Sacculina

Sacculina is a genus of barnacles that is a parasitic castrator of crabs. They belong to a group called Rhizocephala. The adults bear no resemblance to the barnacles that cover ships and piers; they are recognised as barnacles because their larval forms are like other members of the barnacle class Cirripedia. The prevalence of this crustacean parasite in its crab host can be as high as 50%.[2][3]

Sacculina
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Maxillopoda
Infraclass: Cirripedia
Order: Kentrogonida
Family: Sacculinidae
Genus: Sacculina
Thompson, 1836
Type species
Sacculina carcini
Thompson, 1836 [1]

Habitat

Sacculina live in a marine environment. During their larval stage they are pelagic, but as they form into adults they live as ectoparasites on crabs. Their primary host is the green crab, which is native to the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Though these crabs have spread to other bodies of waters, it is not believed that Sacculina barnacles have traveled with them to these new localities.[4]

Anatomy

The body of the adult parasite can be divided into two parts: one part is called the "externa" where the bulbous reproductive organ of the parasite sticks out of the abdomen of the host. The other part is called the "interna" which is inside the host's body. This part is composed of root-like dendrils that wrap themselves around the host's organs, which gives its group name of Rhizocephala, meaning "root-head". Through microCT scans, these roots have been discovered to wrap around certain organs of the body, with most around the hepatopancreas of crustaceans. This area is primarily for absorbing nutrients, which would explain why most concentrate in that region. In a similar species called Briarosaccus roots were seen extending to the brain and central nervous system, which could help explain how parasites like these can manipulate their hosts' behavior.

Life cycle

The female Sacculina larva finds a crab and walks on it until she finds a joint. She then molts into a form called a kentrogon, which injects her soft body into the crab while its shell falls off. The Sacculina grows in the crab, emerging as a sac, known as an externa, on the underside of the crab's rear thorax, where the crab's eggs would be incubated.

After this invasion of the Sacculina, the crab is now unable to perform the normal function of molting. This results in a loss of nutrition for the crab, and impairs its overall growth. The natural ability of regrowing a severed claw that is commonly used for defense purposes is therefore lost after the infestation of Sacculina.

The male Sacculina 'larva' looks for a virgin female Sacculina on the underside of a crab. He then implants its cells into a pocket in the female's body called the "testis", where male cells produce spermatozoa to fertilize eggs. Parasitic Sacculina destroy a crab's gonads, rendering the crab permanently infertile.

When a female Sacculina is implanted in a male crab, it interferes with the crab's hormonal balance. This sterilizes it and changes the bodily layout of the crab to resemble that of a female crab by widening and flattening its abdomen, among other things. The female Sacculina then forces the crab's body to release hormones, causing it to act like a female crab, even to the point of performing female mating dances. If the parasite is removed from the host, female crabs will normally regenerate new ovarian tissue, while males usually develops complete or partial ovaries instead of testes.[5]

Although all energy otherwise expended on reproduction is directed to the Sacculina, the crab develops a nurturing behavior typical of a normal female crab. The natural hatching process of a crab consists of the female finding a high rock and grooming its brood pouch on its abdomen and releasing the fertilized eggs in the water through a bobbing motion. The female crab stirs the water with her claw to aid the flow of the water. When the hatching larvae of Sacculina are ready to emerge from the brood pouch of female Sacculina, the crab performs a similar process. The crab shoots them out in pulses, creating a large cloud of Sacculina larvae. The crab uses the familiar technique of stirring the water to aid in flow.[6]

Life span

Sacculina are primarily host dependent so their life span matches that of their hosts. Crabs usually have a life span anywhere from 1 to 2 years.[7]

Biological control agents

Sacculina has been suggested to be used as a type of biological control agent to help reduce the populations of the invasive green crab. This is controversial because Sacculina can also use native crab species as their host.[4]

Species

More than 100 species of Sacculina are currently recognised:[8]

