Sukhoi Su-34

The Sukhoi Su-34 (Russian: Сухой Су-34; NATO reporting name: Fullback)[9] is a Soviet-origin Russian twin-engine, twin-seat, all-weather supersonic medium-range fighter-bomber/strike aircraft.[1] It first flew in 1990, intended for the Soviet Air Forces, and it entered service in 2014 with the Russian Air Force.[10]

Su-34 / Su-32
A Russian Air Force Su-34 performing at the 2015 MAKS air show
Role Fighter-bomber, strike fighter[1][2][3][4]
National origin USSR/Russia
Manufacturer Sukhoi, NAPO
First flight 13 April 1990
Introduction 20 March 2014[5]
Status In service
Primary user Russian Air Force
Produced 2006–present[6][7]
Number built 138 (7 test and 131 operational aircraft)[8]
Developed from Sukhoi Su-27

Based on the Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker air superiority fighter, the Su-34 has an armored cockpit for side-by-side seating of its two-person crew.[11] The Su-34 is designed primarily for tactical deployment against ground and naval targets (tactical bombing/attack/interdiction roles, including against small and mobile targets) on solo and group missions in daytime and at night, under favourable and adverse weather conditions and in a hostile environment with counter-fire and electronic Warfare (EW) counter-measures deployed, as well as for aerial reconnaissance.[1][12] The Su-34 will eventually replace the Su-24 tactical strike fighter and the Tu-22M3 long-distance bomber.[11]

Development

The Su-34 had a murky and protracted beginning.[13] In the mid-1980s, Sukhoi began developing a new tactical multirole combat aircraft to replace the swing-wing Su-24, which would incorporate a host of conflicting requirements. The bureau thus selected the Su-27, which excelled in maneuverability and range, and could carry a large payload, as the basis for the new fighter-bomber.[14] More specifically, the aircraft was developed from T10KM-2, the naval trainer derivative of the Sukhoi Su-27K. The development, known internally as T-10V, was shelved at the end of the 1980s sharing the fate of the aircraft carrier Ulyanovsk; this was the result of the political upheaval in the Soviet Union and its subsequent disintegration.[13][14]

In August 1990, a photograph taken by a TASS officer showed an aircraft making a dummy approach towards the aircraft carrier Tbilisi.[13][14] The aircraft, subsequently and erroneously labelled Su-27KU by Western intelligence, made its maiden flight on 13 April 1990 with Anatoliy Ivanov at the controls.[15] Converted from an Su-27UB with the new distinctive nose, while retaining the main undercarriage of previous Su-27s, it was a prototype for the Su-27IB (IB stands for istrebitel-bombardirovshchik, or "fighter bomber").[16] It was developed in parallel with the two-seat naval trainer, the Su-27KUB. However, contrary to earlier reports, the two aircraft are not directly related.[17] Flight tests continued throughout 1990 and into 1991.[14]

Su-34 intercepted by RAF over the Baltic in 2015

In 1992, the Su-27IB was displayed to the public at the MosAeroshow (later renamed "MAKS Airshow"), where it demonstrated aerial refuelling with an Il-78, and performed an aerobatic display. The aircraft was officially unveiled on 13 February 1992 at Machulishi, where Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the CIS leaders were holding a summit. The following year the Su-27IB was again displayed at the MAKS Airshow.[15]

The next prototype, and first pre-production aircraft, T10V-2, first flew on 18 December 1993, with Igor Votintsev and Yevgeniy Revoonov at the controls.[15] Built at Novosibirsk, where Su-24s were constructed, this aircraft was visibly different from the original prototype; it had modified vertical stabilizers, twin tandem main undercarriage and a longer "stinger", which houses an N012 rearward-facing warning radar, plus the drag chute and as well as fuel jettison outlet.[2][13] The first aircraft built to production standard made its first flight on 28 December 1994.[13] It was fitted with a fire-control system, at the heart of which was the Leninets OKB-designed V004 passive electronically scanned array radar.[13] It was different enough from the earlier versions that it was re-designated the "Su-34".[15] However, at the 1995 Paris Air Show, the aircraft was allocated the "Su-32FN" designation, signalling the aircraft's potential role as a shore-based naval aircraft for the Russian Naval Aviation. Sukhoi also promoted the Su-34 as the "Su-32MF" (MnogoFunksionalniy, "multi-function").[13]

