington, D.C.[95] Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016.[14] Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city receives more than 8.4 million international visitors annually, as of 2017.

Hradčany and Lesser Town (Malá Strana)

Old Town (Staré Město) and Josefov

New Town (Nové Město)

Vinohrady and Žižkov
* National Monument in Vitkov with a large bronze equestrian statue of Jan Žižka in Vítkov Park, Žižkov – Prague 3

Other places

Tourism statistics
Top 10 tourism source countries in 2018[102]
CountryNumberCountryNumber
1.  Germany2,087,0486.  Spain641,011
2.  Russia1,395,9587.  France590,835
3.  United States1,185,2988.  China568,049
4.  United Kingdom1,091,3149.  Slovakia551,864
5.  Italy926,57610.  South Korea488,078

Education

Nine public universities and thirty six private universities are located in the city, including:[103]

Public universities
Charles University, founded in 1348, was the first university in Central Europe
University of Economics, Prague

Public arts academies

Private universities
  • Jan Amos Komenský University (UJAK) founded in 2001
  • Metropolitan University Prague (MUP) founded in 2001
  • The University of Finance and Administration (VSFS) founded in 1999

Largest private colleges

International institutions

Science, research and hi-tech centres
Headquarters of the Galileo system in Prague's Holešovice

The region city of Prague is an important centre of research. It is the seat of 39 out of 54 institutes of the Czech Academy of Sciences, including the largest ones, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Microbiology and the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. It is also a seat of 10 public research institutes, four business incubators and large hospitals performing research and development activities such as the Motol University Hospital or Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, which was the largest transplant center in Europe as of 2019.[104] Universities seated in Prague (see section Colleges and Universities) also represent important centres of science and research activities.

As of 2008, there were 13,000 researchers (out of 30,000 in the country, counted in full-time equivalents), representing a 3% share of Prague's economically active population. Gross expenditure on research and development accounted for €901.3 million (41.5% of country's total).[105]

Some well-known multinational companies have established research and development facilities in Prague, among them Siemens, Honeywell, Oracle, Microsoft and Broadcom.

Prague was selected to host administration of the EU satellite navigation system Galileo. It started to provide its first services in December 2016 and full completion is expected by 2020.

Transport

As of 2017, Prague had transport modal share: 52% of all trips are done in public transport, 24,5% in car, 22,4% on foot, 0,4% on bike and 0,5% by airplane.[106]

Public transportation
Škoda 15 T, tram of the Prague tram system

The public transport infrastructure consists of a heavily used Prague Integrated Transport (PID, Pražská integrovaná doprava) of Prague Metro (lines A, B, and C – its length is 65 km (40 mi) with 61 stations in total), Prague tram system, Prague buses, commuter S-trains, funiculars, and six ferries. Prague has one of the highest rates of public transport usage in the world,[107] with 1.2 billion passenger journeys per year. Prague has about 300 bus lines (numbers 100–960) and 34 tram lines (numbers 1–26 without 19 and 91–99 ). There are also three funiculars, one on Petřín Hill, one on Mrázovka Hill and a third at the Zoo in Troja.

SOR NB 18 of the Prague bus service

The Prague tram system now operates various types of trams, including the Tatra T3, newer Tatra KT8D5, T6A5, Škoda 14 T (designed by Porsche), newer modern Škoda 15 T and nostalgic tram lines 23 and 41. Around 400 vehicles are the modernized T3 class, which are typically operated coupled together in pairs.

The Prague tram system is the twelfth longest in the world (142 km) and its rolling stock consists of 857 individual cars,[108] which is the third largest in the world behind Moscow and Budapest. The system carries more than 360 million passengers annually, the highest tram patronage in the world after Budapest, on a per capita basis, Prague has the second highest tram patronage after Zürich.

All services (metro, tramways, city buses, funiculars and ferries) have a common ticketing system that operates on a proof-of-payment system. Basic transfer ticket can be bought for a 30/90-minute ride, short-term tourist passes are available for periods of 24 hours or 3 days, longer-term tickets can be bought on the smart ticketing system Lítačka card, for periods of one month, three months or one year.[109]

Services are run by the Prague Public Transport Company (Dopravní podnik hl. m. Prahy, a. s.) and several other companies. Recently, the Regional Organiser of Prague Integrated Transport (ROPID) has franchised operation of ferries on the Vltava river, which are also a part of the public transport system with common fares. Taxi services make pick-ups on the streets or operate from regulated taxi stands.

