Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester

Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (7 January 1355 – 8 or 9 September 1397)[2] was the fifth surviving son and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault.

Thomas of Woodstock
Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Aumale, Earl of Buckingham and Earl of Essex
Successor	Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham
Born	7 January 1355 Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire
Died	8 or 9 September 1397 (aged 42) Calais, Pale of Calais
Spouse	Eleanor de Bohun
Issue Detail	Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham Anne of Gloucester Joan, Lady Talbot Isabel Philippa
House	Plantagenet
Father	Edward III of England
Mother	Philippa of Hainault

Arms of Thomas of Woodstock: Royal arms of England (arms of his father King Edward III) with difference a bordure argent[1]

Thomas of Woodstock (left, identified by his arms) jousting in Vannes, Brittany, with John V The Conqueror, Duke of Bretagne, KG. Circa 1480, Froissart's Chronicles

Early life

Thomas was born 7 January 1355 at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire after two short-lived brothers, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas.[3] He married Eleanor de Bohun in 1374,[4] was given Pleshey Castle in Essex, and was appointed Constable of the Realm, a position previously held by the Bohuns.[3][5] The younger sister of Woodstock's wife, Mary de Bohun, was subsequently married to Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, who later became King Henry IV of England.

In 1377, at the age of 22, Woodstock was knighted[3] and created Earl of Buckingham.[6] On 22 June 1380 he became Earl of Essex in right of his wife.[7] In 1385, he received the title Duke of Aumale, and at about the same time was created Duke of Gloucester.[8]

Campaign in Brittany

Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel; Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester; Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham; Henry, Earl of Derby (later Henry IV); and Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, demand that Richard II let them prove by arms the justice of their rebellion

Murder of Thomas of Woodstock in Calais

Arms of Thomas of Woodstock quartering arms of his father-in-law Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373), father of his wife Eleanor de Bohun (c. 1366–1399). Royal Arms of England with in the 4th quarter the arms of Bohun (Azure, a bend argent cotised or between six lions rampant or). 15th century stained glass, west window, St Peter's Church, Tawstock, Devon. Tawstock was a seat of William Bourchier, jure uxoris Baron FitzWarin (1407–1470) (a descendant of Thomas of Woodstock's daughter Anne of Gloucester), who had married the heiress of Tawstock

Thomas of Woodstock was in command of a large campaign in northern France that followed the War of the Breton Succession of 1343–64. The earlier conflict was marked by the efforts of John IV, Duke of Brittany to secure control of the Duchy of Brittany against his rival Charles of Blois. John was supported in this struggle by the armies of the Kingdom of England, whereas Charles was supported by the Kingdom of France. At the head of an English army, John prevailed after Charles was killed in battle in 1364, but the French continued to undermine his position, and he was later forced into exile in England.

John returned to Brittany in 1379, supported by Breton barons who feared the annexation of Brittany by France. An English army was sent under Woodstock to support his position. Due to concerns about the safety of a longer shipping route to Brittany itself, the army was ferried instead to the English continental stronghold of Calais in July 1380.[9]

As Woodstock marched his 5,200 men east of Paris, they were confronted by the army of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, at Troyes, but the French had learned from the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Battle of Poitiers in 1356 not to offer a pitched battle to the English. Eventually, the two armies simply marched away. French defensive operations were then thrown into disarray by the death of King Charles V of France on 16 September 1380. Woodstock's chevauchée continued westwards largely unopposed, and in November 1380 he laid siege to Nantes and its vital bridge over the Loire towards Aquitaine.[10] However, he found himself unable to form an effective stranglehold, and urgent plans were put in place for Sir Thomas Felton to bring 2,000 reinforcements from England. By January, though, it had become apparent that the Duke of Brittany was reconciled to the new French king Charles VI, and with the alliance collapsing and dysentery ravaging his men, Woodstock abandoned the siege.[10]

Dispute with King Richard II

Returning to England early in 1381, Thomas of Woodstock found that his brother, John of Gaunt, had married his wife's sister, Mary de Bohun, to his own son Henry. The relations between the brothers, hitherto somewhat strained, were not improved by this event; presumably Thomas was hoping to retain possession of Mary's estates. Still, having taken part in crushing the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, Thomas became more friendly with John, and in 1385 was created duke of Gloucester. However, this mark of favour did not prevent him from taking up an attitude of hostility to his nephew, Richard II.[5]

Thomas placed himself at the head of the party that was opposed to the royal advisers, Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk and Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, whose recent elevation to Duke of Ireland had aroused discontent. Supported by those who were indignant at the extravagance and incompetence, real or alleged, of the king, Thomas was soon in a position of authority. He forced the dismissal and impeachment of Suffolk; was a member of the commission appointed in 1386 to reform the kingdom and the royal household; and took up arms when Richard began proceedings against the commissioners. Having defeated de Vere at the Battle of Radcot Bridge in December 1387 the duke and his associates entered London to find the king powerless in their hands. Thomas, who had previously threatened his nephew with deposition, was only restrained from taking this extreme step by the influence of his colleagues; but, as the leader of the "Lords Appellant" in the "Merciless Parliament," which met in February 1388 and was packed with his supporters, he took revenge upon his enemies, which culminated in a successful rebellion in 1388 that significantly weakened the king's power.[5]

Richard II quickly regained control and eventually, in 1397, managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant. By 1396, Thomas and Richard were again at odds over policy. In 1397, Thomas was arrested at his home by the king himself and was imprisoned in Calais to await trial for treason.[5] During that time he was murdered, probably by a group of men led by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the knight Sir Nicholas Colfox, presumably on behalf of Richard II; parliament declared him guily of treason and his estates forfeited.[5] These events caused an outcry among the nobility of England that is considered by many to have added to Richard's unpopularity.