Budget restrictions caused the programme to stall repeatedly. Nevertheless, flight testing continued, albeit at a slow pace. The third pre-production aircraft first flew in late 1996.[18]

Russia's Ministry of Defence plans to modernize the Su-34; according to the deputy head of the military department, Yuriy Borisov, "We are planning to modernize the aircraft: prolong its service life, increase the number of airborne weapons. Plane is in great demand in our armed forces, and it has a great future."[19]

Russia is developing two new versions of the aircraft: one for electronic warfare (L700 Tarantul ECM pod can provide electronic cover for a group of aircraft)[20][21] and one for Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance.[22][23]

Su-34M modernised version will feature a new electro-optical infrared targeting pod, a Kopyo-DL rearward facing radar that can warn the pilots if missiles are approaching, combined with automatic deployment of countermeasures and jamming.[23]

Orders and deliveries

An initial batch of eight aircraft was completed by the Novosibirsk factory in 2004.[24] In March 2006, Russia's Minister of Defence Sergei Ivanov announced the purchase of the first five pre-production Su-34s for the Russian Air Force. In late 2008, a second contract was signed for delivery of 32 aircraft by 2015.[25] A total of 70 aircraft were to be purchased by 2015 to replace some 300 Su-24s in service at the time, which were then undergoing a modernization program.[26] Ivanov claimed that as it is "many times more effective on all critical parameters", fewer of these newer bombers are required than the old Su-24 it replaces. In December 2006, Ivanov revealed that approximately 200 Su-34s were expected to be in service by 2020; and was confirmed by Air Force chief Vladimir Mikhaylov on 6 March 2007. Two Su-34s were delivered in 2006–2007, and three more were delivered by the end of 2009.[25]

Sukhoi Su-34 at the MAKS 2013

On 9 January 2008, Sukhoi reported that the Su-34 had begun full-rate production. The final stage of the state tests were completed on 19 September 2011.

The Russian Air Force received another four Su-34s on 28 December 2010, as combat units in airbases first received six Su-34s in 2011. Delivery came in the form of two contracts, the first in 2008 for 32 aircraft and the second in 2012 for a further 92 aircraft, totaling 124 to be delivered by 2020.[27]

In December 2012, Sukhoi reportedly delivered five aircraft under the 2012 State Defence Order.[28]

In January 2013, Sukhoi delivered a batch of five Su-34s, flying directly from the Novosibirsk Aircraft Plant to an air base in Voronezh. On 6 May 2013, the first Su-34s under the 2013 defence procurement plan were delivered.[29] On 9 July 2013, three more Su-34s were delivered in an official acceptance ceremony held at the Novosibirsk Aircraft Plant.[30] By the end of 2013, Sukhoi completed the 2008 contract and started deliveries of aircraft under the 2012 contract.[31]

In August 2013, Sukhoi signed a contract with the Kazan-based Radiopribor holding company for 184 Identification friend or foe transponders for the Russian Su-34s to be delivered by 2020.

On 10 June 2014, a further delivery of Su-34s was made to the 559th Bomber Aviation Regiment at Morozovsk Air Base.[32] Another three aircraft were delivered on 18 July 2014.[33] In total, 18 aircraft were delivered in 2014,[34][35] with 20 planned to be delivered in 2015.[36]

Sukhoi has delivered the first batch of Su-34s under the 2015 defence procurement plan on 21 May 2015.[37] On 16 July 2015, the Sukhoi Company handed over another batch of Su-34 frontline bombers to the Russian Defence Ministry. The transfer took place in the framework of the Unified Military Hardware Acceptance Day in the Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association Plant.[38]

After eight years of negotiations, Rosoboronexport received official request to supply the Su-34 for the Algerian Air Force.[39]