Prague Metro
Main article: Prague Metro
Staroměstská metro station of Prague Metro

The Metro has three major lines extending throughout the city: A (green), B (yellow) and C (red). A fourth Metro line D is planned, which would connect the city centre to southern parts of the city.[110] The Prague Metro system served 589.2 million passengers in 2012,[111] making it the fifth busiest metro system in Europe and the most-patronised in the world on a per capita basis. The first section of the Prague metro was put into operation in 1974. It was the stretch between stations Kačerov and Florenc on the current line C. The first part of Line A was opened in 1978 (Dejvická – Náměstí Míru), the first part of line B in 1985 (Anděl – Florenc).

In April 2015, construction finished to extend the green line A further into the northwest corner of Prague closer to the airport.[112] A new interchange station for the bus in the direction of the airport is the station Nádraží Veleslavín. The final station of the green line is Nemocnice Motol (Motol Hospital), giving people direct public transportation access to the largest medical facility in the Czech Republic and one of the largest in Europe. A railway connection to the airport is planned.

In operation there are two kinds of units: "81-71M" which is modernized variant of the Soviet Metrovagonmash 81-71 (completely modernized between 1995 and 2003) and new "Metro M1" trains (since 2000), manufactured by consortium consisting of Siemens, ČKD Praha and ADtranz. The minimum interval between two trains is 90 seconds.

The original Soviet vehicles "Ečs" were excluded in 1997, but one vehicle is placed in public transport museum in depot Střešovice.[113] The Náměstí Míru metro station is the deepest station and is equipped with the longest escalator in European Union. The Prague metro is generally considered very safe.

Roads
Barrandov Bridge, part of the Prague Inner Ring Road

The main flow of traffic leads through the centre of the city and through inner and outer ring roads (partially in operation).

  • Inner Ring Road (The City Ring "MO"): Once completed it will surround the wider central part of the city. The longest city tunnel in Europe with a length of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 miles) and five interchanges has been completed to relieve congestion in the north-western part of Prague. Called Blanka tunnel complex and part of the City Ring Road, it was estimated to eventually cost – after several increases – CZK 43 billion. Construction started in 2007 and, after repeated delays, the tunnel was officially opened in September 2015. This tunnel complex completes a major part of the inner ring road. It is expected that the whole city ring will not be completed before 2020.[114]
  • Outer Ring Road (The Prague Ring "D0"): This ring road will connect all major motorways and speedways that meet each other in Prague region and provide faster transit without a necessity to drive through the city. So far 39 km (24 mi), out of a total planned 83 km (52 mi), is in operation. The year of full completion is unknown due to incompetent, constantly changing, leadership of Czech Road and Motorway Directorate, lack of administrative preparations, and insufficient funding of road constructions. Most recently, the southern part of this road (with a length of more than 20 km (12 mi)) was opened on 22 September 2010.[115]

Rail
Prague main train station is the largest and busiest train station in the country

The city forms the hub of the Czech railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system links Prague with major European cities (which can be reached without transfers), including Berlin, Munich, Hamburg, Nurenberg and Dresden (Germany); Vienna, Graz and Linz (Austria); Warsaw and Cracow (Poland); Bratislava and Košice (Slovakia); Budapest (Hungary); Zürich (Switzerland); Split and Rijeka (Croatia, seasonal); Belgrade (Serbia, seasonal) and Moscow (Russia). Travel times range between 2 hours to Dresden and 28 hours to Moscow.[116]

Prague's main international railway station is Hlavní nádraží,[117] rail services are also available from other main stations: Masarykovo nádraží, Holešovice and Smíchov, in addition to suburban stations. Commuter rail services operate under the name Esko Praha, which is part of PID (Prague Integrated Transport).

Václav Havel Airport Prague is one of the busiest airports in central Europe, carrying 16.8 millions of passengers in 2018

Air

Prague is served by Václav Havel Airport Prague, the largest airport in the Czech Republic and one of the largest and busiest airports in central and eastern Europe. The airport is the hub of carriers Smartwings and Czech Airlines operating throughout Europe. Other airports in Prague include the city's original airport in the north-eastern district of Kbely, which is serviced by the Czech Air Force, also internationally. It also houses the Prague Aviation Museum. The nearby Letňany Airport is mainly used for private aviation and aeroclub aviation. Another airport in the proximity is Aero Vodochody aircraft factory to the north, used for testing purposes, as well as for aeroclub aviation. There are a few aeroclubs around Prague, such as the Točná airfield.

