Simone de Beauvoir

Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir French: [simɔn də bovwaʁ] (listen) (UK: /də ˈboʊvwɑːr/, US: /də boʊˈvwɑːr/;[3][4]), 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory.[5]

"La Beauvoir" redirects here. For other uses, see Beauvoir (disambiguation).
In this Romance language name, the surname is "Bertrand de Beauvoir", usually shortened to "de Beauvoir", with "de" indicating its aristocratic connotations; however, in English academic usage and in all French usage, French family names are used without "de" when used without a given name. So the correct usage when referring to Simone de Beauvoir by only her family name is "Beauvoir", not "de Beauvoir".

Simone de Beauvoir
Beauvoir in 1967
Born
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir

(1908-01-09)9 January 1908
Paris, France
Died14 April 1986(1986-04-14) (aged 78)
Paris, France
EducationUniversity of Paris
(B.A., 1928; M.A., 1929[1])
Partner(s)Jean-Paul Sartre (1929–1980; his death)
Nelson Algren (1947–1964)
Claude Lanzmann (1952–1959)
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
School
Main interests
Notable ideas
Signature
Part of a series on
Feminist philosophy
Major works
Major thinkers
Ideas
Journals
Category
► Feminist philosophy

Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiographies and monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues. She was known for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels, including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins. Her most enduring contribution to literature are her memoirs, notably the first volume, “Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée” (1958), which have a warmth and descriptive power.[6] She was also known for her open, lifelong relationship with French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.

Early years

Simone de Beauvoir was born on 9 January 1908[7] into a bourgeois Parisian family in the 6th arrondissement.[8][9][10] Her parents were Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, a legal secretary who once aspired to be an actor,[11] and Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), a wealthy banker's daughter and devout Catholic. Simone's sister, Hélène, was born two years later. The family struggled to maintain their bourgeois status after losing much of their fortune shortly after World War I, and Françoise insisted that the two daughters be sent to a prestigious convent school. Beauvoir herself was deeply religious as a child, at one point intending to become a nun. She abandoned her faith in her early teens and remained an atheist for the rest of her life.[12]

Beauvoir was intellectually precocious, fueled by her father's encouragement; he reportedly would boast, "Simone thinks like a man!"[13] Because of her family's straitened circumstances, Beauvoir could no longer rely on her dowry, and like other middle-class girls of her age, her marriage opportunities were put at risk. Beauvoir took this opportunity to take steps towards earning a living for herself.[14]

After passing baccalaureate exams in mathematics and philosophy in 1925, she studied mathematics at the Institut Catholique de Paris and literature/languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie. She then studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and after completing her degree in 1928, she wrote her diplôme d'études supérieures (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis) on Leibniz for Léon Brunschvicg (the topic was "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).[15]

Beauvoir first worked with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss, when all three completed their practice teaching requirements at the same secondary school. Although not officially enrolled, she sat in on courses at the École Normale Supérieure in preparation for the agrégation in philosophy, a highly competitive postgraduate examination which serves as a national ranking of students. It was while studying for the agrégation that she met École Normale students Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Nizan, and René Maheu (who gave her the lasting nickname "Castor", or "beaver").[11] The jury for the agrégation narrowly awarded Sartre first place instead of Beauvoir, who placed second and, at age 21, was the youngest person ever to pass the exam.[16]

Writing of her youth in Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter she said: "...my father's individualism and pagan ethical standards were in complete contrast to the rigidly moral conventionalism of my mother's teaching. This disequilibrium, which made my life a kind of endless disputation, is the main reason why I became an intellectual."[17]

Middle years
Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir at the Balzac Memorial

From 1929 to 1943, Beauvoir taught at the lycée level until she could support herself solely on the earnings of her writings. She taught at the Lycée Montgrand (Marseille), the Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen), and the Lycée Molière (Paris) (1936–39).[18]