Last two Su-34s of the 2012 contract were delivered to the 968th Fighter Aviation Regiment at the Lipetsk Air Base in August 2020. This brought the total number of operational aircraft delivered to the Russian Air Force to 129 (not counting crashes and aircraft written off). Apart from this, seven pre-production units were also built under previous contracts.[8]

On 25 August 2020, the Russian Defence Ministry signed third contract to deliver a further 24 Su-34 aircraft for the Russian Air Force. The deliveries will stretch over 3 years.[40][41]

Design
Russian Air Force Su-34

The Su-34 shares most of its wing structure, tail, and engine nacelles with the Su-27/Su-30, with canards like the Su-30MKI, Su-33, and Su-27M/35 to increase static instability (higher manoeuvrability) and to reduce trim drag.

The Su-34 is powered by a pair of Saturn AL-31FM1 turbofan engines, the same engines used on the Su-27SM; giving the aircraft a maximum speed of Mach 1.8+ when fully loaded.[42] Although having a slower maximum speed than the standard Su-27, the Su-34 can still handle high G-loads and perform aerobatic maneuvers.[11] When equipped with a full weapons load, the Su-34 has a maximum range of 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) without refuelling, this can be extended further via aerial refueling.[43] The airframe is also cleared to perform maneuvers of up to +9 g.[44] The noise level of the Su-34 is two times lower than the level of its predecessors.[45]

The Su-34 is a three-surface design having both a conventional horizontal tailplane at the rear and a canard foreplane in front of the main wings. The foreplane provides both additional lift (force) and greater maneuverability. It has twin tail fins like those of Su-27 from which it is derived. The Su-34 has 12 hardpoints for 8,000 kg (17,600 lb) of ordnance,[46][47] intended to include the latest Russian precision-guided weapons. It retains the Su-27/Su-30's 30 mm GSh-30-1 cannon,[48] and the ability to carry R-77 air-to-air missiles (6 pcs) and R-73 (also 6), with the air-to-air missiles being primarily for defense against pursuers if detected by the rearward facing radar.[11] The maximum weight of any single munition carried is 4000 kg, its stand-off weapons have range up to 250 kilometres (160 mi).[49][50] A Khibiny electronic countermeasures (ECM) system is fitted as standard.

Sukhoi Su-34 cockpit simulator

Compared to other members of the Su-27 family, the Su-34 has an entirely new nose and forward fuselage with an armored cockpit providing side-by-side seating for a crew of two, and the flattened nosecone earned it the nickname "Duckling" or the "Duckbill".[11] This gives the aircraft its most distinctive feature, the unusually large flight deck. Much of the design work went into crew comfort. The two crew members sit side by side in a large cabin, with the pilot-commander to the left and navigator/operator of weapons to the right in NPP Zvezda K-36dm ejection seats. An advantage of the side by side cockpit is that duplicate instruments are not required for each pilot. Since long missions require comfort, the pressurization system allows operation up to 10,000 metres (32,800 ft) without oxygen masks, which are available for emergencies and combat situations.[51] The crew members have room to stand and move about the cabin during long missions.[52][53] The space between the seats allows them to lie down in the corridor, if necessary.[51] A galley and toilet are located behind the crew seats.[51][52] A ladder attached to the nose landing gear and a hatch in the cockpit floor is used to enter the cockpit. The cockpit is a continuous capsule of armour (17 mm[54]). The Helmet Mounted Display System (HMDS) acts as a command center: precision target designation of all onboard weapons is tied to the movement of the pilot's head and eyes.[43]

The multifunctional Leninets V-004 main radar has terrain-following and terrain avoidance modes.[2] Maximum detection range for the passive electronically scanned array forward radar is 200–250 km (against large surface targets),[2] to cover the rear a second aft-facing radar is mounted.[43] The main radar can simultaneously track ten air targets[55] and attack four targets (in the air, on land or on the water).[43] The radius of detection for fighter-sized targets is up to 120 km, the range of the survey is +/- 60 degrees.[56] The rear warning radar system can warn of attack from behind and allow it to fire its R-73s against pursuers without needing to turn the aircraft.[43] The rear radar is from Phazotron/Rassvet,[2] and is unofficially called the N-012. The Su-34 reportedly has a frontal radar cross-section that is an order of magnitude smaller than prior generation fighters.[43]

