Tephritis neesii

Tephritis neesii is a species of fly found across Europe. It mostly lives on Leucanthemum vulgare.

Tephritis neesii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Tephritidae
Genus:	Tephritis
Species:	T. neesii
Binomial name
Tephritis neesii (Meigen, 1830)
Range of Tephritis neesii in Europe
Synonyms [1]
Trypeta conjuncta Loew, 1844 Trypeta nusii Loew, 1844 Trypeta neesii Meigen, 1830

Description

The adult Tephritis neesii has a blackish-brown body, with a paler powder on the surface, which is less pronounced on the abdomen. The body bears short black hairs, the tips of which appear yellow in reflected light. The legs are rufous, as is the head; the face is white, and the frons is greyish in the centre.[2] Males have dark femurs and the third segment of each antenna is dark brown, whereas females have yellow femurs, and a vaguely brown third segment to the antenna.[2]

Life cycle

Leucanthemum vulgare is the main host plant for Tephritis neesi.

There is a single generation per year (univoltine).[3] Eggs of T. neesii are shiny, white, and approximately 0.7 millimetres (0.028 in) long and a little over 0.2 mm (0.008 in) wide at the widest point.[2] The second-instar larva is about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long, and yellowish-white, with rows of pyramidal warts on each segment. The third instar is 3.5 mm (0.138 in) by 1.5 mm (0.059 in).[2] The larvae pupate within a plant's capitulum (flower head), and the animals overwinter as adults.[3]

Ecology

Tephritis neesii lives on plants in the family Asteraceae, particularly Leucanthemum vulgare. The larvae of Tephritis larvae cut large mines in the receptacles, and cause the flowers in parts of the inflorescences to stop developing.[4] Adults feed on seeds produced by the plant, before they have dispersed.[5] It is the only tephritid to feed on the flower heads of L. vulgare, according to I. M. White.[3]

Several parasitoids attack T. neesii, including the ichneumon fly Bracon obscurator, and the chalcid wasps Pteromalus leucanthemi, Pteromalus musaeus, Eurytoma robusta and Eurytoma strigifrons.[2]

Global distribution

Tephritis neesii is found in most countries across Europe. Distribution in Europe ranges from mainland Spain (but not Portugal) and Republic of Ireland (but not Northern Ireland) in the west, as far north as Norway, as far east as the Komi Republic in Russia (but not Western Russia), and as south as Sicily.[6] In Great Britain, it is more frequently reported in the south and east, with few records from Scotland and Wales, and none reported for the Isle of Man.[7]

References

1. "Tephritis neesii (Meigen, 1830)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
2. Lars-Åke Janzon (1980). "Descriptions of Tephritis neesii Meigen (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea, Chalcidoidea) in flower-heads of Leucanthemum vulgare Lamarck (Asteraceae) in Sweden". Entomologica Scandinavica. 11: 113–126. doi:10.1163/187631280X00437.
3. John Robinson (2008). The evolution of flower size and flowering behaviour in plants: the role of pollination and pre-dispersal seed predation (M.Phil. thesis). University of Southampton.
4. Stefan Andersson (2008). "Pollinator and nonpollinator selection on ray morphology in Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy, Asteraceae)". American Journal of Botany. 95 (9): 1072–1078. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800087. PMID 21632427.
5. Alan C. Gange, Valerie K. Brown & David M. Aplin (2005). "Ecological specificity of arbuscular mycorrhizae: evidence from foliar- and seed-feeding insects". Ecology. 86 (3): 603–611. doi:10.1890/04-0967.
6. "Tephritis neesii (Meigen 1830)". Fauna Europaea version 2.2. June 3, 2010. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
7. Laurence Clemons (2008). "Updated distribution maps of the Tephritidae (Diptera) of Britain and Ireland" (PDF). The Society for the Study of Flies (Diptera).