During October 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir became a couple and, after they were confronted by her father, Sartre asked her to marry him on a provisional basis: one day while they were sitting on a bench outside the Louvre, he said, "Let's sign a two-year lease".[19] Though Beauvoir wrote , "Marriage was impossible. I had no dowry", scholars point out that her ideal relationships described in The Second Sex and elsewhere bore little resemblances to the marriage standards of the day.[20] Instead, they entered into a lifelong "soul partnership", which was sexual but not exclusive, nor did it involve living together.[21]

Sartre and Beauvoir always read each other's work. Debate continues about the extent to which they influenced each other in their existentialist works, such as Sartre's Being and Nothingness and Beauvoir's She Came to Stay and "Phenomenology and Intent".[22] However, recent studies of Beauvoir's work focus on influences other than Sartre, including Hegel and Leibniz.[5] The Neo-Hegelian revival led by Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite in the 1930s inspired a whole generation of French thinkers, including Sartre, to discover Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit.[23][24] However, Beauvoir, reading Hegel in German during the war, produced an original critique of his dialectic of consciousness.

Personal life
Algren in 1956

Beauvoir's prominent open relationships at times overshadowed her substantial academic reputation. A scholar lecturing with Beauvoir[25] chastised their "distinguished [Harvard] audience [because] every question asked about Sartre concerned his work, while all those asked about Beauvoir concerned her personal life."[26] Beginning in 1929, Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre were partners and remained so for fifty-one years, until his death in 1980.[27] Beauvoir chose never to marry or set up a joint household and she never had children. This gave her the time to advance her education and engage in political causes, to write and teach, and to have lovers.[28]

Perhaps her most famous lover was American author Nelson Algren whom she met in Chicago in 1947, and to whom she wrote across the Atlantic as "my beloved husband."[29] Algren won the National Book Award for The Man with the Golden Arm in 1950, and in 1954, Beauvoir won France's most prestigious literary prize for The Mandarins in which Algren is the character Lewis Brogan. Algren vociferously objected to their intimacy becoming public. Years after they separated, she was buried wearing his gift of a silver ring.[30] However, she lived with Claude Lanzmann from 1952 to 1959.[31]

Beauvoir was bisexual, and her relationships with young women were controversial.[32] French author Bianca Lamblin (originally Bianca Bienenfeld) wrote in her book Mémoires d'une Jeune Fille Dérangée (published in English under the title A Disgraceful Affair) that, while she was a student at Lycée Molière, she had been sexually exploited by her teacher Beauvoir, who was in her 30s at the time.[33] Lamblin had an affair with both Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir for a number of years. In 1943, Beauvoir was suspended from her teaching job, due to an accusation that she had seduced her 17-year-old lycée pupil Natalie Sorokine in 1939.[34] Sorokine's parents laid formal charges against Beauvoir for debauching a minor (the age of consent in France at the time was 15), and as a result, she had her license to teach in France revoked, although she was subsequently reinstated.[35]

In 1977, Beauvoir, Sartre, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and much of the era's intelligentsia signed a petition seeking to abrogate the age of consent in France.[36][37]

Notable works

She Came to Stay

Beauvoir published her first novel She Came to Stay in 1943.[38] It has been assumed that it is inspired by her and Sartre's sexual relationship with Olga Kosakiewicz and Wanda Kosakiewicz. Olga was one of her students in the Rouen secondary school where Beauvoir taught during the early 1930s. She grew fond of Olga. Sartre tried to pursue Olga but she rejected him, so he began a relationship with her sister Wanda. Upon his death, Sartre was still supporting Wanda. He also supported Olga for years, until she met and married Jacques-Laurent Bost, a lover of Beauvoir. However, the main thrust of the novel is philosophical, a scene in which to situate Beauvoir's abiding philosophical pre-occupation - the relationship between the self and the other.