A new 4th generation radar Pika-M of the complex BKR-3, having a range up to 300 km, passed state tests in 2016.[57]

Operational history

Russia
Sukhoi Su-34 fighter-bomber

The Su-34 is rumoured to have performed its combat debut during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.[58]

In July 2010, several Su-34s and Su-24Ms conducted a 6,000 km non-stop flight from air bases in European Russia to the Russian Far East. The exercise included aircraft carrying weapons at full load, simulated delivering them on targets and first shown the Su-34's long-range capability. Su-24Ms were refuelled three times, while the Su-34s were refuelled twice.[59]

The final stage of Su-34's state trials was complete on 19 September 2011, and the aircraft entered service in early 2014. Russia plans to have 124 aircraft in use by 2020.[60] This is planned to increase to 200 aircraft later.[61]

On 4 June 2015, a Su-34 slid off the runway and flipped over when its parachute failed to open after landing. Nobody was injured. The aircraft was returning from a routine training mission in Russia's Voronezh region.[62] In June 2016, the damaged aircraft was transferred on board an Antonov An-124 to the Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association plant for repairs, and was likely returned to service the same year.[63]

On 18 January 2019, two Su-34s collided mid-air in Russia's Far East region, while performing a scheduled training flight. Two pilots were killed, one was rescued and one remains missing.[64] All Su-34 flights were suspended throughout Russia following the accident.[65][66]

On 6 September 2019, two Su-34s collided mid-air once again, this time in western Russian city of Lipetsk. According to a Russian the collision had happened due to pilots’ error. Despite damages, both pilots managed to land after the accident.[67][68]

On 21 October 2020, an Su-34 crashed performing a training flight in Khabarovsk region.[69]

2015 Russian military intervention in Syria
Main articles: Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War and 2020 Balyun airstrikes
An Su-34 at Bassel Al-Assad International Airport in Latakia, Syria, in late 2015, early in Russia's intervention in Syria.

In September 2015, six Su-34s arrived at Latakia airport in Syria, for attacks against rebel and ISIL forces.[70] Russian air attacks in Syria started on the 30 September, in the Homs region.[71] On 1 October, the Su-34 was used to bomb Islamic State targets in Syria. The Russian Air Force Su-34 fighter-bombers destroyed an Islamic State command center and training camp south-west of the city of Raqqa. These included precision strikes from an altitude of over 5,000 m (16,400 ft). Russian Su-34 and Su-25 attack aircraft carried out air strikes the next day against Islamic State targets in Syria's Hama province using precision bombs. According to Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Maj. Gen. Igor Konashenkov, Su-34s hit an ISIL fortified bunker in the Hama province with guided bombs. Fortifications, ammunition depots, seven units of the military equipment near Syria's Maarrat al-Numan were also destroyed by the Russian Air Force. An ISIL command center and underground depot were also destroyed with explosives near Raqqa. Defense Ministry spokesman Maj. Gen. Igor Konashenkov said in a statement on 3 October, "Accurate delivery of a concrete-piercing bomb BETAB-500 launched from a Su-34 aircraft near Raqqa destroyed a hardened command centre of one of the illegal armed groups as well as an underground bunker with explosives and ammunition depot." A Russian Air Force representative stated Su-34s acquire targets using the GLONASS satellite system for bombing. During this time six Su-34s were in Syria maintaining a 70 percent availability rate for sorties.[72] Eight more Su-34s arrived in Syria on 20 November 2015. Following the downing of a Su-24 by Turkey, Russia announced on 30 November 2015 that Su-34s in Syria had begun flying combat missions while armed with air-to-air missiles.[73] On 16 August 2016, Tu-22M3 long-range bombers and Su-34 bombers, having taken off from their base in Hamadan Islamic Republic of Iran, carried out group airstrikes against targets belonging to ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra terrorist groups in the provinces of Aleppo, Deir ez-Zor and Idlib.[74] On August 17, 2016, Russian Su-34 bombers carried out strikes from the Hamadan Airbase on the territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran against targets of the ISIS terrorist group in the province of Deir ez-Zor. Aircraft carried high-explosive bombs OFAB-500.

