Tetrapodomorpha

The Tetrapodomorpha (also known as Choanata[1]) are a clade of vertebrates consisting of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish. Advanced forms transitional between fish and the early labyrinthodonts, such as Tiktaalik, have been referred to as "fishapods" by their discoverers, being half-fish, half-tetrapods, in appearance and limb morphology. The Tetrapodomorpha contains the crown group tetrapods (the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants) and several groups of early stem tetrapods, which includes several groups of related lobe-finned fishes, collectively known as the osteolepiforms. The Tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group Tetrapoda are the Stem Tetrapoda, a paraphyletic unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition.

Tetrapodomorpha Temporal range: Early Devonian - Present, 409–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
The advanced tetrapodomorph Tiktaalik
Modern tetrapods.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Rhipidistia
Clade:	Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Subgroups
Stem tetrapoda (paraphyletic) Tetrapoda (Crown group) See also below.

Among the characteristics defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins, notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa (the socket of the shoulder joint). Another key trait is the internal nostril or choana. Most fish have two pairs of nostrils, one on either side of the head for incoming water (incurrent nostrils) and another pair for outgoing water (excurrent nostrils). Early tetrapodomorphs such as Kenichthys had excurrent nostrils that had migrated to the edge of the mouth. In later tetrapodomorphs, including tetrapods, the excurrent nostril is positioned inside the mouth, where it is known as the choana.[2]

Tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early Devonian onwards, and include Osteolepis, Panderichthys, Kenichthys and Tungsenia.[3]

Classification

In Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish.

The exact shape of the phylogenetic tree is uncertain with Zachelmie tetrapod tracks predating most tetrapodomorph fossils[4]

Taxonomy

After Benton, 2004;[5] and Swartz, 2012.[6]

• Subclass Sarcopterygii

• Infraclass Tetrapodomorpha

• Order Rhizodontida

• Family Sauripteridae
• Family Rhizodontidae

• Superorder Osteolepidida (or Osteolepiformes)

• Family Canowindridae
• Family Thysanolepidae
• Family Tristichopteridae

• Order Osteolepiformes (or Megalichthyiformes)

• Family Osteolepidae
• Family Megalichthyidae

• Clade Eotetrapodiformes

• Clade Elpistostegalia (or Panderichthyida)

• Clade Stegocephalia

• Family Elpistostegidae
• Family Whatcheeriidae
• Family Colosteidae
• Superfamily Baphetoidea
• Superclass Tetrapoda

Other clades include the Eotetrapodiformes (Tinirau, Platycephalichthys, the Tristichopteridae and Elpistostegalia).[6] Older taxa which include late stem tetrapods and early tetrapods are the Labyrinthodontia and Ichthyostegalia.

Relationships

The cladogram is based on a phylogenetic analysis of 46 taxa using 204 characters by B. Swartz in 2012.[6]

Tetrapodomorpha

†Kenichthys       †Rhizodontidae       †Canowindridae   †Marsdenichthys       †Canowindra       †Koharalepis     †Beelarongia             †Megalichthyiformes   †Gogonasus       †Gyroptychius       †Osteolepis       †Medoevia     †Megalichthyidae           Eotetrapodiformes †Tristichopteridae   †Spodichthys       †Tristichopterus       †Eusthenopteron       †Jarvikina       †Cabonnichthys       †Mandageria     †Eusthenodon                   †Tinirau       †Platycephalichthys   Elpistostegalia   †Panderichthys   Stegocephalia     †Tiktaalik     †Elpistostege         †Elginerpeton       †Ventastega       †Acanthostega       †Ichthyostega       †Whatcheeriidae       †Colosteidae       †Crassigyrinus       †Baphetidae     Tetrapoda (crown group)

References

1. Zhu Min; Schultze, Hans-Peter (11 September 2002). Per Erik Ahlberg (ed.). Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution. CRC Press. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-203-46803-6. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
2. Clack, Jennifer A. (2012). Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-253-35675-8. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
3. Jing Lu, Min Zhu, John A. Long, Wenjin Zhao, Tim J. Senden, Liantao Jia and Tuo Qiao (2012). "The earliest known stem-tetrapod from the Lower Devonian of China". Nature Communications. 3: 1160. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1160L. doi:10.1038/ncomms2170. PMID 23093197.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
4. Friedman, Matt; Brazeau, Martin D. (7 February 2011). "Sequences, stratigraphy and scenarios: what can we say about the fossil record of the earliest tetrapods?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1704): 432–439. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1321. PMC 3013411. PMID 20739322.
5. http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/benton/vertclass.html%5B%5D
6. Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLoS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.

• Mikko Haaramo. "Tetrapodomorpha – Terrestrial vertebrate-like sarcopterygians". Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2006.
• P. E. Ahlberg & Z. Johanson (1998). "Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods". Nature. 395 (6704): 792–794. Bibcode:1998Natur.395..792A. doi:10.1038/27421.
• Michel Laurin, Marc Girondot & Armand de Ricqlès (2000). "Early tetrapod evolution" (PDF). TREE. 15 (3).