In the novel, set just before the outbreak of World War II, Beauvoir creates one character from the complex relationships of Olga and Wanda. The fictionalised versions of Beauvoir and Sartre have a ménage à trois with the young woman. The novel also delves into Beauvoir and Sartre's complex relationship and how it was affected by the ménage à trois.

She Came to Stay was followed by many others, including The Blood of Others, which explores the nature of individual responsibility, telling a love story between two young French students participating in the Resistance in World War II.[39]

Existentialist ethics
Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre in Beijing, 1955

In 1944 Beauvoir wrote her first philosophical essay, Pyrrhus et Cinéas, a discussion on existentialist ethics. She continued her exploration of existentialism through her second essay The Ethics of Ambiguity (1947); it is perhaps the most accessible entry into French existentialism. In the essay, Beauvoir clears up some inconsistencies that many, Sartre included, have found in major existentialist works such as Being and Nothingness. In The Ethics of Ambiguity, Beauvoir confronts the existentialist dilemma of absolute freedom vs. the constraints of circumstance.[5]

Les Temps modernes
Main article: Les Temps modernes

At the end of World War II, Beauvoir and Sartre edited Les Temps modernes, a political journal which Sartre founded along with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and others. Beauvoir used Les Temps Modernes to promote her own work and explore her ideas on a small scale before fashioning essays and books. Beauvoir remained an editor until her death.

Sexuality, existentialist feminism and The Second Sex

The Second Sex, first published in 1949 in French as Le Deuxième Sexe, turns the existentialist mantra that existence precedes essence into a feminist one: "One is not born but becomes a woman" (French: "On ne naît pas femme, on le devient").[40] With this famous phrase, Beauvoir first articulated what has come to be known as the sex-gender distinction, that is, the distinction between biological sex and the social and historical construction of gender and its attendant stereotypes.[41] Beauvoir argues that "the fundamental source of women's oppression is its [femininity's] historical and social construction as the quintessential" Other.[42]

Beauvoir defines women as the "second sex" because women are defined in relation to men. She pointed out that Aristotle argued women are "female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities", while Thomas Aquinas referred to woman as "imperfect man" and the "incidental" being.[43]

Beauvoir asserted that women are as capable of choice as men, and thus can choose to elevate themselves, moving beyond the "immanence" to which they were previously resigned and reaching "transcendence", a position in which one takes responsibility for oneself and the world, where one chooses one's freedom.

Chapters of The Second Sex were originally published in Les Temps modernes,[44] in June 1949. The second volume came a few months after the first in France.[45] It was quickly published in America due to the quick translation by Howard Parshley, as prompted by Blanche Knopf, wife of publisher Alfred A. Knopf. Because Parshley had only a basic familiarity with the French language, and a minimal understanding of philosophy (he was a professor of biology at Smith College), much of Beauvoir's book was mistranslated or inappropriately cut, distorting her intended message.[46] For years, Knopf prevented the introduction of a more accurate retranslation of Beauvoir's work, declining all proposals despite the efforts of existentialist scholars.[46]

Only in 2009 was there a second translation, to mark the 60th anniversary of the original publication. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier produced the first integral translation in 2010, reinstating a third of the original work.[47]

In the chapter "Woman: Myth and Reality" of The Second Sex,[48] Beauvoir argued that men had made women the "Other" in society by application of a false aura of "mystery" around them. She argued that men used this as an excuse not to understand women or their problems and not to help them, and that this stereotyping was always done in societies by the group higher in the hierarchy to the group lower in the hierarchy. She wrote that a similar kind of oppression by hierarchy also happened in other categories of identity, such as race, class, and religion, but she claimed that it was nowhere more true than with gender in which men stereotyped women and used it as an excuse to organize society into a patriarchy.