On 3 October 2017, Russian Su-34s and Su-35s were deployed to strike "the place of the Al-Nusra leadership meeting" whose location was discovered by Russian military intelligence in Syria subsequently eliminating 12 Al-Nusra field commanders and some 50 militants of the group including Ahmad al-Ghizai, Al-Nusra's security chief according to the Russian Defense Ministry.[75][76]

On 28 May 2018, it was reported that Russian Su-34s intercepted two Israeli Air Force F-16s over Tripoli, Lebanon, forcing them to retreat.[77]

On 27 February 2020, two Russian Su-34s allegedly carried out an airstrike on a Turkish military convoy killing up to 36 soldiers and injuring at least 60 more in Balyun, Syria.[78]

On 6 October 2020, two Russian Su-34s conducted air strikes against underground structures in the Eastern bank of Euphrates, Deir Ez-Zor province allegedly inside Rojava territory resulting in the death of an ISIL field commander Abu Qatada who was involved in the preparation of a terrorist attack against the Russian military personnel which killed Major General Vyacheslav Gladkikh. Additionally, the strike also destroyed two underground shelters and killed some 30 militants.[79]

Other usage

The Su-34s were used for bombing ice dams on the rivers in Vologda oblast to prevent the floods during the spring of 2016.[80][81][82]

Algeria

In January 2016, Algeria was negotiating a purchase of 12 aircraft for its Air Force.[83] The deal should have been signed in late 2016,[84] but in 2017 the talks were still ongoing and no sale was made.[85][86] On 27 December 2019, Algeria has reportedly signed a contract for 14 aircraft as part of large military deal that also includes purchase of Su-35 and Su-57 fighters.[87] However, neither Russian nor Algerian governments ever confirmed that such deal exists.

Operators
Su-34 taxiing
 Russia

Specifications (Su-34)
Su-34 three-view illustration
Front view of the Su-34
Fixing KAB-500S GLONASS Satellite-guided bombs to a Sukhoi Su-34 at Bassel Al-Assad International Airport, 2015
Su-34 Hardpoint & Armament arrangement

Data from Sukhoi,[99] Gordon and Davison,[100] airforce-technology.com,[101] airwar.ru,[102] ria.ru,[103] deagel.com[104]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 23.34 m (76 ft 7 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 6.09 m (20 ft 0 in)
  • Wing area: 62.04 m2 (667.8 sq ft)
  • Airfoil: 5%[105]
  • Empty weight: 22,500 kg (49,604 lb)
  • Gross weight: 39,000 kg (85,980 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 45,100 kg (99,428 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 12,100 kg (26,676 lb) internals
  • Powerplant: 2 × Saturn AL-31FM1 afterburning turbofan engines [106], 132 kN (30,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 2,200 km/h (1,400 mph, 1,200 kn) / Mach 1.781 at high altitude
1,400 km/h (870 mph; 760 kn) / Mach 1.2 at low altitude
  • Cruise speed: 1,300 km/h (810 mph, 700 kn)
  • Combat range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi) (radius of action with max 12,000 kg weapons load)[107][108]
  • Ferry range: 4,500 km (2,800 mi, 2,400 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 17,000 m (56,000 ft) [109]
  • g limits: +9[110]
  • Thrust/weight: 0.68

