Somalis in Denmark

Somalis in Denmark are citizens and residents of Denmark who are of Somali descent.

Somalis in Denmark
Total population
21,204[1]
Regions with significant populations
Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense
Languages
Somali · Danish
Religion
Islam

In 2018, analysis showed about 44% of Somalis in Denmark live in a parallel society.[2]

By December 2018, nearly 1000 Somalis in Denmark lost their residence permits after the Danish Immigration Service started a review of the permits in 2017. The permits were revoked as parts of Somalia are safe enough for refugees to return.[3]

Demographics

(Statistics Denmark).[1] Most Somalis in Denmark emigrated from Somalia following the start of the Somali Civil War (1986-), in the period between 1995 and 2000.[5] According to Statistics Denmark, as of 2017, there are a total 21,204 persons of Somali origin living in Denmark. Of those individuals, 11,832 are Somalia-born immigrants and 9,372 are descendants of Somalia-born persons.[1] 8,852 individuals are citizens of Somalia (4,730 men, 4,122 women).[6]

As of 2016, a total of 148 Somalia-born persons have been granted residence permits in Denmark for family reunification, 63 for asylum, and 6 for other reasons.[7] Somali residents are generally young, with most belonging to the 15-19 years (2,818 individuals), 10-14 years (2,704 individuals), 5-9 years (2,210 individuals) and 20-24 years (2,075 individuals) age groups.[1]

Socioeconomics

According to Statistics Denmark, as of 2016, among Somalia-born adults aged 30-59 in Denmark, around 66% of men and 79% of women live full-time in public housing units.[16] This is because many arrived via family reunification or as refugees, and such immigrants usually settle in government-owned properties.[17] Somalis primarily inhabit the regions of Hovedstaden (7,399), Midtjylland (6,471), Syddanmark (4,336), Nordjylland (1,576), and Sjælland (1,422), and the cities of Copenhagen (5,248), Aarhus (4,554), Odense (2,291), and Aalborg (1,289).[1]

Crime
See also: Immigration and crime § Denmark

According to Statistics Denmark, Somali males are over-represented as perpetrators of crime. Somali male descendants were about 15 times more prevalent as perpetrators of violent crime.[18] According to Statistics Denmark, as of 2016, Somalia-born male immigrants in Denmark aged 15-79 have a total crime index of 208 when adjusted for age. Their male descendants have a total crime index of 313 when adjusted for age.[19] With regard to type of infringement, the male descendants of Somalia-born individuals have a penal code crime index of 611 when adjusted for age, of which the crime index when adjusted for age is 771 for violent offences and 602 for property offences. The crime index when adjusted for age is 162 for traffic law and 383 for special laws.[20]

The average crime index among the general Danish population is set at 100 and percentage points above or below that baseline reflect greater or lesser prevalence, depending on a population's most common age group and its relative socioeconomic status.[21] As of 2016, a total of 1,179 persons of Somali origin were found guilty of crimes. Of these individuals, 1,033 were males and 146 were females, with males between the ages of 15-29 years (674 individuals) and 30-49 years (304 individuals) constituting most of the total.[22]

The most common types of offences were violations of special laws (554 individuals, of which 238 violated narcotics legislation), followed by violations of the penal code (499 individuals, of which 327 made offences against property) and traffic law (389 individuals, of which 341 breached the Road Traffic Act).[23] Most of the persons received a fine (831 individuals), with the remainder given unsuspended imprisonment (185 individuals), suspended imprisonment (129 individuals), preventive measures (18 individuals), withdrawal of charges (10 individuals), no charges (5 individuals), or other decisions (1 individual).[24]

Income

According to Statistics Denmark, as of 2015, Somalia-born immigrants in Denmark have an average retirement income of less than 125,000 Danish krone.[25] As of 2016, male immigrants from Somalia aged 20-59 have an annual income of just under DKK 200,000 before taxation. Most of that income comprises earned income, with the remainder consisting of public transfers, investment income and second income.[26] As of 2017, a total of 8,064 persons of Somali origin in Denmark received public benefits. Of these individuals, the government funds were primarily allocated toward social benefits (2,569 persons), the Danish State Education Grant and Loan Scheme Authority (2,450 persons), disability pension (1,085), net unemployment (809 persons), guidance and activities upgrading skills (585 persons), subsidized employment (325 persons), maternity benefits (146 persons), job-based sickness benefits (84 persons), persons receiving holiday benefits (10 persons), and early retirement pay (1 person).[27]