Despite her contributions to the feminist movement, especially the French women's liberation movement, and her beliefs in women's economic independence and equal education, Beauvoir was initially reluctant to call herself a feminist.[14] However, after observing the resurgence of the feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Beauvoir stated she no longer believed a socialist revolution to be enough to bring about women's liberation. She publicly declared herself a feminist in 1972 in an interview with Le Nouvel Observateur.[49]

In 2018 the manuscript pages of Le Deuxième Sexe were published. At the time her adopted daughter, Sylvie Le Bon-Beauvoir, a philosophy professor, described her mother's writing process: Beauvoir wrote every page of her books longhand first and only after that would hire typists.[50]

The Mandarins
Dunes cottage where Algren and Beauvoir summered in Miller Beach, Indiana

Published in 1954, The Mandarins won her France's highest literary prize, the Prix Goncourt. The book is set after the end of World War II and follows the personal lives of philosophers and friends among Sartre's and Beauvoir's intimate circle, including her relationship with American writer Nelson Algren, to whom the book was dedicated.

Algren was outraged by the frank way Beauvoir described their sexual experiences in both The Mandarins and her autobiographies. Algren vented his outrage when reviewing American translations of Beauvoir's work. Much material bearing on this episode in Beauvoir's life, including her love letters to Algren, entered the public domain only after her death.

Les Inséparables

In 2020 it was announced that a previously unpublished Beauvoir novel would be published by Vintage in 2021, to be translated by Lauren Elkin.[51] The novel was written in 1954 and details the "passionate and tragic" real life friendship she had as a young girl with Elisabeth "Zaza" Lacoin, depicted by two characters named Andrée and Sylvie. The novel was deemed "too intimate" to be published during Beauvoir's lifetime.

Later years
Antonio Núñez Jiménez, Beauvoir, Sartre and Che Guevara in Cuba, 1960

Beauvoir wrote popular travel diaries about time spent in the United States[52] and China and published essays and fiction rigorously, especially throughout the 1950s and 1960s. She published several volumes of short stories, including The Woman Destroyed, which, like some of her other later work, deals with aging.

1980 saw the publication of When Things of the Spirit Come First, a set of short stories centred around and based upon women important to her earlier years.[39] Though written long before the novel She Came to Stay, Beauvoir did not at the time consider the stories worth publishing, allowing some forty years to pass before doing so.

Sartre and Merleau-Ponty had a longstanding feud, which led Merleau-Ponty to leave Les Temps Modernes. Beauvoir sided with Sartre and ceased to associate with Merleau-Ponty. In Beauvoir's later years, she hosted the journal's editorial meetings in her flat and contributed more than Sartre, whom she often had to force to offer his opinions.

Beauvoir also wrote a four-volume autobiography, consisting of: Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter; The Prime of Life; Force of Circumstance (sometimes published in two volumes in English translation: After the War and Hard Times); and All Said and Done.[39] In 1964 Beauvoir published a novella-length autobiography, A Very Easy Death, covering the time she spent visiting her ageing mother, who was dying of cancer. The novella brings up questions of ethical concerns with truth-telling in doctor-patient relationships.[53]

In the 1970s Beauvoir became active in France's women's liberation movement. She wrote and signed the Manifesto of the 343 in 1971, a manifesto that included a list of famous women who claimed to have had an abortion, then illegal in France. Some argue most of the women had not had abortions, including Beauvoir. Signatories were diverse as Catherine Deneuve, Delphine Seyrig, and Beauvoir's sister Poupette. In 1974, abortion was legalised in France.

Her 1970 long essay La Vieillesse (The Coming of Age) is a rare instance of an intellectual meditation on the decline and solitude all humans experience if they do not die before about the age of 60.[54]

In an interview with Betty Friedan, Beauvoir said: "No, we don’t believe that any woman should have this choice. No woman should be authorised to stay at home to bring up her children. Society should be totally different. Women should not have that choice, precisely because if there is such a choice, too many women will make that one. It is a way of forcing women in a certain direction."[55]

In about 1976 Beauvoir and Sylvie Le Bon made a trip to New York City in the United States to visit Kate Millett on her farm.[56]

Beauvoir's and Sartre's grave at the Cimetière du Montparnasse

In 1981 she wrote La Cérémonie Des Adieux (A Farewell to Sartre), a painful account of Sartre's last years. In the opening of Adieux, Beauvoir notes that it is the only major published work of hers which Sartre did not read before its publication.