Armament

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References
  1. "Su-32". Sukhoi. Archived from the original on 30 June 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  2. Kopp, Carlo (January 2007). "Sukhoi Su-34 Fullback; Russia's New Heavy Strike Fighter". Air Power Australia. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  3. "Russia's SU-32/34 Long-Range Strike Fighters". Defense Industry Daily. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  4. "SU-34 Fullback Supersonic Strike Fighter". Defense Update. 27 October 2006. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  5. "Su-34 frontline bomber was put into service by Russian air forces". Russian Aviation. 20 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  6. "Su-34 in the sky". Sukhoi. 2 October 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  7. "Russian Air Force receives 4 new Su-34 fighter-bombers". Sukhoi. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  8. "ВКС России получили последние два фронтовых бомбардировщика Су-34 по контракту 2012 года". bmpd.livejournal.com. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  9. "NATO tracks large-scale Russian air activity in Europe". NATO. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  10. "Outlook 2010: Reorganization Nears Completion, But Russian Industry Still Has Far To Go". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 172 (4). 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  11. Litovkin, Nikolai (6 June 2017). "Russia's 'Duckbill': Su-34 combines features of both bomber and fighter". rbth.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017.
  12. Kedrov, Ilya (25 April 2014). "Национальная оборона / Вооружения / Су-34 официально встал в строй ВВС РФ" [National defence/Armaments/Su-34 officially stood up operational Russian Air Force]. oborona.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  13. Williams (2002), p. 132.
  14. Gordon (1999), p. 92.
  15. Gordon (1999), p. 93.
  16. Eden (2004), p. 466.
  17. Andrews, Thomas, "Sukhoi Su-27/Su-30 Family," International Air Power Review, Volume 8, Spring 2003.
  18. Velovich, Alexander; Barrie, Douglas (22 January 1997). "Radar tests get under way on Sukhoi Su-27IB variant". Flight International. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  19. "The defense Ministry is modernizing the bomber su-34". RIA Novosti. 4 July 2016. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016.
  20. "Su-34". Deagel.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  21. Sukhankin, Sergey (26 September 2017). "'Syrian Lessons' and Russia's 'Asymmetric Response' to the US". Jamestown. Archived from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  22. Piotr Butowski (31 October 2018). "Russia Pursues ISR And Electronic Warfare Versions Of Su-34 | Defense content from". Aviation Week. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  23. Staff, T. N. I. (4 June 2018). "Meet the Su-34, Russia's Supersonic Strike Aircraft NATO Fears". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  24. "Historical Background: Su-32". Sukhoi. Archived from the original on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  25. "The Russian air force received two new Su-34" [Russian Air force received two Su-34]. Vedomosti (in Russian). 21 December 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011.
  26. "Russia producing new Su-34 bombers". United Press International. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
  27. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2012-03-09/russia-orders-another-92-su-34-strike-fighters
  28. "Sukhoi completely fulfilled 2012 State Defense Order". Sukhoi Company (JSC). 29 December 2012. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  29. "Russian Air Force receives first Su-34 bomber". English pravda.ru. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  30. "A batch of Su-34 front-line bombers was transferred to the Russian Air Force". Sukhoi Company (JSC). 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
  31. https://www.ruaviation.com/news/2013/12/16/2093/
  32. "Su-34 for the 559th bap (Morozovsk)". Rossiya 1 via Youtube. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  33. "Три новосибирских Су-34 улетели в Ростовскую область — 54новости.рф" [Three of Novosibirsk Su-34 flew in Rostov Oblast] (in Russian). 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  34. "Новосибирский авиазавод им. Чкалова увеличил план по выпуску бомбардировщиков Су-34" [The Novosibirsk plant increased plan for production of Su-34 bombers]. ТASS (in Russian). 14 March 2014. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  35. "Sukhoi handed over two Su-34 frontline bombers to the Russian Air Force exceeding initial yearly plan". Sukhoi Company (JSC). 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  36. "Su-34 park may reach 200 aircraft". TASS. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  37. "Sukhoi Delivers More Su-34 Bombers to Russian MoD". Forecast International. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  38. "ПАО "Компания "Сухой" – Новости – Новости компании" [Sukhoi has transferred a batch of Russian air force Su-34]. Sukhoi (in Russian). 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  39. