Tapeti

The tapeti (Sylvilagus brasiliensis), also known as the Brazilian cottontail or forest cottontail, is a species of cottontail rabbit. It is small to medium-sized with a small, dark tail, short hind feet, and short ears. As traditionally defined, its range extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, but this includes several distinctive population that recent authorities have recommended splitting into separate species. Under this narrower definition, the true tapeti only occurs in the Atlantic Rainforest of coastal northeastern Brazil and it is classified as "Endangered" by the IUCN.[2]

Tapeti[1]
Hand colored stone lithograph, by John James Audubon
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus: Sylvilagus
Species:
S. brasiliensis
Binomial name
Sylvilagus brasiliensis
Tapeti range (as traditionally defined, see text)
Synonyms

Lepus brasiliensis Linnaeus, 1758

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1753.[3] The type locality was in Pernambuco, Brazil.[4] In addition to its vernacular name "tapeti", it commonly known as the "forest cottontail"[5] or the "Brazilian cottontail".[6]

As many as 37 subspecies of the tapeti have been described,[7] but in 2005 Mammal Species of the World recognized 21, having placed the remaining in synonymy and considering the Dice's cottontail (S. dicei) as a separate species.[1] Nevertheless, the tapeti as traditionally defined is a species complex[8] and it was already recognized in 1990 that a taxonomic review was necessary.[2] Consequently, recent authorities have recommended splitting off several taxa typically considered subspecies of the tapeti and recognizing them as separate species: S. andinus in the Andean highlands of Ecuador (perhaps also in the Andes of Colombia, Venezuela and northern Peru),[7] S. gabbi (with subspecies truei) from Panama to Mexico,[9] S. sanctaemartae in the lowlands of northern Colombia,[8] and S. tapetillus from coastal southeastern Brazil.[7] Additionally, cottontail rabbits from the Guianas have not been clearly assigned to a subspecies, but are traditionally included in the tapeti. In 2017, these were described as a new species, S. parentum, based on specimens from Suriname.[8]

Description

Tapeti is a small- to medium-sized rabbit. It has a head-body length of 320 mm (13 in), a tail that is 21 mm (0.83 in), hind feet measuring 71 mm (2.8 in), ears that are 54 mm (2.1 in) (measured from notch to tip), and it weighs an average of 934 grams (32.9 oz). The color of its back is brown with a speckled appearance (resulting from the black hairs tips), and it has a rufous spot on its neck. Its belly and tail underside are also rufous. It has six mammae.[6] Two different karyotypes have been reported for this species: 2n=36, FN=68; and 2n=40, FN=76.[4]

It is a solitary, nocturnal animal, usually seen after nightfall or before dawn, feeding on grass and browse.[10] It has also been recorded eating Harrya chromapes, a bolete mushroom.[11] It is found in forested habitats, close to swamps and along river edges, and in disturbed areas, such as gardens and plantations.[10]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology
In Brazil

The tapeti occurs in tropical rain forests, deciduous forests, and second growth forests in Mexico and Central America, as well as pastures surrounding forest habitat. Its range extends from southern Tamaulipas in Mexico, south along the eastern coast of Mexico, through Guatemala, possibly El Salvador, Honduras, eastern Nicaragua, eastern Costa Rica, and Panama. It occurs through the northern half of South America, including Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and much of Brazil.[2] The southern tip of its known distribution occurs in Tucuman province.[6] It occurs at elevations from sea level to 4,800 m (15,700 ft).[2] It is the only leporid species found in most of its range.[10]

Rabbits build nests built of dry grasses above the ground to rear their young. They have a central chamber and three or four smaller chambers at the end of a corridor. The gestation period varies with the geographical location. Rabbits in Chiapas, Mexico gestate for about 28 days, and have three to eight offspring, while rabbits in the Páramos of the Andes gestate for 44 days, and have an average litter size of 1.2. Both of these populations breed year-round.[12]

Like its California relative, the brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani), the tapeti is a natural reservoir for the myxoma virus.[13] This relationships was discovered by Brazilian physician Henrique de Beaurepaire Rohan Aragão in the 1940s.[14] The virus causes a benign cutaneous fibroma in its hosts, but it causes the lethal disease myxomatosis, in European rabbits.[15]

References
  1. Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 208–209. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Ruedas, L. & Smith, A.T. (2019). "Sylvilagus brasiliensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T87491102A45191186. Retrieved 18 July 2020.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 58.
  4. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. JHU Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  5. Schubert, Blaine W.; Mead, Jim I.; Graham, Russell W.; Denver Museum of Nature & Science (2003). Ice Age Cave Faunas of North America. Indiana University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-253-34268-3.
  6. Eisenberg, John F. (2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1.
  7. Ruedas; French; Silva; Platt II; Salazar-Bravo; Mora; Thompson (2017). "A prolegomenon to the systematics of South American cottontail rabbits (Mammalia, Lagomorpha, Leporidae: Sylvilagus): designation of a neotype for S. brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758), and restoration of S. andinus (Thomas, 1897) and S. tapetillus Thomas, 1913". Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. 205. ISSN 0076-8405.
  8. Ruedas, L.A. (2017). "A new species of cottontail rabbit (Lagomorpha: Leporidae: Sylvilagus) from Suriname, with comments on the taxonomy of allied taxa from northern South America". Journal of Mammalogy. gyx048. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyx048.
  9. Ruedas, L.A. & Salazar-Bravo, J. (2007). "Morphological and chromosomal taxonomic assessment of S ylvilagus brasiliensis gabbi (Leporidae)". Mammalia. 71 (1–2): 63–69. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2007.011.
  10. Emmons, Louise H.; Feer, Francois (1997). Neotropical Rainforest Mammals, A Field Guide.
  11. Wainwright M, Arias O (2007). The Mammals of Costa Rica: A Natural History and Field Guide. Comstock. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-8014-4589-7.
  12. Chapman, Joseph A.; Flux, John E. C. (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. p. 100. ISBN 978-2-8317-0019-9.
  13. Williams Elizabeth S.; Barker, Ian K. (9 January 2008). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals. John Wiley & Sons. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-470-34481-1.
  14. Williamson, M. (1996). Biological Invasions. Springer. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-412-59190-7.
  15. Kerr, Peter J. (2012). "Myxomatosis in Australia and Europe: A model for emerging infectious diseases". Antiviral Research. 93 (3): 387–415. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.01.009. PMID 22333483.
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