She contributed the piece "Feminism – alive, well, and in constant danger" to the 1984 anthology Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edited by Robin Morgan.[57]

After Sartre died in 1980, Beauvoir published his letters to her with edits to spare the feelings of people in their circle who were still living. After Beauvoir's death, Sartre's adopted daughter and literary heir Arlette Elkaïm would not let many of Sartre's letters be published in unedited form. Most of Sartre's letters available today have Beauvoir's edits, which include a few omissions but mostly the use of pseudonyms. Beauvoir's adopted daughter and literary heir Sylvie Le Bon, unlike Elkaïm, published Beauvoir's unedited letters to both Sartre and Algren.

Beauvoir died of pneumonia on 14 April 1986 in Paris, aged 78.[58] She is buried next to Sartre at the Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.[59]

Prizes

Works

List of publications (non-exhaustive)
  • L'Invitée (1943) (English – She Came to Stay) [novel]
  • Pyrrhus et Cinéas (1944) [nonfiction]
  • Le Sang des autres (1945) (English – The Blood of Others) [novel]
  • Les Bouches inutiles (1945) (English - Who Shall Die?) [drama]
  • Tous les hommes sont mortels (1946) (English – All Men Are Mortal) [novel]
  • Pour une morale de l'ambiguïté (1947) (English – The Ethics of Ambiguity) [nonfiction]
  • "America Day by Day" (1948) (English – 1999 – Carol Cosman (Translator and Douglas Brinkley (Foreword) [nonfiction]
  • Le Deuxième Sexe (1949) (English – The Second Sex) [nonfiction]
  • L'Amérique au jour le jour (1954) (English – America Day by Day)
  • Les Mandarins (1954) (English – The Mandarins) [novel]
  • Must We Burn Sade? (1955)
  • The Long March (1957) [nonfiction]
  • Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (1958)
  • The Prime of Life (1960)
  • Force of Circumstance (1963)
  • A Very Easy Death (1964)
  • Les Belles Images (1966) [novel]
  • The Woman Destroyed (1967) [novel]
  • The Coming of Age (1970) [nonfiction]
  • All Said and Done (1972)
  • Old Age (1972) [nonfiction]
  • When Things of the Spirit Come First (1979) [novel]
  • Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre (1981)
  • Letters to Sartre (1990)
  • Journal de guerre, Sept 1939 – Jan 1941 (1990); English – Wartime Diary (2009)
  • A Transatlantic Love Affair: Letters to Nelson Algren (1998)
  • Diary of a Philosophy Student, 1926–27 (2006)
  • Cahiers de jeunesse, 1926–1930 (2008)

Selected translations
  • Patrick O'Brian was Beauvoir's principal English translator, until he attained commercial success as a novelist.
  • Beauvoir, Simone (1997), ""Introduction" to The Second Sex", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.), The second wave: a reader in feminist theory, New York: Routledge, pp. 11–18, ISBN 9780415917612.
  • Philosophical Writings (Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2004, edited by Margaret A. Simons et al.) contains a selection of essays by Beauvoir translated for the first time into English. Among those are: Pyrrhus and Cineas, discussing the futility or utility of action, two previously unpublished chapters from her novel She Came to Stay and an introduction to Ethics of Ambiguity.