Cycling
Main article: Cycling in Prague

In 2018, 2% of people commute by bike in Prague, cycling is very common as a sport or recreation.[118] As of 2017, there were 178 km (111 mi) of protected cycle paths and routes. Also, there were 48 km (30 mi) of bike lanes and 24 km (15 mi) of specially marked bus lanes that are free to be used by cyclists.[119] Bike sharing is offered by four different companies, three of them are Czech. The first one is Rekola operating in Prague since 2013, which has 900 free flowing bikes around Prague as of 2019. The second one is called Freebike and it is operated by Homeport, it is operating 450 electric bikes in Prague as of 2019. The third one is Velonet, operating less than 50 bikes in Prague 4. Since 2018, scooter sharing is offered by American transportation company Lime which operates more than 1000 electric scooters in Prague as of 2019.[120]

Sport
See also: Football in Prague
The O2 Arena was built to host the 2004 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships

Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams.

International relations
Petřín Lookout Tower, an observation tower built at Petřín hill.

The city of Prague maintains its own EU delegation in Brussels called Prague House.[123]

Prague was the location of U.S. President Barack Obama's speech on 5 April 2009, which led to the New START treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8 April 2010.[124]

The annual conference Forum 2000, which was founded by former Czech President Václav Havel, Japanese philanthropist Yōhei Sasakawa, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is "to identify the key issues facing civilization and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components", and also intends to promote democracy in non-democratic countries and to support civil society. Conferences have attracted a number of prominent thinkers, Nobel laureates, former and acting politicians, business leaders and other individuals like: Frederik Willem de Klerk, Bill Clinton, Nicholas Winton, Oscar Arias Sánchez, Dalai Lama, Hans Küng, Shimon Peres and Madeleine Albright.

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Czech Republic

Prague is twinned with:[125]

Namesakes

A number of other settlements are derived or similar to the name of Prague. In many of these cases, Czech emigration has left a number of namesake cities scattered over the globe, with a notable concentration in the New World.

Additionally, Kłodzko is sometimes referred to as "Little Prague" (German: Klein-Prag). Although now in Poland, it had been traditionally a part of Bohemia until 1763 when it became part of Silesia.[130]

