Joan I of Navarre

Joan I (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305)[1] (Basque: Joana) was Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne from 1274 until 1305; she was also Queen of France by marriage to King Philip IV. She was the daughter of King Henry I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois.[2]

Joan I
Queen Joan as Benefactress, c. 1305, limestone
Queen of Navarre; Countess of Champagne
Reign	22 July 1274 – 2 April 1305
Predecessor	Henry I
Successor	Louis I
Queen consort of France
Tenure	5 October 1285 – 2 April 1305
Coronation	5 January 1286
Born	14 January 1273 Bar-sur-Seine, Kingdom of France
Died	2 April 1305 (aged 32) Château de Vincennes, Kingdom of France
Burial	Paris
Spouse	Philip IV, King of France ​ ​ (m. 1284)​
Issue more…	Louis X, King of France Philip V, King of France Charles IV, King of France Isabella, Queen of England
House	Blois
Father	Henry I, King of Navarre
Mother	Blanche of Artois
Religion	Roman Catholicism

Life

Joan was born in Bar-sur-Seine, Champagne on 14 January 1273 as a princess of the House of Blois.[3] The following year, upon the death of her father, she became Countess of Champagne and Queen of Navarre.[4] Due to her age, her mother, Blanche, was her guardian and regent in Navarre.

Various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the "weakness" of the female regent, which caused Joan and her mother to seek protection at the court of Philip III of France. Her mother arrived in France in 1274, and by the Treaty of Orléans in 1275, Joan was betrothed to one of Philip's sons (Louis or Philip).[5] Blanche therefore placed her daughter and the government of Navarre under the protection of the King of France. After this, Joan was brought up with Philip. It is, in fact, uncertain whether she ever resided in Navarre during her childhood.[3]

Queen of France

At the age of 11, Joan married the future Philip IV of France on 16 August 1284, becoming queen consort of France in 1285 a year later. Their three surviving sons would all rule as kings of France, in turn, and their only surviving daughter, Isabella, became queen consort of England.

Joan was described as having been plump and plain, whereas her beautiful daughter Isabella resembled her father more in physical appearance. As regards her character, Joan was bold, courageous, and enterprising.

Joan was described as a success in her role of Queen of France: she secured the succession, she was an efficient mistress of the royal court, a dignified first lady and had a very good relationship with the King. Having grown up together, the couple evidently had a close relationship and Philip is reported to have loved and respected her deeply.[6] His emotional dependence on her is suggested as a reason to why she never visited Navarre. In 1294, Philip appointed her regent of France should his son succeed him being still a minor.[7] However, he is not believed to have entrusted her with influence over the affairs of France, unless they concerned her own domains Navarre and Champagne.[7]

Queen Joan founded the College of Navarre in Paris in 1305.[8]

Queen of Navarre and Countess of Champagne

Funeral of Queen Joan I

Queen Joan I of Navarre and countess of Champagne and Brie was declared to be of legal majority upon her marriage in 1284, and did homage for Champagne and Brie to her father-in-law in Paris.[9]

Joan never visited the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled in her name by French governors appointed first by her father-in-law and then by her spouse in her name.[3] The French governors were extremely unpopular in Navarre and her absence from the country was resented:[10] however, it was the French who were blamed for her absence rather than her, and the loyalty to her right to rule was not questioned; rather, it was emphasized in Navarre that it was in fact she rather than the French who was their sovereign. From afar, edicts were issued in her name, coins struck in her image,[10] and she gave her protection to chapels and convents. She never came closer to Navarre than to Carcassonne in 1300, and her spouse was somewhat blamed for this.[6]

Joan was much more directly active as countess of Champagne. While being a county rather than a kingdom, Champagne was much richer and more strategically important. Philip IV appointed her administrators, however, Joan visited Champagne regularly and is recorded to have participated in all duties of a ruling vassal and is not regarded to have been passive but an active independent ruler in this domain. In 1297, she raised and led an army against the Count of Bar when he rebelled against her by invading Champagne.[11] This was explicitly in the absence of her spouse, and she personally brought the count to prison before she joined her spouse.[11] She also personally acted in her process against Bishop Guichard of Troyes, whom she accused of having stolen funds from Champagne and her mother by fraud.[11]

Joan died in 1305, allegedly in childbirth but the Bishop of Troyes, Guichard, was arrested in 1308 and accused of killing her with witchcraft by sticking an image of her with a pin. He was released in 1313.[12] Her personal physician was the inventor Guido da Vigevano.

Children

With Philip IV of France:

1. Margaret (1288 – c. 1294)
2. Louis X of France, King Louis I of Navarre from 1305, France from 1314 (October 1289 – 5 June 1316)
3. Blanche (1290 – c. 1294)
4. Philip V of France and Navarre (as Philip II) (1292/93 – 3 January 1322)
5. Charles IV of France and Navarre (as Charles I) (c. 1294 – 1 February 1328)
6. Isabella (c. 1295 – 23 August 1358), married Edward II of England
7. Robert (1297 – July 1308)

References

1. Echols & Williams 1992, p. 269.
2. George 1875, p. table XXV.
3. Woodacre 2013, p. 39.
4. Woodacre 2013, p. 25.
5. Woodacre 2013, p. 29.
6. Woodacre 2013, p. 42.
7. Woodacre 2013, p. 43.
8. Ministère de l'éducation nationale and Columbia University (1954). French Universities and Their Pursuit of Freedom. p. 30. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
9. Woodacre 2013, p. 35-36.
10. Woodacre 2013, p. 40.
11. Woodacre 2013, p. 37.
12. Menache 1998, p. 85.

Sources

• Echols, Anne; Williams, Marty, eds. (1992). An annotated index of medieval women. Markus Wiener Publishers. ISBN 9780910129275.
• George, Hereford Brooke (1875). Genealogical table illustrative of Modern History. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
• Menache, Sophia (1998). Clement V. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0521592194.
• Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512. Palgrave Macmillan.