Style of the Canadian sovereign

The title and style of the Canadian sovereign is the formal mode of address of the monarch of Canada. The form is based on those that were inherited from the United Kingdom and France, used in the colonies to refer to the reigning monarch in Europe. As various Canadian territories changed ownership and then the country gradually gained independence, the style and title of the monarchs changed almost as often as the kings and queens themselves. The mode of address currently employed is a combination of a style that originates in the early 17th century and a title established by Canadian law in 1953.

Current style and titles
Further information: List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II

In 1953, a year after the accession to the throne of Queen Elizabeth II, the Canadian parliament passed the Royal Style and Titles Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. R-12),[1] providing for the parliament's consent to the issuance of a royal proclamation changing the monarch's title being then used. The relevant royal proclamation was issued on May 28,[2] just days before her coronation. Since 1953, the sovereign's style and titles in Canada are, in English:

Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.[2][3]

And in French:

Elizabeth Deux, par la grâce de Dieu Reine du Royaume-Uni, du Canada et de ses autres royaumes et territoires, Chef du Commonwealth, Défenseur de la Foi.[2][3]

The style and titles were composed to distinctly mention Canada so as to highlight the monarch's shared status, being both Queen of Canada and, separately, Queen of the United Kingdom, as well as the six (today 14) other Commonwealth realms; with emphasis showing the distinct title Queen of Canada as embedded in the longer formal title:[4][5] Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith. When composed in 1953, this format was consistent with the monarch's titles in her other realms. However, after 40 years of Elizabeth's reign, only Canada and Grenada retain this title; all others, aside from the UK itself, removed the reference to the United Kingdom.

The monarch is typically addressed by the title Queen of Canada[6][7][8][9][10] and will allude to herself as Queen of Canada when in or acting abroad on behalf of that country. For example, Elizabeth II said in 1973: "...it is as Queen of Canada that I am here, Queen of Canada and of all Canadians, not just of one or two ancestral strains." Since the title was adopted, the federal government has promoted its use as a signifier of Canada's sovereign and independent status;[11] Prime Minister John Diefenbaker said of the title in 1957: "The Queen of Canada is a term which we like to use because it utterly represents her role on this occasion."[12][13] The title is also included in the Oath of Allegiance, which forms a part of the Oath of Citizenship, and can be found as ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA CANADA—Latin for Elizabeth II by the Grace of God Queen, Canada—on the obverse of various medals in the Canadian honours system.[14]

Although the Queen's Canadian titles include Defender of the Faith/Défenseur de la Foi, neither the monarch nor any of the viceroys have an official religious role in Canada. Unlike in the United Kingdom, where the term (fidei defensor, in Latin) signifies the sovereign's position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England and a member and defender of the security of the Church of Scotland, there have been no established churches in Canada since before its confederation in 1867. Defender of the Faith thus has a more vague meaning in the Canadian title, alluding only to the monarch's belief in a higher power. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent stated on this matter in his 1953 contribution to the debate on the Royal Style and Titles Act in the House of Commons: "The rather more delicate question arose about the retention of the words defender of the faith... In our countries [Canada and the other non-British monarchies of the Commonwealth] there are no established churches, but in our countries there are people who have faith in the direction of human affairs by an all-wise Providence; and we felt that it was a good thing that the civil authorities would proclaim that their organization is such that it is a defence of the continued beliefs in a supreme power that orders the affairs of mere men, and that there could be no reasonable objection from anyone who believed in the Supreme Being in having the sovereign, the head of the civil authority, described as a believer in and a defender of the faith in a supreme ruler."[15]

Also, while the sovereign holds the nominal title Head of the Commonwealth, this does not imply any political power over member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. In keeping, however, with the declaration of the prime ministers of the Commonwealth in London in 1949 of "the King as the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth," the title will pass to the next monarch upon the demise of the Crown, though this is not a guaranteed certainty.