See also

References
  1. Alan D. Schrift (2006), Twentieth-Century French Philosophy: Key Themes and Thinkers, Blackwell Publishing, p. 98.
  2. Wendy O'Brien, Lester Embree (eds.), The Existential Phenomenology of Simone de Beauvoir, Springer, 2013, p. 40.
  3. Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  4. Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  5. Bergoffen, Debra, "Simone de Beauvoir", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2010/entries/beauvoir/>.
  6. Norwich, John Julius (1985–1993). Oxford illustrated encyclopedia. Judge, Harry George., Toyne, Anthony. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0-19-869129-7. OCLC 11814265.
  7. "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020". United Press International. 9 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020. …French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908
  8. Freely, Maureen (6 June 1999). "Still the second sex". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  9. "Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir". The Guardian. UK. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  10. Hollander, Anne (11 June 1990). "The Open Marriage of True Minds". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  11. Mussett, Shannon. Simone de Beauvoir Biography on the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  12. Thurman, Judith. Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. Excerpt published in The New York Times 27 May 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  13. Bair, p. 60
  14. Roberts, Mary Louise. "Beauvoir, Simone de." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press, 2008. Source. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  15. Margaret A. Simons (ed.), Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir, Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.
  16. Menand, Louis. "Stand By Your Man". The New Yorker, 26 September 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  17. Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, Book One
  18. Kelly Oliver (ed.), French Feminism Reader, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 1; Bulletin 2006 de l'Association amicale des anciens et anciennes élèves du lycée Molière, 2006, p. 22.
  19. Bair, p. 155-7
  20. Ward, Julie K. (November 1999). "Reciprocity and Friendship in Beauvoir's Thought". Hypatia. 14 (4): 36–49. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1999.tb01251.x.
  21. Appignanesi, Lisa (10 June 2005). "Our relationship was the greatest achievement of my life". The Guardian. London.
  22. Kirkpatrick, Kate (22 August 2019). Becoming Beauvoir : a life. London. ISBN 978-1-350-04717-4. OCLC 1097366004.
  23. Ursula Tidd, Simone de Beauvoir, Psychology Press, p. 19.
  24. Nancy Bauer, Simone de Beauvoir: Philosophy, and Feminism, Columbia University Press, 2012, p. 86.
  25. Beauvoir, The Prime of Life, p. 363.
  26. Thurman, Judith. Introduction to The Second Sex, 2009.
  27. Seymour-Jones 2008, p. Back cover
  28. Schneir, Miriam (1994). Feminism in Our Time. Vintage Books. p. 5. ISBN 0-679-74508-4.
  29. "Simone de Beauvoir's Love Letters to Nelson Algren". Chicago Tribune.
  30. Le Bon-de Beauvoir, Sylvie (1997). "Preface: A Transatlantic Love Affair". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  31. Menand, Louis (26 September 2005). "Stand By Your Man". The New Yorker: Condé Nast. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  32. Rodgers, Nigel; Thompson, Mel (2004). Philosophers Behaving Badly. London: Peter Owen Publishers. p. ~186. ISBN 072061368X.
  33. Mémoires d'une jeune fille dérangée (1994, LGF – Livre de Poche; ISBN 978-2-253-13593-7/2006, Balland; ISBN 978-2-7158-0994-9)
  34. Tête-à-tête: Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, Hazel Rowley, HarperCollins, 2005, pp. 130–35, ISBN 0-06-052059-0;ISBN 978-0-06-052059-5
  35. Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky, Paul Johnson, Harper Perennial, 1988, pp. 238–38, ISBN 978-0-06-125317-1
  36. "Sexual Morality and the Law", Chapter 16 of Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977-1984. Edited by Lawrence D. Krizman. New York/London: 1990, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-90149-9, p. 275.
  37. Henley, Jon (23 February 2001). "Calls for legal child sex rebound on luminaries of May 68". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  38. "Beauvoir, Simone de | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". www.iep.utm.edu. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  39. http://www.iep.utm.edu/beauvoir/ Simone de Beauvoir
  40. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 267
  41. Mikkola, Mari (3 January 2018). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  42. Bergoffen, Debra (2015). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  43. Beauvoir, Simone de. "Simone de Beauvoir The Second Sex, Woman as Other 1949". www.marxists.org.
  44. Appignanesi 2005, p. 82
  45. Appignanesi 2005, p. 89
  46. Moi, Toril "While We Wait: The English Translation of 'The Second Sex'" in Signs 27(4) (Summer, 2002), pp. 1005–35.
  47. "Review: The Second Sex, by Simone de Beauvoir" – via The Globe and Mail.
  48. Beauvoir, Simone de. "Woman: Myth and Reality".
    ** in Jacobus, Lee A. (ed.). A World of Ideas. Bedford/St. Martins, Boston 2006. 780–95.
    ** in Prince, Althea, and Susan Silva Wayne. Feminisms and Womanisms: A Women's Studies Reader. Women's Press, Toronto 2004 p. 59–65.
  49. Fallaize, Elizabeth (1998). Simone de Beauvoir: A critical reader (Digital print ed.). London: Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 978-0415147033.
  50. "Revisiting Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex as a Work in Progress". Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  51. Flood, Alison (29 April 2020). "Simone de Beauvoir's 'too intimate' novel to be published after 75 years". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  52. de Beauvoir, "America Day by Day", Carol Cosman (Translator) and Douglas Brinkley (Foreword), Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 9780520210677
  53. Willms, Janice (18 December 1997). "A Very Easy Death". NYU Langone Health. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  54. Woodward, Kathleen (1993). "Simone de Beauvoir: Prospects for the future of older women". Generations. 17 (2): 23.
  55. "A Dialogue with Simone de Beauvoir", in Betty Friedan, It Changed My Life: Writings on the Women’s Movement (New York: Random House, 1976), pp. 311–12
  56. Appignanesi 2005, p. 160
  57. "Table of Contents: Sisterhood is global". Catalog.vsc.edu. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  58. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. Traub, Courtney (22 May 2019). "Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris: Walking Paths & Famous Graves". Paris Unlocked. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