  • Sacculina abyssicola
  • Sacculina actaeae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina aculeata Boschma, 1928
  • Sacculina ales Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina americana Reinhard, 1955
  • Sacculina amplituba Phillips, 1978
  • Sacculina anceps Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina angulata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina anomala Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina atlantica Boschma, 1927
  • Sacculina beauforti Boschma
  • Sacculina bicuspidata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina bipunctata Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina boschmai Reinhard, 1955
  • Sacculina bourdoni Boschma, 1960
  • Sacculina brevispina van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina bucculenta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina caelata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina calappae van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina calva Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina captiva Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina carcini Thompson, 1836
  • Sacculina carpiliae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina cartieri Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina cavolinii Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina comosa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina compressa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina confragosa Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina cordata Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina curvata Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina dayi Boschma, 1958
  • Sacculina duracina Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina echinulata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina elongata Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina eriphiae Smith, 1906
  • Sacculina exarcuata Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina flacca Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina flexuosa Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina gerbei Giard in Bonnier, 1887
  • Sacculina ghanensis Boschma, 1971
  • Sacculina gibba Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina gibbsi (Hesse, 1867)
  • Sacculina glabra van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina globularis Boschma, 1970
  • Sacculina gonoplaxae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina gordonae Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina gracilis Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina granifera Boschma, 1973
  • Sacculina granulosa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina guineensis Boschma, 1971
  • Sacculina herbstiae Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina hirsuta Boschma, 1925
  • Sacculina hirta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina hispida Boschma, 1928
  • Sacculina hystrix van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina imberbis Shiino
  • Sacculina inconstans Boschma, 1952
  • Sacculina infirma Boschma, 1953
  • Sacculina inflata Leuckart, 1859
  • Sacculina insueta Boschma
  • Sacculina irrorata Boschma, 1934
  • Sacculina lata Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina leopoldi Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina leptodiae Guérin-Ganivet 1911
  • Sacculina leptothrix Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina lobata Boschma, 1965
  • Sacculina loricata Boschma 1955
  • Sacculina margaritifera Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina micracantha Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina microthrix Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina muricata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina nectocarcini Gurney et al. 2006
  • Sacculina nigra Shiino
  • Sacculina nodosa Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina oblonga Lützen & Yamaguchi, 1999
  • Sacculina ornatula Boschma, 1951
  • Sacculina papposa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina pertenuis Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina phacelothrix Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina pilosa Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina pilosella van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina pisiformis Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina pistillata Boschma, 1952
  • Sacculina polygenea Takahashi & Lützen, 1997[9][10][11][12]
  • Sacculina pomum Kossmann, 1872
  • Sacculina pugettiae Shiino, 1943
  • Sacculina pulchella Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina punctata Boschma, 1934
  • Sacculina pustulata Boschma, 1925
  • Sacculina rathbunae Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina reinhardi Boschma 1955
  • Sacculina reniformis Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina robusta Boschma
  • Sacculina rotundata Miers, 1880
  • Sacculina rugosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina scabra Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina schmitti Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina semistriata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina senta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina serenei Boschma, 1954
  • Sacculina setosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina sinensis Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina spectabilis Boschma, 1948
  • Sacculina spinosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina striata Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina sulcata van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina teres Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina teretiuscula Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina ternatensis Boschma, 1950
  • Sacculina tessellata Boschma, 1925
  • Sacculina triangularis Anderson, 1862
  • Sacculina vankampeni Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina verrucosa van Kampen & Boschma 1925
  • Sacculina vieta Boschma, 1933
  • Sacculina weberi Boschma, 1931
  • Sacculina yatsui Boschma, 1936
  • Sacculina zariquieyi Boschma, 1947

References
  1. Thompson, J. V. (1836). "Natural history and metamorphosis of an anomalous crustaceous parasite of Carcinus maenas, the Sacculina carcini". The Entomological Magazine. 3: 452–456.
  2. Ross, Piper (2007). Extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313339228. OCLC 191846476.
  3. Leung, Tommy (2016-10-06). "Peltogaster sp". Parasite of the Day. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  4. "The Parasitic Sacculina That Bends Its Host to Its Own Will". Today I Found Out. 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  5. General Parasitology
  6. Zimmer, Carl (2001). Parasite rex : inside the bizarre world of nature's most dangerous creatures (1st Touchstone ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 074320011X. OCLC 47903774.
  7. "Sacculina carcini". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  8. Geoff Boxshall (2012). "Sacculina Thompson, 1836". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  9. Takahashi, Tohru; Lützen, Jørgen (1998-04-01). "Asexual Reproduction as Part of the Life Cycle in Sacculina Polygenea (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. Oxford University Press (OUP). 18 (2): 321–331. doi:10.2307/1549326. ISSN 0278-0372.
  10. Lutzen, Jorgen; Takahashi, Tohru (1997). "Sacculina polygenea, a new species of rhizocephalan (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) from Japan, parasitic on the intertidal crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan, 1835) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsidae)". Crustacean Research. Carcinological Society of Japan. 26 (0): 103–108. doi:10.18353/crustacea.26.0_103. ISSN 0287-3478.
  11. "WoRMS - Sacculina polygenea Lützen & Takahashi, 1997". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  12. Shukalyuk, A. I. (2002). "Organization of Interna in Sacculina polygenea (Crustacea: Rhizocephala)". Russian Journal of Marine Biology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 28 (5): 329–335. doi:10.1023/a:1020959518552. ISSN 1063-0740.

Sources
  • Boschma, H. (1955). "The described species of the family Sacculinidae". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 27 (1): 1–76.
    (cites many earlier papers by Boschma and others including other sources for the above list)
  • Guérin-Ganivet, J. (1911). "Contribution a l'étude systématique et biologique des Rhizocéphales". Travaux scientifiques du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de Physiologie Maritimes de Concarneau. 3 (7): 1–97.
  • Gurney, R. H.; Rybakov, A. V.; Høeg, J. T.; Kuris, A. M. (2006). "Sacculina nectocarcini, a new species of rhizocephalan, a new species of rhizocephalan(Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) parasitising the red rock crab Nectocarcinus integrifrons (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)(Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae)". Zootaxa. 1332: 37–50.
  • van Kampen, Pieter Nicolaas; Boschma, Hilbrandt (1925). Die rhizocephalen der Siboga-expedition (in German). Leiden: Brill. OCLC 6845128.
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