Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana

Terrebonne Parish (/ˌtɛrəˈboʊn/ TERR-ə-BOHN; French: Paroisse de Terrebonne) is a parish located in the southern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 111,860.[1] The parish seat is Houma.[2] The parish was founded in 1822.[3]

For the United States Navy tank landing ship, see USS Terrebonne Parish (LST-1156).
Terrebonne Parish
Parish
Parish of Terrebonne
Terrebonne Parish Courthouse
Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana
Louisiana's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 29°20′N 90°50′W
Country United States
State Louisiana
FoundedMarch 22, 1822
Named forterre bonne, French for good earth
SeatHouma
Largest cityHouma
Area
 • Total2,080 sq mi (5,400 km2)
 • Land1,232 sq mi (3,190 km2)
 • Water850 sq mi (2,200 km2)  41%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total111,860
 • Estimate 
(2019)
110,461
 • Density54/sq mi (21/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional districts1st, 6th
Websitewww.tpcg.org

Terrebonne Parish is part of the Houma-Thibodaux, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

It is the second-largest parish in the state in terms of land area, and it has been a center of Cajun culture since the 18th century. More than 10% of its residents speak French at home.

Ray Authement, who was the fifth president of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, serving from 1974 to 2008 and the longest-serving president of a public university in the United States, was born in rural Terrebonne Parish in 1928, near Chauvin.[4][5] In 2014 Juan Pickett, former Assistant District Attorney, was elected unopposed in the 32nd Judicial District as the first black judge in Terrebone Parish history.[6]

History

The parish seat of Houma was named after the Houma people. The native word houma means red, and the tribe's war emblem was the crawfish. Historians say the Houma were related to the Muskogean-speaking Choctaw, and migrated into the area from present-day Mississippi and Alabama. They first settled in the area that developed as Baton Rouge. After many conflicts with other Indian tribes, and losing a war to the Tunica in 1706, the Houma Indians continued moving south to more remote areas in the bayous, in order to escape the encroachment of Europeans. They settled in present-day Terrebonne Parish in the mid- to late 18th century. They established a camp known as Ouiski Bayou on the high ground northwest of what later developed as downtown Houma. They were subsequently pushed from the highlands of the north to the coastal regions of the south by the European settlements in the late 1700s and 1800s. Evidence of the Houma Tribe can still be found in this area today.

One of the southernmost of Louisiana's parishes, Terrebonne Parish was established on March 22, 1822, from the southern part of Lafourche Interior, bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. Covering an area of 2100 square miles, it is the second-largest parish in the state. The early French settlers named the parish for the fertility of its soils: terre bonne means "good earth."

In 1834, Terrebonne Parish founded the city of Houma in order to establish a centrally located and more easily accessible parish seat. Prior to this, the county seat had been set at Williamsburg (now Bayou Cane), approximately four miles northwest of present-day downtown Houma. Government officials believed that the site of Houma, at the convergence of six bayous, would provide better access for commerce and development in Terrebonne Parish, as most transportation and shipping was by water. It was near a former settlement of the Houma Tribe of Native Americans. Williamsburg was at the junction of two bayous: Cane and Terrebonne.

European and African settlers

Most of the European settlers who came to Terrebonne migrated from along the Mississippi River, down Bayou Lafourche to Bayou Terrebonne. There was an influx of French colonists from New Orleans to the bayou country in 1762 after the Spanish took over rule of the colony following the French defeat by the British in the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War in North America). The district Spanish commandant granted concessions of title to not more than 630 acres of land for each newcomer to the bayou lands. While many Frenchmen came into the area prior to this, British and Spanish colonists also recorded claims.

Other settlers in the area in 1760 were French colonists from Acadia (modern Nova Scotia), who had been expelled by the British in 1755 during the Seven Years' War. They became known as "Cajuns" (Acadians). Many settled along the bayous in Terrebonne Parish. They chose this area because of its isolated geographic location, a minimum of government control, fertile land, and an abundance of fish and wildlife. These people lived in relative cultural seclusion for generations and continued their family traditions of living off the land. Today they celebrate their heritage through their festivals and church fairs.

In 1848, Houma was incorporated as a city by an act of legislature. By this time, industry in the Houma area consisted largely of plantations for sugar cane, dependent on the labor of enslaved African-Americans. Also important were harvesting seafood, fur trading, and logging industries. The cultivation of sugar cane was the principal agricultural industry in the parish. The first plantation in the parish was established in 1828. By 1851, Terrebonne had 110 plantations with 80 sugar houses (small sugar cane mills). Thousands of enslaved Africans were brought to the parish through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.

Southdown Plantation was founded in 1828 by the Minor family. They held hundreds of enslaved Africans for sugar cane cultivation and processing. Stephen Minor had served as the Secretary to the Spanish Governor Gayoso of Louisiana. Today, the Minor family home, built in 1858 and enlarged in 1893, serves as the parish museum. The sugar mill was sold in 1979, dismantled and shipped to Guatemala, where it was reassembled. It is still in use today.