See also

Notes
  1. Not including Hong Kong and Macau

References
  1. Václav Vojtíšek, Znak Hlavního Města Prahy / Les Armoires de la Ville de Prague (1928), cited after nakedtourguideprague.com (2015).
  2. Milan Ducháček, Václav Chaloupecký: Hledání československých dějin (2014), cited after abicko.avcr.cz.
  3. "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). Demographia.com. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  4. "Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2020". Czech Statistical Office. 30 April 2020.
  5. "Population on 1 January by five-year age group, sex and metropolitan regions". Eurostat. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  6. https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20551765/170223-14.pdf
  7. "GDP Report" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. 28 February 2018.
  8. "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab".
  9. "Czech Republic Facts". World InfoZone. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  10. "Czech Republic". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  11. "Short History of Bohemia, Moravia and then Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic". hedgie.eu. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  12. "Charles University Official Website".
  13. "The World According to GaWC 2018". GaWC.
  14. "Best Destinations in the World – Travelers' Choice Awards – TripAdvisor". tripadvisor.com. 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  15. "Quality of Living City Ranking | Mercer". mobilityexchange.mercer.com. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  16. https://www.picsaindex.com/the-picsa-index/
  17. "Top 100 City Destinations Revealed: Prague among Most Visited in the World". Expats.cz. 8 November 2017.
  18. Demetz, Peter (1997). "Chapter One: Libussa, or Versions of Origin". Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-7843-1. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  19. Dovid Solomon Ganz, Tzemach Dovid (3rd edition), part 2, Warsaw 1878, pp. 71, 85 (available online )
  20. Kenety, Brian. "Unearthing Bohemia's Celtic heritage ahead of Samhain, the 'New Year'". Czech Radio.
  21. Kenety, Brian. "Atlantis české archeologie" (in Czech). Czech Radio.
  22. "Praha byla Casurgis" [Prague was Casurgis] (in Czech). cs-magazin.com. February 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  23. "Slované na Hradě žili už sto let před Bořivojem –". Novinky.cz. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  24. "Archaeological Research – Prague Castle". Hrad.cz. 8 July 2005. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  25. "TOP MONUMENTS – VYŠEHRAD". praguewelcome.cz. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  26. "5 of the Best Gothic Buildings in Prague | Architectural Digest". Architectural Digest. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  27. Wolverton, Lisa (9 October 2012). Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812204223.
  28. "Prague – an architectural gem in the heart of Europe | Radio Prague". Radio Praha. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  29. Rothkirchen, Livia (1 January 2006). The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: Facing the Holocaust. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803205024.
  30. "The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages". Michael Moïssey Postan, Edward Miller, Cynthia Postan (1987). Cambridge University Press. p. 417. ISBN 0-521-08709-0.
  31. "History of Charles Bridge | Radio Prague". Radio Praha. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  32. Guides, Rough (16 January 2015). The Rough Guide to Prague. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 9780241196311.
  33. Dickinson, Robert E. (2003). The West European City: A Geographical Interpretation. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415177115.
  34. Stone, Andrew. A Hedonist's Guide to New York.
  35. Palmitessa, James (2002). "The Archbishops of Prague in Urban Struggles of the Confessional Age 1561–1612" (PDF). Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice. 4: 261–273.
  36. "The Prague Pogrom of 1389". Everything2. April 1389. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  37. "The former Jewish Quarter in Prague". prague.cz. April 1389. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
  38. This swallow-tailed banner is approximately 4 by 6 feet (1.2 by 1.8 metres), with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, and a silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the centre. The words PÁN BŮH POMOC NAŠE (The Lord God is our Help) appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite "host with chalice" centred on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescent shaped golden sun with rays protruding. One of these banners was captured by Swedish troops in Battle of Prague (1648), when they captured the western bank of the Vltava river and were repulsed from the eastern bank, they placed it in the Royal Military Museum in Stockholm; although this flag still exists, it is in very poor condition. They also took the Codex Gigas and the Codex Argenteus. The earliest evidence indicates that a gonfalon with a municipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before 1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.
  39. "Architecture of the Gothic". Old.hrad.cz. 13 October 2005. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  40. "Old Royal Palace with Vladislav Hall – Prague Castle". Hrad.cz. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  41. "Religious conflicts". Prague.st. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  42. "The Kingdom of Bohemia during the Thirty Years' War". Family-lines.cz. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  43. "Prague". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  44. M. Signoli, D. Chevé, A. Pascal (2007)."Plague epidemics in Czech countries". p.51.
  45. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Prague" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 248–250.
  46. "Einwohnerzahl europäischer Städte" (PDF) (in German). Prag insgesamt 1940 928.000
  47. "Aus der Geschichte jüdischer Gemeinden" (in German). 1937/38 ca. 45.000
  48. Bryant, Chad (2007). Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 167ff. ISBN 978-0674024519
  49. "Looking Back at the Bombing of Prague". The Prague Post. 14 February 1945. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  50. "The bombing of Prague from a new perspective". Radio Prague. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  51. Pehe, Jiří. "Post-Communist Reflections of the Prague Spring". Jiří Pehe.
  52. McAdams, Michael (1 September 2007). "Global Cities as Centers of Cultural Influence: A Focus on Istanbul, Turkey". Transtext(e)s Transcultures. pp. 151–165. doi:10.4000/transtexts.149.
  53. "Prague Assembly Confirms 2016 Olympic Bid". Gamesbids.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  54. "It's Official – Prague Out of 2020 Bid". GamesBids. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  55. "What's in a name? Prague History lesson". praguesummer.com. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  56. Lucy S. Dawidowicz – The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, 1996, p. 351. "Then you surely knew also Reb Shmuel on the other side of the Vistula, in Praga! Praga, the threshold of Warsaw—the aroma of the country, with its broad fields, so many times desolated by wars and fires and rebuilt..."
  57. "Interview with Lady Diana Cooper". Desert Island Discs. 24 March 1969. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  58. "Kolik věží má "stověžatá" Praha? Nadšenci jich napočítali přes pět set". idnes.cz (in Czech). Mladá fronta DNES. 5 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  59. "Visit Prague, the City of a Hundred spires". prague.fm. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  60. "Basic Prague and Czech Republic Info". prague.cz. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  61. "Latitude and Longitude of World Cities: Frankfurt". Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  62. "Latitude and Longitude of World Cities". Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  63. "Latitude and Longitude of Vancouver, Canada". Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  64. "Prague, Czech Republic Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  65. Nogueira, Adeilson. Praga (in Portuguese). Clube de Autores (managed).
