Sugarloaf Mound

Sugarloaf Mound is the sole remaining Mississippian culture platform mound in St. Louis, Missouri, a city commonly referred to in its earlier years as "Mound City" for its approximately forty Native American earthen structures.[2]

Sugarloaf Mound
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Nearest city	St. Louis, Missouri
Area	1 acre (0.40 ha)
NRHP reference No.	84002689[1]
Added to NRHP	February 17, 1984

Sugarloaf Mound is the last remaining of the mounds built within present-day St. Louis by a Native American culture that thrived in the area from A.D. 600-1300.[3] The mound itself is the oldest human-made structure in the city of St. Louis.[4]

Background

One of the city's best-known earthen structures, "Big Mound" was razed in the mid-1800s following a sale of the land to the North Missouri Railroad.[5] In preparation for the 1904 World's Fair, an additional sixteen mounds were destroyed.[2] The mounds in Forest Park were mapped and excavated and had human remains associated with them. A group of mounds was near the St. Louis Art Museum and some were near the golf course.[6] Today, about 80 mounds are preserved in the nearby Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site directly across the Mississippi River. Sugarloaf Mound is only one of about 40 mounds that remain in St. Louis. The mounds were constructed by Native Americans that lived in the St. Louis area from about 600-1300 A.D, the same civilization that built the mounds at Cahokia. Sugarloaf Mound is on the National Register of Historic Places.[7]

Sugarloaf Mound

The mound got its name in the 18th century when St. Louisans noticed the shape resembled the loaves that sugar was transported in. Although the mound has not been excavated, it is assumed that the mound was used for burials.[6]

Sugarloaf Mound house.

Sugarloaf Mound measures approximately 40 feet (12 m) in height, 100 feet (30 m) north/south and 75 feet (23 m) east/west. The mound overlooks the Mississippi River, where Interstate 55 meets South Broadway.[7] It is now located entirely within the incorporated City of St. Louis, but used to be on the border between St. Louis and the formerly autonomous city of Carondelet. In 1809 the mound was used as a survey landmark when St. Louis was incorporated.[8]

A residence was constructed abutting Sugarloaf Mound in 1928, and portions of the mound were also impacted by a quarry and the construction of Interstate 55. Although suppressed in some online municipal records, the Sugarloaf Mound house was standing and still bore a mailing address of 4420 Ohio Street as of March 2013.[9]

The home and land was purchased by the Osage Nation in 2009 from a private owner, with the stated intention of preservation.[10] The home itself had been occupied until 2008.[4] The Osage Nation does not claim a direct link to the construction of the mound, but claims a kindred heritage of mound building in the American Midwest. "Preservation" does not include the existing residence, but, by 2013, seems to point to an intention to restore Sugarloaf Mound to a condition similar to its configuration before the advent of Non-Native American architectural embellishments and razings.[2]

In the summer of 2017, the Osage Nation was able to remove the house from the mound. The home had been vacant and deteriorating since 2009[3]

Ultimately, the Osage Nation wants to build an interpretive center to the north of the mound, on property now owned by the Missouri Department of Transportation.[3]

References

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
2. http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/last-native-american-mound-in-st-louis-is-visited-by/article_c1e2c579-9709-52da-af69-ed82b0906571.html Last Native American mound in St. Louis is visited by tribe that purchased site
3. http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/columns/joe-holleman/spotlight-house-on-st-louis-last-indian-mound-torn-down/article_47a1a9c5-a20f-56c6-8e0f-a3a442d0c404.html
4. https://www.nps.gov/crmjournal/winter2010/research3.html
5. According to Drury: The Historical Guide to North American Railroads etc, 1994, cited in Wabash Railroad, the "North Missouri ran into financial difficulty in 1871; it was succeeded in 1872 by the St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Railroad."
6. Moffitt, Kelly (February 11, 2016). "Curious Louis: City's last surviving Mississippian mound, Sugar Loaf, to be preserved this summer". St. Louis Public Radio. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
7. Holleman, Joe (October 4, 2015). "Spotlight: Last Indian mound in St. Louis still deteriorating". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
8. "Chief purchases Sugarloaf Mound". Archived from the original on 2009-09-15. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
9. http://www.stlouis-mo.gov/data/address-search/index.cfm?addr=4420%20%20%20%20%20OHIO%20AV&stname=OHIO&stnum=4420&parcelIdOnly=27090000500&firstview=true
10. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-08-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)