Khat usage

According to a 2008 Danish Health Authority study on khat usage, among 848 surveyed Somali residents in Denmark aged 15-50, 67% of total respondents indicated that they did not chew khat, 48% of the men and 16% of the women reported having chewed khat within the previous month, with 29% of men and 6% of women reporting that they chewed khat two times or more per week. 50% of the respondents had never chewed khat, and 14% had formerly chewed khat but stopped. The plant has been a prohibited substance in Denmark since 1993.[28] Virtually no 20 year-olds had chewed khat, indicating that khat prevalence was minimal among young Somalis. This indicated a shift in attitude in the younger generation since most khat users typically began to chew the plant between the ages of 20-24.[29] Use of alcohol, cannabis and other substances was generally found to be uncommon among Somali residents, with very few individuals having tried them. Overall, the survey found that there was an intra-population trend among the Somali respondents to overestimate the number of khat chewers compared to the actual proportion, although khat chewing in Denmark primarily takes place within the Somali community.[28]

Education

According to the Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research, in the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), Somali pupils constituted 6% of the student population in Denmark. They obtained PISA scores of 403 in mathematics (Matematik), 413 in reading (Læsning), 392 in science (Naturfag), and 382 in problem-solving (Problem-løsning). Of the most frequent countries of origin for students examined by the PISA, these were the lowest scores in all categories.[30] As of the 2015 PISA, Somali pupils represent 8% of Denmark's ethnic minority student population. The PISA scores are now generally in the medium range of the most frequent countries of origin for students.[31]

Employment

According to Statistics Denmark, as of 2014, Somalia-born immigrants aged 30-64 in Denmark have an employment rate of approximately 26.2%. Somalia-born individuals aged 16-64 also have a self-employment rate of around 3.3%.[32]

According to the Institute of Labor Economics, as of 2014, Somalia-born residents in Denmark have an employment population ratio of about 17%. They also have an unemployment rate of roughly 22%.[33]

In 2018, nearly 50% were in long-term unemployment (4 years or more).[34]