Style of address
Further information: Canadian honorifics

The use of the styles of address Highness and Majesty originated in the United Kingdom, where they were used from the 12th century onward. During the reign of James VI of Scotland and I of England and Ireland, however, Majesty became the official style, to the exclusion of all others, and it was then brought to North America during colonial times through usage in reference to the British monarch, who then had sovereignty over the colonies on that continent. Its usage has continued since Canada became a kingdom in its own right in 1867,[16][17][18] and after a process of constitutional evolution ending with full sovereignty from the United Kingdom, is now applied to the Canadian monarch. Unlike in the United Kingdom, where the sovereign is referred to in treaties and on British passports as Her [His] Britannic Majesty, the sovereign in Canada is referred to simply as Her [His] Majesty (Sa Majesté). However, from time to time, the style will be Her [His] Canadian Majesty so as to differentiate from foreign sovereigns. Canadian styles of address are officially maintained by the Department of Canadian Heritage's Protocol Office.[19]

History

Following Canadian Confederation, Prime Minister of Canada John A. Macdonald, having been denied the name Kingdom of Canada for the new country, was repeatedly heard to refer to Queen Victoria as the Queen of Canada,[20] and, similarly, in the lead up to the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier desired to have the words King of Canada included in the royal title by the time of the ceremony.[20][21] This wish was not fulfilled, however, and Canada inherited the full British title when the country gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931.

Elizabeth II, the first Canadian monarch to be titled Queen of Canada

Liberal Member of Parliament Eugène Marquis in 1945 tabled a motion in the House of Commons proposing that a change to the King's title be a subject of discussion at the next Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference; Marquis suggested that the title include each of the King's dominions, giving him the designation King of Canada.[22][23][24] But, the motion did not pass and it was only in 1948 that form of address changed, when the Canadian parliament passed in 1947 its own Royal Style and Titles Act and an Order in Council was issued on 22 June the following year to remove the term Emperor of India from the sovereign's Canadian title.[25] In 1949, it was suggested by Cabinet that the King's title be altered so that in Canada it would be George the Sixth, by the Grace of God, of Canada and the other nations of the British Commonwealth, King;[26][27] but, again, nothing came of the proposal. At the time, Robert Gordon Robertson, then a member of the Cabinet Secretariat, opined that Canadians would not like the title King of Canada, as "most Canadians... have not thought of themselves as citizens of either a republic or a monarchy."[28] Still, in 1950, when William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon was sent to Ireland as Canada's ambassador to that country, the Cabinet wished to have George VI referred to in the letters of credence as King of Canada. The King's secretaries objected strongly, claiming the monarch had only one title in law and Turgeon's letters eventually used George's full legal title, which referred to him as sovereign of Great Britain and "Ireland."[29]

The proclamations of Elizabeth II's accession to the throne in February 1952 differed between Canada and the United Kingdom; in the latter, the new queen was referred to unconventionally as Queen Elizabeth II by the Grace of God, Queen of this Realm, and of Her other Realms and Territories, while the Canadian Privy Council adhered to the letter of the law, calling the sovereign Elizabeth the Second by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas.[30] The discrepancies between independent countries sharing one person as sovereign prompted discussions amongst the Commonwealth prime ministers before a meeting in London, England, in December 1952; Canada's then prime minister, Louis St. Laurent, stated that it was important a new composition for the royal title be agreed upon by all realms involved, to "emphasise the fact that the Queen is Queen of Canada, regardless of her sovereignty over other Commonwealth countries." Canada's preferred format was: Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Canada and of Her other realms and territories, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith; the Canadian government preferred to keep the word "queen" next to "Canada", as it made the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada more clear than having "queen" follow several words on after the country's name.[31] However, as Australian ministers wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned in all the Queen's titles,[26] the resolution reached was a designation that included the United Kingdom as well as, for the first time, reference to Canada and the other Commonwealth realms separately.

When the Royal Style and Titles Act of 1953 was debated in the House of Commons, St. Laurent asserted on the nature of the separate and shared characteristics of the Crown: "Her Majesty is now Queen of Canada but she is the Queen of Canada because she is Queen of the United Kingdom... It is not a separate office."[15] Parliament then unanimously passed the new legislation consenting to the issuance of a royal proclamation establishing the monarch's royal titles. The relevant royal proclamation establishing the titles was issued on May 28,[2] just four days before Elizabeth II was crowned. The new legislation conferred publicly and legally the reality of a unique constitutional monarchy for Canada,[32][33] thereby fulfilling the vision of the Fathers of Confederation.[34][35]