  66. Kadıoğlu, Muhsin (8 May 2019). Prag Gezi Rehberi: Prag Travel Guide (in Turkish). Muhsin Kadıoğlu.
  67. "The Climate of Prague 1981–2010 (Temperatures, Humidity)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  68. "Praha Climate Normals 1961–1990 (Precipitation, Precipitation days, Snow, Sunhours)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  69. d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Prague, Czech Republic – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  70. "Zdeněk Hřib se stal primátorem Prahy. Opoziční ANO a ODS ho nepodpořily | Aktuálně.cz". Aktuálně.cz – Víte, co se právě děje (in Czech). Economia, a.s. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  71. "Census shows population rise in Prague". Prague Daily Monitor. Czech News Agency (ČTK). 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
  72. "Data z mobilů: Praha se denně nafoukne o polovinu, v centru jsou návštěvníci v převaze". iROZHLAS (in Czech). Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  73. "Praha by měla být metropole pro dva miliony lidí". Ekonomický Magazín (in Czech). Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  74. Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2005
  75. "Pohyb obyvatelstva v Českých zemích" (in Czech). Czso.cz. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  76. "Počet obyvatel v obcích České republiky k 1.1.2013" (in Czech). 1 January 2013. Archived from the original (XLS) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  77. "Pohyb obyvatelstva v hl. m. Praze v 1. čtvrtletí 2019" (in Czech). Czso.cz. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  78. "Cizinci 3. zemí se zaevidovaným povoleným pobytem na území České republiky a cizinci zemí EU + Islandu, Norska, Švýcarska a Lichtenštejnska se zaevidovaným pobytem na území České republiky k 31. 08. 2018". Ministry of the Interior. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  79. "Dvorak's Prague Festival 2019 at the Rudolfinum (Dvorak Hall) in Prague". Prague Experience. 2019.
  80. Lubor Mrazek. "O SLAVNOSTECH, Letní shakespearovské slavnosti 2013, Agentura SCHOK, Praha". Shakespeare.cz. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  81. "Prague Studios Credits: Movies shot at Prague Studios". Prague Studios. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  82. "Prague Strategic Plan, 2008 Update" (PDF). Official site. City Development Authority Prague. 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  83. "Main tables – Eurostat". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  84. "Prague-is-sixth-most-developed-EU-region(GDP in 2016)" (PDF). Official site. Eurostat. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  85. "Average monthly gross wage in hl. Prague in the 2nd quarter of 2019". Český statistický úřad. 3 September 2019.
  86. Hold, Gabriella (21 April 2010). "Foreign Resident Numbers Stable". The Prague Post. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
  87. Contiguglia, Cat (13 October 2010). "Prague Is Best CEE City for Business – Survey". The Prague Post. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  88. "EIU Media Directory". Eiuresources.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  89. "2thinknow Innovation Cities Top 100 Index". 2thinknow Innovation Cities Program. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  90. "Nejdražší ulice ve střední Evropě? Bezkonkurenčně vedou Příkopy". iDNES.cz. 26 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012.
  91. "Pražská ulice Na Příkopě je 22. nejdražší ulicí na světě. Roční nájem stojí 67 tisíc za metr čtvereční". Hospodářské noviny (in Czech). 16 November 2017.
  92. Pop, Valentina (18 February 2010). "EUobserver / Prague Outranks Paris and Stockholm Among EU's Richest Regions". EUobserver. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  93. "ESTAT-2002-05354-00-00-EN-TRA-00 (FR)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  94. Filipová, Hana (11 October 2015). "Které firmy vládnou krajům? Týdeník Ekonom zmapoval podnikání v regionech" [Which firms dominate the regions? 'The Weekly Ekonom' mapped out entrepreneurship in the regions] (in Czech). Economics news. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  95. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html
  96. "Kampa Island". YourCzechRepublic.cz. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  97. https://www.radio.cz/en/section/in-focus/prague-city-gallery-brings-back-life-and-history-to-an-old-town-palace
  98. http://en.ghmp.cz/colloredo-mansfeld-palace/
  99. "Vinohrady sights". myCzechRepublic.
  100. "Forbes Magazine: Prague Zoo the 7th Best in the World". Abcprague.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  101. "Prague Zoo is the fourth best zoo in the world". Prague Zoo. 15 July 2017.
  102. "Annual reports". Prague.eu. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  103. "Seznam vysokých škol a univerzit". Vejska.cz.
  104. B, Petr (27 January 2020). "Europe's Largest Organ Transplant Center is in Prague". Prague Morning. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  105. J. Pechlát (2010)."Prague as a knowledge city-region" In: Teorie vědy, XXXI/3–4 2009, The Institute of Philosophy of the AS CR, pp. 247–267.
  106. "Čím cestujeme po Praze? 52% cest připadá na MHD, cyklodopravu tvoří 0,4%". mhd86.cz (in Czech). 27 June 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  107. "Endurance". Mgr. Jaroslav Mach. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  108. "Pražská MHD loni přepravila o 9,6 procent více cestujících. Využila ji více než miliarda lidí". Aktuálně.cz (in Czech). 7 March 2017.
  109. "Jízdné na území Prahy" (in Czech). Dopravní podnik hlavnívo města Prahy. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  110. "Prague Metro, Czech Republic". railwaytechnology.com. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  111. "Annual Report 2012" (PDF). Public Transport Company of the Capital City of Prague. 2012. p. 66. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  112. Hold, Gabriella (30 June 2010). "Metro Extension on the Right Track". The Prague Post. Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  113. "Historická souprava Ečs". Metroweb.cz. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  114. "Dostavba zbývající části Pražského okruhu má začít do roku 2020". e15.cz. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  115. "Opening of Prague's Outer Ring (Czech only)". Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  116. "České dráhy". Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  117. "Czech Transport". Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  118. "Potenciál cyklodopravy v Praze". Prahou na kole (in Czech). 4 August 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  119. "Yearbook of transport in Prague 2017". TSK-praha.cz. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  120. "Test Sdílené elektrokoloběžky Lime – Změní navždy tvář Prahy?". fDrive.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  121. "Prague, Czech Republic to host the WFDF World Ultimate Club Championships 2010". WFDF. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
  122. "Gutovka". Praha.eu. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  123. "Prague House: Mission and representational activities". prague-house.eu. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  124. Ratification of the START treaty is a step towards Obama's goal of a nuclear weapons-free world. (Official White House Photo) by Pete Souza Dec. 2010.
  125. "Foreign Relations of Capital City Prague". praha.eu. Prague. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  126. "| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  127. "The History of Prague". cityofpragueok.org. 23 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  128. "CASDE | Prague – Saunders County". Casde.unl.edu. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  129. "Visitor Information". Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  130. "Klodzko: Dolnośląskie – Poland". International Jewish Cemetery Project. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2016.