References
  1. "FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  2. Parallelsamfund i Danmark / Økonomisk Analyse nr. 30. Ministry for economic affairs and the interior. February 2018. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  3. "1.000 somaliere har mistet deres opholdstilladelse: 'Nu skal de rejse hjem'". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  4. "Folketal den 1. i kvartalet efter område, køn, alder (5-års intervaller), herkomst og oprindelsesland - Statistikbanken - data og tal Table FOLK1C". www.statistikbanken.dk. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  5. Mette Foged, Giovanni Peri. "Immigrants and Native Workers - New Analysis Using Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data" (PDF). University of Copenhagen & University of California. Retrieved 4 September 2016.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. "Population at the first day of the quarter by citizenship, age, region, time and sex". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  7. "Residence permits (year) by citizenship, time, residence permit and sex". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  8. Indvandrere i Danmark. 2013, Table 5.8. Danmarks Statistik. p. 102. ISBN 978-87-501-2091-9. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  9. Indvandrere i Danmark 2014, Table 5.5 (PDF). Statistics Denmark. 2014. p. 106. ISBN 9788750121534.
  10. Invandrere i Danmark 2015, Table 6.7. Statistics Denmark. 2015. p. 101. ISBN 978-87-501-2192-3. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  11. Indvandrere i Danmark 2016. [Statistics Denmark]]. 2016. pp. 81, 84. ISBN 978-87-501-2236-4.
  12. Indvandrere i Danmark 2017 (5 January 2018 corrected edition). Danmarks Statistik. 5 January 2018. p. 108. ISBN 9788750122821. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  13. "Publikation: Indvandrere i Danmark 2018 revideret". www.dst.dk (in Danish). Statistics Denmark. p. 110. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
  14. "Publikation: Indvandrere i Danmark 2019". www.dst.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2020-07-05.
  15. "Publikation: Indvandrere i Danmark 2020" (PDF). www.dst.dk (in Danish). p. 108. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  16. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2017". Statistics Denmark. pp. 95 (Tabel 5.5), 96 (Tabel 5.6). Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  17. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2016". Statistics Denmark. pp. 72–74. Retrieved 27 November 2017. Andelen med offentlig forsørgelse er tæt forbundet med baggrunden for og varigheden af indvandrernes ophold i Danmark. Indvandrere med kort opholdstid og studie eller arbejde som opholdsgrundlag vil generelt have lave andele med offentlig forsørgelse. Derimod vil flygtninge og familiesammenførte, hvis ophold i Danmark også er af mere permanent karakter, have højere andele med offentlig forsørgelse. Indvandrere fra Syrien er i næsten alle tilfælde kommet til Danmark inden for de seneste år som flygtninge, og det er blandt andet på den baggrund, at deres høje andele af offentligt forsørgede skal ses. Det samme gør sig ligeledes gældende for indvandrere fra Somalia, Irak og Libanon.
  18. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2017". Statistics Denmark. p. 111 last paragraph, Figur 6.7. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  19. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2017". Statistics Denmark. p. 108. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  20. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2017". Statistics Denmark. p. 111 (Tabel 6.13). Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  21. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2016". Statistics Denmark. p. 81. Retrieved 10 December 2017. er kriminalitetshyppigheden højere i de yngre aldersgrupperend i de ældre. En befolkningsgruppes samlede kriminalitet påvirkes derfor af,hvordan gruppen er sammensat aldersmæssigt. Hvis man ønsker et samlet mål forkriminaliteten i en befolkningsgruppe, er det derfor nødvendigt at korrigere for,hvordan gruppen er sammensat aldersmæssigt.[...] Når der korrigeres for alderssammensætningen viser det sig, at mandlige efter-kommere fra ikke-vestlige lande har et kriminalitetsindeks på 244. Det betyder, atdenne gruppe har en overhyppighed af kriminalitet på 144 pct. i forhold til hele denmandlige befolkning, hvor indekstallet er sat til 100.[...] Ud over alder er socioøkonomisk status en faktor, der påvirker kriminalitetshyp-pigheden for en befolkningsgruppe.[...] En befolkningsgruppes socioøkonomiske sammensætning vil derforpåvirke dens kriminalitetsniveau, og i beregningen af et kriminalitetsindeks bør derderfor også korrigeres for den socioøkonomiske status.
  22. "Persons guilty in crimes by country of origin, sex, age and time". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  23. "Persons guilty in crimes by country of origin, type of offence and time". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  24. "Persons guilty in crimes by country of origin, type of decision and time". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  25. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2017". Statistics Denmark. p. 79. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  26. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2017". Statistics Denmark. p. 69 (Figur 4.1). Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  27. "Persons receiving public benefits by country of origin, time, type of benefits and sex". Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  28. "Brug af khat blandt dansk-somaliere - undersøgelse af omfang og holdninger". Danish Health Authority. pp. 1–7. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  29. "Denmark - New Development, Trends and in-depth information on selected issues". Danish Health Authority. p. 21. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  30. "PISA Etnisk 2012" (PDF). Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research. p. 23. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  31. "PISA Etnisk 2015" (PDF). Danish Institute for Local and Regional Government Research. pp. 20, 38, 49, 60. Retrieved 30 November 2017. Figur 3.38 viser den gennemsnitlige matematikscore opdelt på oprindelsesland. Som for naturfag og læsning er det elever med oprindelsesland fra Det tidligere Jugoslavien, med 471 point, der scorer højest i forhold til elever fra de øvrige oprindelseslande. Elever fra Irak, Pakistan og Somalia scorer omkring 450 point, mens elever fra Tyrkiet scorer lavest med 420 point i matematik. Når der korrigeres for socioøkonomisk baggrund, reduceres forskellen i matematikscoren for elever fra Tyrkiet og Det tidligere Jugoslavien. Der er dog fortsat relativ store forskelle i scoren opnået i matematik for elever med forskellig herkomst, efter at vi korrigerer for socio-økonomiske forskelle. For elever med oprindelsesland fra Tyrkiet og Det tidligere Jugoslavien er der således stadig 46 points forskel i scoren, efter at der er korrigeret for socioøkonomisk baggrund.
  32. "Indvandrere i Danmark 2016". Statistics Denmark. pp. 40, 43. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  33. "Mapping Diasporas in the European Union and the United States - Comparative analysis and recommendations for engagement" (PDF). Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved 27 November 2017. - cf. Appendix 4: Diaspora characteristics - labour force indicators by sending countries
  34. Parallelsamfund i Danmark / Økonomisk Analyse nr. 30. Ministry for economic affairs and the interior. February 2018. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.

See also
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