Settlers had canals dug between the bayous to decrease travel time within the parish and make trade more efficient. In 1872, a railroad that linked Schriever to Houma was instrumental in increasing trade and travel within and outside the parish.

In 1923, the construction of the Intracoastal Waterway led to the abandonment of the canals. The Intracoastal was later extended to Lafourche Parish and to Bayou Lafourche, increasing Houma's importance as a portal city.

20th century to present

During World War II, Houma was selected for the establishment of a Lighter Than Air Blimp Naval Station, which operated from May 1943 to September 1944. The Navy base, which used blimp squadrons to scan the coastline for enemy vessels, was one of only two blimp stations operating on the Gulf Coast.

Terrebonne has depended on natural resources: oysters, shrimp, crabs and fish contribute their share of wealth to the parish. In the great stretches of marshland surrounding Terrebonne parish, trapping of Louisiana muskrat, mink, otter, raccoon, and nutria pelts are another form of local commerce.

Development of oil and gas resources in the parish began in 1929, bringing a period of economic development and prosperity unparalleled anywhere in the state. The industry grew into enormous dimensions with the discovery of offshore oil. Terrebonne became the gateway to the most dense concentration of offshore oil service companies in the state. By 1960, with the combination of rich oil production backed by Houma's productive waters, fertile soil, and natural mineral resources, Houma became one of the fastest-growing cities in America. In 1961, the Houma Navigational Canal was completed to provide a 30-mile link to Terrebonne Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.

By the late 1970s, Houma's main focus was the oil industry. Those companies not related to oil and gas depended on this industry for their survival. When the bottom fell out of the oil industry in the early 1980s because of cheaper foreign product and dwindling local resources, Houma declined. For nearly two years, the Houma-Terrebonne area experienced an unemployment rate near 25%.

The Houma community has worked to diversify the parish economy. While the oil industry is still the primary source of revenue for the Houma-Terrebonne area, alternative industries are emerging. Terrebonne Parish accounts for more than 20% of Louisiana's seafood production. In addition, the medical industry is growing in the area. Tourism, too, is a popular source of commerce in and around Houma. The addition of Houma's new Civic Center promises to attract more entertainment and convention revenue to the city.

The draw of authentic Acadian culture, diverse environment and wildlife, plantation homes, excellent food, and close proximity to New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Lafayette attracts visitors to Houma and its central location.

Government

The parish has been run by the Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government since it absorbed the powers of the City of Houma. The parish is led by President Gordon Dove, elected in 2016. State Representatives Jerome Zeringue, and Beryl Amedee represent Terrebonne Parish in the Louisiana House.

The 32nd Judicial District has five judgeships, all of which are elected at-large. In 2014, Assistant District Attorney Juan Pickett was elected as the first black judge in the parish's history. He ran unopposed as a Republican. In 2015 he switched to the Democratic Party.[6]

Earlier in 2014 the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, in cooperation with local plaintiffs, filed a lawsuit against the state of Louisiana for its system of at-large voting for the five judicial positions in Terrebone Parish. They said it violated the Voting Rights Act, as it diluted minority voting power. Minority residents in the parish were unable to elect candidates of their choice. (Earlier cases that went to the US Supreme Court established that the VRA covered elected judicial positions.)[6]

In August 2017 the federal district court in Baton Rouge ruled that the parish's at-large voting was unconstitutional and discriminatory. US District Court Judge James Brady found that

“no black candidate who has faced opposition in Terrebonne has been elected to an at-large position and black candidates have received incredibly minimal support from white voters, a pattern which has been consistent over the course of more than 20 years.”

The parties would be working on a remedy; a minority sub-district has been proposed among five single-member districts to elect these judges. The legislature would have to pass a law establishing such a change. The state said it would appeal the decision.[6]

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 2,082 square miles (5,390 km2), of which 1,232 square miles (3,190 km2) is land and 850 square miles (2,200 km2) (41%) is water.[7] It is the fifth-largest parish in Louisiana by land area and third-largest by total area. The Gulf of Mexico is located to the south of the parish.

The average height above sea level of the parish is about six feet. The parish is protected by extensive flood protection works.[8]

Major highways

Adjacent parishes

National protected area

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18302,121—
18404,410107.9%
18507,72475.1%
186012,09156.5%
187012,4513.0%
188017,95744.2%
189020,16712.3%
190024,46421.3%
191028,32015.8%
192026,974−4.8%
193029,81610.5%
194035,88020.3%
195043,32820.8%
196060,77140.3%
197076,04925.1%
198094,39324.1%
199096,9822.7%
2000104,5037.8%
2010111,8607.0%
2019 (est.)110,461[9]−1.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
1790-1960[11] 1900-1990[12]
1990-2000[13] 2010-2019[1]

As of the census of 2008, there were 108,576 people, 35,997 households, and 27,393 families residing in the parish. The population density was 83 people per square mile (32/km2). There were 39,928 housing units at an average density of 32 per square mile (12/km2). The racial makeup of the parish was 74.07% White, 17.79% Black or African American, 5.29% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. 1.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 10.66% reported speaking French or Louisiana French at home, while 1.5% speak Spanish.