Further reading

Culture and society

  • Becker, Edwin et al., ed. Prague 1900: Poetry and Ecstasy. (2000). 224 pp.
  • Boehm, Barbara Drake; et al. (2005). Prague : the Crown of Bohemia, 1347–1437. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1588391612.
  • Burton, Richard D. E. Prague: A Cultural and Literary History. (2003). 268 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Cohen, Gary B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914. (1981). 344 pp.
  • Fucíková, Eliska, ed. Rudolf II and Prague: The Court and the City. (1997). 792 pp.
  • Holz, Keith. Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a Democratic Public Sphere. (2004). 359 pp.
  • Iggers, Wilma Abeles. Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the Present. (1995). 381 pp. online edition
  • Porizka, Lubomir; Hojda, Zdenek; and Pesek, Jirí. The Palaces of Prague. (1995). 216 pp.
  • SayerDerek. Prague: Crossroads of Europe. London Reaktion Books, 2019. ISBN 978-1-78914-009-5.
  • Sayer, Derek. Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century: A Surrealist History (Princeton University Press; 2013) 595 pages; a study of the city as a crossroads for modernity.
  • Sayer, Derek. "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920." Past & Present 1996 (153): 164–210. in Jstor
  • Spector, Scott. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siècle. (2000). 331 pp. online edition
  • Svácha, Rostislav. The Architecture of New Prague, 1895–1945. (1995). 573 pp.
  • Wittlich, Peter. Prague: Fin de Siècle. (1992). 280 pp.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.