Thomas was buried in Westminster Abbey, first in the Chapel of Saint Edmund and Saint Thomas in October 1397, and two years later reburied in the Chapel of Saint Edward the Confessor. His wife was buried next to him.[11]

Marriage and progeny

Thomas married Eleanor de Bohun (c. 1366–1399), the elder daughter and co-heiress with her sister, Mary de Bohun, of their father Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (1341–1373).[12] Thomas of Woodstock and his wife Eleanor had:

• Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham (c. 1381 – 1399)
• Anne of Gloucester (c. 1383 – 1438) who married three times:
  • Firstly to Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford;[13]
  • Secondly to Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford
  • Thirdly to William Bourchier, 1st Count of Eu (1374–1420)[5]
• Joan (1384–1400), who married Gilbert Talbot, 5th Lord Talbot (1383–1419) and died in childbirth
• Isabel (12 March 1385/1386 – April 1402), a nun of the Order of Minoresses[14]
• Philippa (c. 1388), died young

As he was attainted as a traitor, his dukedom of Gloucester was forfeit. The title Earl of Buckingham was inherited by his son, who died in 1399 only two years after Thomas' own death. Thomas of Woodstock's eldest daughter, Anne, married into the powerful Stafford family, who were Earls of Stafford. Her son, Humphrey Stafford was created Duke of Buckingham in 1444 and also inherited part of the de Bohun estates.

The other part of these estates—including the Earldom of Hereford, which had belonged to Mary de Bohun and had then become incorporated into the holdings of the House of Lancaster—became a matter of contention in the latter 15th century.

In literature

• Thomas of Woodstock's murder plays a prominent part in William Shakespeare's play Richard II, though he is dead at the time of the play's beginning.
• He also is the subject of Thomas of Woodstock, another Elizabethan drama by an anonymous playwright. Because of its stylistic affinities to Shakespeare's play, it is also called Richard the Second Part One.

Ancestry

Ancestors of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester

16. Henry III of England[15] 8. Edward I of England[15] 17. Eleanor of Provence[15] 4. Edward II of England[15] 18. Ferdinand III of Castile[15] 9. Eleanor of Castile[15] 19. Joan, Countess of Ponthieu[15] 2. Edward III of England 20. Philip III of France[16] (= 28) 10. Philip IV of France[15] 21. Isabella of Aragon[16] (= 29) 5. Isabella of France[15] 22. Henry I of Navarre[17] 11. Joan I of Navarre[18] 23. Blanche of Artois[17] 1. Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester 24. John I, Count of Hainaut[18] 12. John II, Count of Hainaut[18] 25. Adelaide of Holland[18] 6. William I, Count of Hainaut[18] 26. Henry V, Count of Luxembourg[18] 13. Philippa of Luxembourg[18] 27. Margaret of Bar[18] 3. Philippa of Hainault 28. Philip III of France[16] (= 20) 14. Charles, Count of Valois[2] 29. Isabella of Aragon[16] (= 21) 7. Joan of Valois[18] 30. Charles II of Naples[2] 15. Margaret, Countess of Anjou[2] 31. Mary of Hungary[2]

References

1. Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
2. Weir, Alison (1999). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: The Bodley Head.
3. Goodman 1971, p. 5.
4. Tuck, Anthony. "Thomas [Thomas of Woodstock], duke of Gloucester", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 3 January 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
5. Chisholm 1911.
6. Goodman 1971, p. 6.
7. Ward 1995, p. 21.
8. Goodman 1971, p. 91.
9. Goodman 1971, p. 124-126.
10. Goodman 1971, p. 124.
11. Tuck, Anthony (September 2004). "Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1355–1397)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
12. Ward 1992, p. 133.
13. Goodman 1971, p. 93.
14. Ward 1992, p. 143.
15. Armitage-Smith, Sydney (1905). John of Gaunt: King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester, Seneschal of England. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 21. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
16. Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France [Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France] (in French). 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. pp. 87–88.}
17. Anselme 1726, pp. 381–382
18. von Redlich, Marcellus Donald R. Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. I. p. 64.

External links

• Inquisition Post Mortem, #123–125.

Sources

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 130.
• Goodman, Anthony (1971). The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II. University of Miami Press.
• Tuck, Anthony (2008). "Thomas, duke of Gloucester (1355–1397)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27197. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Ward, Jennifer C. (1992). English Noblewomen in the Later Middle Ages. Routledge.
• Ward, Jennifer C., ed. (1995). Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066-1500. Manchester University Press.