Sources
  • Appignanesi, Lisa, 2005, Simone de Beauvoir, London: Haus, ISBN 1-904950-09-4
  • Bair, Deirdre, 1990. Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography. New York: Summit Books, ISBN 0-671-60681-6
  • Rowley, Hazel, 2005. Tête-a-Tête: Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. New York: HarperCollins.
  • Suzanne Lilar, 1969. Le Malentendu du Deuxième Sexe (with collaboration of Prof. Dreyfus). Paris, University Presses of France (Presses Universitaires de France).
  • Fraser, M., 1999. Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Axel Madsen, Hearts and Minds: The Common Journey of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, William Morrow & Co, 1977.
  • Hélène Rouch, 2001–2002, Trois conceptions du sexe: Simone de Beauvoir entre Adrienne Sahuqué et Suzanne Lilar, Simone de Beauvoir Studies, n° 18, pp. 49–60.
  • Seymour-Jones, Carole (2008). A Dangerous Liaison. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-948169-0.
  • Simone de Beauvoir, Marguerite Yourcenar, Nathalie Sarraute, 2002. Conférence Élisabeth Badinter, Jacques Lassalle & Lucette Finas, ISBN 2717722203.

Further reading
  • Le Malentendu du Deuxième Sexe, by Suzanne Lilar, 1969
  • Feminist Theory and Simone de Beauvoir, by Toril Moi, 1990
  • Beauvoir, Simone de (2005), "Introduction from The Second Sex", in Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O. (eds.), Feminist Theory: A Philosophical Anthology, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 27–36, ISBN 9781405116619.
  • Appignanesi, Lisa. Simone de Beauvoir, London: Penguin, 1988, ISBN 0140087370
  • Bair, Deirdre. Simone de Beauvoir, a biography, New York: Summit Books, 1990. ISBN 0671606816
  • Francis, Claude. Simone de Beauvoir: A Life, A Love Story. Lisa Nesselson (Translator). New York: St. Martin's, 1987. ISBN 0312001894
  • Okely, Judith. Simone de Beauvoir, New York: Pantheon, 1986. ISBN 0394747658
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