Stachys

Stachys is one of the largest genera in the flowering plant family Lamiaceae.[3] Estimates of the number of species in the genus vary from about 300,[3] to about 450.[4] The type species for the genus is Stachys sylvatica.[5] Stachys is in the subfamily Lamioideae.[3] Generic limits and relationships in this subfamily are poorly known.

For the first bishop of Byzantium, see Stachys the Apostle.

Stachys
Stachys sylvatica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Subfamily: Lamioideae
Genus: Stachys
L.[1]
Type species
Stachys sylvatica
Species

About 300; see text

Synonyms[2]
  • Betonica L.
  • Galeopsis Hill 1756 not L. 1753 nor Adans. 1763 nor Moench 1794
  • Galeopsis Moench 1794 not L. 1753 nor Adans. 1763 nor Moench 1794 nor Hill 1756
  • Zietenia Gled.
  • Trixago Haller
  • Bonamya Neck.
  • Eriostomum Hoffmanns. & Link
  • Tetrahitum Hoffmanns. & Link
  • Eriostemum Steud
  • Olisia Spach
  • Ortostachys Fourr.
  • Trixella Fourr.
  • Aspasia E.Mey. ex Pfeiff.
  • Stachyus St.-Lag.
  • Lamiostachys Krestovsk.
  • Menitskia (Krestovsk.) Krestovsk.

The distribution of the genus covers Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and North America. Common names include hedgenettle,[6] heal-all, self-heal, woundwort, betony, and lamb's ears. Wood betony, S. officinalis, was the most important medicinal herb to the Anglo-Saxons of early medieval England.

The Chinese artichoke (S. affinis), is grown for its edible tuber.[4] Several species are cultivated as ornamentals. Woolly betony (S. byzantina) is a popular decorative garden plant.

Stachys was named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[7] The name is derived from the Greek word σταχυς (stachys), meaning "an ear of grain",[8] and refers to the fact that the inflorescence is often a spike. The name woundwort derives from the past use of certain species in herbal medicine for the treatment of wounds.

Stachys species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the moths Coleophora auricella, C. lineolea, and C. wockeella, all recorded on S. officinalis. They are also widely used by the European wool carder bee (Anthidium manicatum), which scrape the hairs from the plant in order to use them for building their nests.[9]

Description

Stachys is a genus of shrubs and annual or perennial herbs. The stems vary from 50–300 cm (20–120 in) tall, with simple, opposite, triangular leaves, 1–14 cm (0.4–5.5 in) long with serrate margins. In most species, the leaves are softly hairy. The flowers are 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long, clustered in the axils of the leaves on the upper part of the stem. The corolla is 5-lobed with the top lobe forming a 'hood', varying from white to pink, purple, red or pale yellow.

Circumscription

The distinction between Stachys and other genera is unclear and has varied from one author to another. In 2002, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Stachys officinalis is not closely related to the rest of the genus.[10] This study also found six other genera to be embedded within Stachys as it is currently circumscribed. The embedded genera are Prasium, Phlomidoschema, Sideritis, Haplostachys, Phyllostegia, and Stenogyne.

Fossil record

†Stachys pliocenica fossil seeds are known from Upper Miocene strata of Bulgaria and Pliocene strata of south-eastern Belarus. The fossil seeds are similar to the seeds of Stachys cretica.[11]

Diversity

Species include:[12]

Stachys tenuifolia var. hispida
Stachys alpina
Stachys byzantina
Stachys cooleyae
  • Stachys cooleyae Heller – Cooley's hedge nettle
  • Stachys corsica
  • Stachys cretica L.
  • Stachys debilis Kunth
  • Stachys discolor
  • Stachys ehrenbergii
  • Stachys floridana Shuttlew. ex Benth. – Florida hedgenettle, Florida betony
  • Stachys germanica L. – downy woundwort
  • Stachys glutinosa
  • Stachys hispida – rough hedge-nettle
  • Stachys hyssopifolia
  • Stachys iva
Stachys monieri
Stachys palustris
Stachys sylvatica
  • Stachys scardia
  • Stachys stricta
  • Stachys sylvatica L. – hedge woundwort
  • Stachys tenuifolia Willd. – smooth hedgenettle

Formerly placed here

References
  1. "Genus: Stachys L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
  2. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. Harley, R. M., et al. 2004. "Labiatae". pages 167–275. In: Kubitzki, K. (editor) and J. W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
  4. Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.
  5. Stachys In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).
  6. "Stachys". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  7. Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. Species Plantarum 2:580. Laurentii Salvii. (see External Links below).
  8. Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see External links below).
  9. Eltz, Thomas; Küttner, Jennifer; Lunau, Klaus; Tollrian, Ralph (6 January 2015). "Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool-carder bees, with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2. doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00086.
  10. Lindqvist, C. and V. A. Albert. 2002. Origin of the Hawaiian endemic mints within North American Stachys (Lamiaceae). American Journal of Botany 89(10), 1709–24.
  11. The Pliocene flora of Kholmech, south-eastern Belarus and its correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. VELICHKEVICH and Ewa ZASTAWNIAK - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003
  12. "GRIN Species Records of Stachys". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
  13. http://www.innerpath.com.au/matmed/herbs/Stachys~baicalensis.htm
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