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. "Russian Ministry of Defense signed contracts with UAC at Army-2020 for new aircrafts [sic]". airrecognition.com. 28 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  41. "Минобороны России и Ростех подписали на "Армии-2020" соглашения на сумму более 300 млрд. рублей". armstrade.org. 26 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  42. "АЛ-31Ф серии 42 (М1)" [Al-31F series 42 (M1)]. Salut.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  43. "Сухой Су-34" [Sukhoi Su-34]. airwar.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  44. "Первая в 2014 году партия Су-34 отправилась в войска" [First in 2014 batch of Su-34 embarked troops]. arms-expo.ru (in Russian). 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  45. "Central Military District Aviation receives two Su-34 multi-role fighters under State Defence Order : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation". Eng.mil.ru. 18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  46. "Бондарев: Су-34 гораздо лучше предшественников" [Bondarev: Su-34 is much better than predecessors]. RIA Novosty (in Russian). 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  47. "Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-32 – Aircraft performance". Sukhoi.org. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  48. Gordon & Davison (2006), pp. 80–81.
  49. "Su-34/Su-32FN Bomber". airforceworld.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  50. "ФРОНТОВОЙ БОМБАРДИРОВЩИК СУ-34, FRONT-LINE BOMBER SU-34". narod.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  51. Gordon (1999), p. .
  52. Spick (2000), pp. 518–519.
  53. Eden (2004).
  54. "Характеристики бомбардировщика Су-34" [Features bomber Su-34]. RIA Novosty (in Russian). 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  55. About David Cenciotti (4 October 2015). "This cool Infographic says all you need to know about the Sukhoi Su-34 the most advanced Russian plane in Syria – The Aviationist". Theaviationist.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  56. "Самолеты". www.sukhoi.org. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  57. ""ОПК" запускает серийное производство "всевидящих" РЛС | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"". Vpk-news.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  58. "Пятидневная война: итог в воздухе" [Five-Day War: Outcome in the air]. Army.lv (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  59. "Warplanes: F-15Eski Goes Long Against China". Strategypage.com. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  60. "В Новосибирске увеличат выпуск бомбардировщиков Су-34" [In Novosibirsk production will increase of the Su-34 bombers]. vpk.name (in Russian). 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  61. Elkov, Igor (27 March 2014). "ВВС России получат на вооружение до 200 самолетов Су-34" [The Russian air force will receive up to 200 adopted Su-34]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  62. "Su-34 bomber crashes in Voronezh region; pilots survive". Russia beyond the headlines. 4 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  63. "Перевернувшийся в 2015 году Су-34 доставлен "Русланом" на ремонт в Новосибирск – bmpd". bmpd.livejournal.com. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  64. https://tass.com/emergencies/1040770
  65. "Two Su-34 jets collide in Russia's Far East". tass.com. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019.
  66. "All Su-34 flights suspended in Russia following accident in Far East". tass.com. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019.
  67. https://theaviationgeekclub.com/two-russian-su-34-fullbacks-collided-twice-during-the-same-training-sortie-both-aircraft-landed-safely/
  68. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/russia-2-su-34-fighter-bombers-collide-/1574727
  69. https://lostarmour.info/aflosses/item.php?id=26187
  70. Cenciotti, David (29 September 2015). "Six Russian Su-34 Fullback bomber have just arrived in Syria. And this is the route they have likely flown to get there". The Aviationist. Archived from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  71. Cooper, Helene; Gordon, Michael R.; MacFarquhar, Neil (30 September 2015). "Russians Strike Targets in Syria, but Not ISIS Areas". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  72. "Russian weapons in Syria are overrated". Thedailystar.com. 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  73. "Russia arms Syrian-based fighters with air-to-air missiles". Flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  74. "TASS: Military & Defense – Russian bombers first time use Iranian air base for strikes in Syria". Tass.ru. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  75. "Chief of the Main Operational Directorate of the Russian General Staff Colonel General Sergei Rudskoy held a briefing for media representatives". mil.ru. 28 December 2019.
  76. "Russian Airstrike in Syria Wounds Jabhat al-Nusra Commander, Kills 65 Terrorists". defenseworld.net. 25 April 2020.