The royal style and titles of Canadian sovereigns
From Title Amending law Monarchs
1 July 1867 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith Victoria
28 April 1876 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India Royal Titles Act 1876 (UK) Victoria
22 January 1901 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India Common law Edward VII
4 November 1901 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India Royal Titles Act 1901 (UK) Edward VII, George V
13 May 1927 By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 (UK) George V, Edward VIII, George VI
22 June 1948 By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith Royal Style and Titles Act 1947 (Can) George VI
6 February 1952 By the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen, Defender of the Faith Common law Elizabeth II
29 May 1953 By the Grace of God of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 (Can) Elizabeth II

See also

References
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  2. Proclamation of May 28, 1953 published in the Canada Gazette, volume 87, number 6, Extra, 29 May 1953, pages 1-2
  3. Elizabeth II 1985, 2
  4. St. Laurent, Louis (1952), "Speech to the House of Commons", written at Ottawa, Canada at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, Toronto: Ryerson Press (published 1 January 1953)
  5. Smy, William A. (2008). "Royal titles and styles". The Loyalist Gazette. Toronto: United Empire Loyalists Association of Canada. XLVI (1). Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  6. "The Kings and Queens of Canada" (PDF). Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-27. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
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  9. A Crown of Maples. Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2012. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-100-20079-8.
  10. Forsey, Eugene A. (2012). How Canadians Govern Themselves. Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-100-20078-1.
  11. MacLeod, Kevin S. (2008), A Crown of Maples (PDF) (1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 10, ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1, retrieved 23 September 2009
  12. Bousfield 2002, p. 12
  13. Diefenbaker, John (October 1957), written at Ottawa, "Royal Visit", Time, New York: Time Inc. (published 21 October 1957), ISSN 0040-781X, retrieved 23 September 2009 |contribution= ignored (help)
  14. Department of National Defence, Sequence for Wearing Orders, Decorations and Medals (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011, retrieved 2 December 2009
  15. St. Laurent, Louis (3 February 1953), "Hansard", written at Ottawa, in Toffoli, Gary; Bousfield, Arthur (eds.), Queen of Canada, Toronto: Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, retrieved 7 October 2009
  16. "Heritage Saint John > Canadian Heraldry". Heritage Resources of Saint John and New Brunswick Community College. Archived from the original on March 6, 2005. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  17. The Royal Household. "The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > History and present government". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  18. Department of Canadian Heritage (2005). "The Crown in Canada" (PDF). Queen's Printer for Canada: 7. Retrieved 3 July 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. Department of Canadian Heritage (25 January 2016). "Styles of address". Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  20. Bousfield 2002, p. 76
  21. Pearson, Lester (3 February 1953), "Hansard", written at Ottawa, in Toffoli, Gary; Bousfield, Arthur (eds.), Queen of Canada, Toronto: Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, retrieved 7 October 2009
  22. "King of Canada title urged by Quebec M.P.", Toronto Daily Star, p. 12, 6 November 1945, retrieved 14 October 2010
  23. "King of Canada", Ottawa Citizen, p. 21, 9 November 1945, retrieved 14 October 2010
  24. "King of Canada", Ottawa Citizen, p. 15, 7 November 1945, retrieved 14 October 2010
  25. King, William Lyon Mackenzie, "Order in Council", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, 14–1, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 8 October 2009
  26. Privy Council Office (24 November 1952), "Memorandum for Prime Minister", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, 18–2, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 23 September 2009
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  28. Robertson, Robert Gordon (27 July 1949), Smith, David E. (ed.), "The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?" (PDF), The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options, Kingston: Queen's University (published 10 June 2010), p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2010, retrieved 18 May 2010 |contribution= ignored (help)
  29. Lloyd, Lorna (2007). Diplomacy With a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880-2006. Lieden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 146. ISBN 978-90-04-15497-1.
  30. Rinfret, Thibaudeau (6 February 1952), "Notice and Proclamations", in Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (ed.), Documents on Canadian External Relations, 14–1, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 8 October 2009
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  33. McCreery, Christopher (2012). Commemorative Medals of the Queen's Reign in Canada, 1952-2012. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 47. ISBN 9781459707566.
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  35. Tupper, William (1988), "Two Perspectives on the Queen in Canada" (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 11 (3): 8, retrieved 14 December 2009
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