There were 35,997 households, out of which 39.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.00% were married couples living together, 14.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.90% were non-families. 19.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the parish the population was spread out, with 29.20% under the age of 18, 10.10% from 18 to 24, 29.80% from 25 to 44, 21.10% from 45 to 64, and 9.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.10 males.

The median income for a household in the parish was $35,235, and the median income for a family was $39,912. Males had a median income of $34,869 versus $20,705 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $16,051. About 15.80% of families and 19.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.90% of those under age 18 and 17.60% of those age 65 or over. (Newly entered 2008 census number requires newly updated figures in above information). [5]In 2009 Terrebonne Parish has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country.

Education

Terrebonne Parish School District operates public schools.

Representation in other media
See also: List of newspapers in Louisiana, List of radio stations in Louisiana, and List of television stations in Louisiana

National Guard

C Company 2-156th Infantry Battalion of the 256th IBCT resides in Houma, Louisiana.

D Company 2-156 Infantry Battalion of the 256 IBCT resides in Thibodaux, Louisiana

Communities
Map of Terrebonne Parish, with municipal labels

City

Census-designated places

Other unincorporated communities

Politics

Terrebonne is represented in the Louisiana House of Representatives by the Republican Jerome Zeringue. The Parish president is Republican Gordon Dove.

Since the 20th century, white voters in the parish have become majority Republican. Before the civil rights era, whites generally supported Democratic candidates throughout the South. The Southern Democrats, exclusively white, constituted a powerful block in Congress during the first part of the 20th century. The state legislature had essentially disenfranchised most African Americans at the turn of the century.

Voting in Terrebone Parish, as in the rest of Louisiana, has been racially polarized since African Americans recovered the ability to register and vote. Most African Americans have voted for Democratic candidates since Congress passed civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.[15] Since the white majority in the parish shifted to the Republican Party, since 1968 the only Democratic presidential candidate to carry Terrebone was Bill Clinton, a native son of Arkansas, in 1996.

Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[16]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2020 74.3% 34,339 24.2% 11,198 1.5% 703
2016 72.7% 31,902 24.3% 10,665 3.0% 1,329
2012 69.7% 29,503 28.5% 12,074 1.8% 764
2008 69.3% 28,210 28.5% 11,581 2.2% 905
2004 65.0% 26,358 33.7% 13,684 1.3% 532
2000 58.1% 21,314 39.3% 14,414 2.6% 947
1996 38.4% 13,944 51.0% 18,550 10.6% 3,867
1992 42.3% 14,662 38.4% 13,325 19.3% 6,677
1988 58.2% 18,745 39.4% 12,686 2.4% 781
1984 69.5% 23,696 28.3% 9,640 2.2% 753
1980 58.0% 16,644 37.7% 10,804 4.3% 1,233
1976 53.1% 12,895 43.8% 10,627 3.1% 760
1972 71.7% 13,753 23.0% 4,415 5.3% 1,014
1968 27.9% 5,214 24.8% 4,627 47.3% 8,836
1964 44.0% 6,729 56.0% 8,577
1960 23.7% 3,126 68.1% 8,992 8.3% 1,092
1956 64.9% 4,983 32.0% 2,460 3.1% 241
1952 47.5% 3,848 52.5% 4,252
1948 24.2% 1,048 29.1% 1,262 46.7% 2,024
1944 13.5% 550 86.6% 3,539
1940 15.7% 601 84.3% 3,217
1936 21.7% 526 78.3% 1,894
1932 9.2% 215 90.8% 2,126
1928 14.0% 268 86.0% 1,642
1924 46.3% 415 53.7% 482
1920 59.9% 713 40.1% 477
1916 8.7% 113 46.4% 606 45.0% 588
1912 10.8% 89 55.4% 455 33.8% 278

See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2013.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  3. "Terrebonne Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
  4. "Newsmaker of the Year". theind.com. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
  5. "Ray Paul Authement". wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  6. Dan Copp, "Minority judgeship ruling called long overdue", Daily Comet, 19 August 2017; accessed 19 June 2018
  7. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  8. Werblow, Steve. "Closing the Gates". Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  9. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  10. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  11. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  12. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  13. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
  14. Rachel Arons, "A Mythical Bayou's All-Too-Real Peril: The Making of 'Beasts of the Southern Wild'", New York Times 8 June 2012
  15. Johnathan C. Augustine and Ulysses Gene Thibodeaux, "Forty Years Later: Chronicling the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Its Impact on Louisiana's Judiciary", Louisiana Law Review, Vol.66, No. 2 (Winter 2006)
  16. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-03-06.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.