  77. "In rare face-off, Russian jets reportedly intercept Israeli planes over Lebanon". The Times of Israel. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  78. New Yourk Times. 29 February 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/world/europe/turkey-migrants-eu.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  79. "Russia avenges the death of General Vyacheslav Gladkikh in Syria with an air strike". Natasha Kumar, thetimeshub.in. 9 October 2020.
  80. "На вологодские ледяные заторы сбросили четыре тонны бомб". Rg.ru. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  81. "Су-34 разбомбили Кобылинские перекаты, скованные льдом". Vesti.ru. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  82. "Экипажи бомбардировщиков Су-34 ЗВО выполнили бомбометание по ледяным заторам на реке Сухона в Вологодской области: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". Function.mil.ru. 18 April 2016. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  83. Insinna, Valerie (5 January 2016). "Algeria Orders 12 Su-34 'Fullback' Fighter-Bombers from Russia". defensenews.com. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  84. "Russia, Algeria To Sign Deal for Su-34 Sale by End of 2016". defensenews.com. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  85. "Algeria restarts negociations [sic] on Su 32". menadefense.net. 22 July 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  86. COOPER, Tom. "The Algerian Su-34 Is a Myth". War is Boring. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  87. "L'Algérie serait le premier client export pour le Su-57 et le Su-34". menadefense.net. 27 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  88. https://tass.com/emergencies/1214629
  89. https://www.defenseworld.net/news/28452/Sukhoi_Delivers_last_of_100_Su_34_Aircraft_Order_to_Russian_MoD#.X8zS-4uP7IU
  90. https://tass.com/defense/1231263
  91. "Еще пять Су-34 прибыли в Балтимор". bmpd.livejournal.com. 26 January 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  92. "ВКС России получили еще четыре фронтовых бомбардировщика Су-34". bmpd.livejournal.com. 28 November 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  93. "Телерепортаж о Су-34 из Морозовска". bmpd.livejournal.com. 23 January 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  94. "Авиационный полк в Шаголе завершил перевооружение на фронтовые бомбардировщики Су-34". bmpd.livejournal.com. 3 October 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  95. "Су-34 в Липецке". bmpd.livejournal.com. 30 March 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  96. "Два новых ударных самолета Су-34 пополнили боевой состав Липецкого авиацентра: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru. 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  97. "Впервые с новой взлетно-посадочной полосы Ахтубинска взлетели боевые самолеты ВВС России". TASS. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  98. "Russia increases operational jets in Syria after US missile strike [+ Photos]". Al-Masdar News. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  99. "Su-32: Aircraft performance". Sukhoi. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015., "Armaments". Sukhoi. Archived from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  100. Gordon & Davison (2006), pp. 92, 95–96.
  101. "Su-34 (Su-27IB) Flanker Fighter Bomber Aircraft, Russia". airforce-technology.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  102. "SU-34". airwar.ru. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  103. "Бондарев: Су-34 гораздо лучше предшественников" [Bondarev: Su-34 is much better than predecessors]. RIA Novosty (in Russian). 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  104. "Su-34". Deagel.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  105. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  106. "Su-34 Fullback". Defense-update.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
  107. "На что способна одна эскадрилья Су-34? - Армейский вестник". army-news.ru. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  108. https://ria.ru/20131226/986658004.html
  109. https://ria.ru/20200207/1564381945.html
  110. "Aircraft performance". Sukhoi. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  111. "Истребитель-бомбардировщик Су-34" [Su-34 Fighter-bomber]. structure.mil.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  112. "РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС С ПРОТИВОКОРАБЕЛЬНОЙ РАКЕТОЙ "ОНИКС" ("ЯХОНТ"), THE MISSILE COMPLEX WITH ANTI-SHIP MISSILE "ONYX" ("YAKHONT")". narod.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.

Bibliography
  • Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-904687-84-9.
  • Gordon, Yefim (1999). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker: Air Superiority Fighter. London: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84037-029-4.
  • Gordon, Yefim; Davison, Peter (2006). Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker. North branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-091-1.
  • Spick, Mike (2000). "The Flanker". The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0893-6.
  • Williams, Mel, ed. (2002). "Sukhoi 'Super Flankers'". Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. Norwalk, Connecticut: AIRtime Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1-880588-53-6.
  • Wilson, Stewart (2000). Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 978-1-875671-50-2.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.