Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019

This article documents the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The first human cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan, China, in December.

Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic
Timeline
2019

2020

2021
Locations
  • By continent
  • By conveyance
International response
Medical response
Impact
  • Socio-economic
  • By industry
 COVID-19 Portal

Before December

The study of the origin of SARS-CoV-2 by comparing genetic sequences is complicated by its low evolutionary rate, due to proofreading by the viral exoribonuclease (ExoN), and the low sampling of early centers of infection in China, Iran, and Italy.[1] Phylogenetics estimates that SARS-CoV-2 arose in October or November 2019.[2][3][4] Evidence suggests that it descends from a coronavirus that infects wild bats and spread to humans through an intermediary wildlife host.[5] It is not known whether the virus itself evolved in wildlife populations or if its distinctive spike proteins were selected for after zoonotic transfer to humans.[6][7][2][3]

A September 2020 review noted "The possibility that the COVID-19 infection had already spread to Europe at the end of last year is now indicated by abundant, even if partially circumstantial, evidence", including pneumonia case numbers and radiology in France and Italy in November and December.[8]

RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) testing of untreated wastewater samples from Brazil and Italy have suggested detection of SARS-CoV-2 as early as November and December 2019, respectively, but the methods of such sewage studies have not been optimised, many have not been peer reviewed, details are often missing, and there is a risk of false positives due to contamination or if only one gene target is detected.[9]

Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain were reported in 111 (11.6%) of 959 asymptomatic participants in a lung cancer screening trial in Italy from 3 September 2019, which the authors claim may indicate an earlier start to the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Health Organization stated it was reviewing the results, seeking verification of the neutralization results, and that "the possibility that the virus may have silently circulated elsewhere cannot be ruled out".[10][11] These seroprevalence tests are prone to false positives, possibly due to cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses, and need confirming.[12]

1 December

Symptoms of the index case, or patient zero, began on 1 December.[13] The man had not been to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. His family was unaffected, and no epidemiological link was found between him and the other laboratory-confirmed cases as of 2 January.[13] Wu Wenjuan, a senior doctor at Jinyintan Hospital, said the man was in his 70s, had Alzheimer's disease, lived several bus rides away from the market and had not left his home.[14][15]

16 December

As of February 2020, the first documented COVID-19 hospital admissions worldwide were dated to 16 December 2019 in Wuhan.[13]

24 December

An unresolved clinical case sparks off the first scientific involvement: a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) sample was sent from Wuhan Central Hospital to Vision Medicals (广州微远基因科技) in Guangzhou, a private company specialising in metagenomic massive parallel sequencing analysis.[16][17] According to the GenBank record, the sample was obtained 23 December, whereas Ren et al.,Chin Med J, 2020 sets the date to 24 December 2019.[18][19]

26 December

An elderly couple with fever and coughs sought treatment at the Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (湖北省新华医院). Zhang Jixian, director of the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care examined the couple and made the preliminary diagnosis of their illness as something that "looked like flu or common pneumonia".[20][21]

27 December

After having observed the elderly couple's CT scans were abnormal, Zhang Jixian asked the couple's son to undergo a scan and found the same pattern. Zhang Jixian had been working as medical expert during the SARS outbreak in 2003, and was aware of the signs of a suspected outbreak of an infectious disease.[20][21] Another patient, a merchant from the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market,[21] arrived at the hospital with fever and cough that day, and his CT scan showed the same characteristics. All blood tests from the four patients indicated viral infection and a further array of influenza-related tests came back negative. Zhang Jixian filed a report to her superiors and also took the precaution of making a provisional quarantine area.[20][21]

Wuhan Central Hospital are told by phone by Vision Medicals that the BAL sample taken on 24 December contained a new kind of coronavirus (Chinese: …"一种新的冠状病毒。" ; …"a new kind of coronavirus"),[16] and the patient was then quarantined.[22] Vision Medicals also send a written report to the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. The report tells of Chinese: …"样本里面确实有一个跟Bat SARS like coronavirus类似的新型病毒" ; …"a sample containing a new coronavirus similar to bat SARS coronavirus" and in the days that follow there is an intensified communication between the CEO of Vision Medicals Li Youngjun (李永军), the Wuhan Central Hospital and the local CDC.[22]

Also at Wuhan Central Hospital, yet another unresolved case caused a BAL sample to be taken, this time sent off to CapitalBio Medlab of Beijing (北京博奥医学检验所).[16]

Respiratory samples from a man hospitalized in Paris, France were retrospectively diagnosed (study 14 April, published 3 May) as having SARS-CoV-2 virus present. He presented with advanced symptoms (chest CT of ground glass opacities) and his child had previously presented with influenza-like illness. The man had not traveled recently (his last travel outside of France had been to Algeria in August 2019), though his wife worked near to an airport.[8][23][24][25] The epidemiological circumstances remain uninvestigated[26] and it is possible the sample was contaminated.[27] (Note: these findings do not appear in the statistics overview from the French Public Health Ministry.[28])

According to news reports in February 2020 – Workers Daily, Global Times  – at the Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and following the report from Doctor Zhang Jixian, the hospital immediately alerted the local CDC, Wuhan Jianghan Disease Prevention and Control Center,[21] however, the report of 22 January 2020 from the Chinese CDC seems to claim this contact falling on 29 December.[29]

29 December

On this day and the previous, three similar cases arrived at Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, all associated with the seafood market. The health authorities had been informed, and medical experts from Wuhan JinYinTan Hospital, "a hospital designated to treat infectious diseases"[30] came to transfer six of the seven patients. Zhang Jixian took the further initiative to let doctors and nurses in the respiratory department wear face masks, and put out an order for 30 hospital coats of fine canvas.[20] The administration at Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine convened an inter-departmental panel of doctors, whose conclusions were the cases were unusual and required special attention, and also having learned of two similar cases in the city, decided to report their findings to the municipal and provincial health authorities, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission and Hubei Province Health Committee.[21]

The Wuhan CDC staff found also additional patients with similar symptoms who were linked to the market.[29] (The Wuhan 'Center for Disease Control and Prevention' (CDC) is part of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.)

30 December

Wuhan Central Hospital receives a report from CapitalBio Medlab that their sample (obtained 27 December) contains SARS coronavirus.[16] According to a Caixin news report and social media, this is a mistake.[22] The same news report alleged this sample was later sent on from CapitalBio Medlab to Vision Medicals, and that Vision Medicals could confirm the sample contained SARS-CoV-2, i.e. identical to the first sample Vision Medicals had received.[22]

Several doctors at Wuhan Central Hospital shared the test report on social media ("社交媒体") in discussions mainly aimed at colleagues.[16] As referred to by Caixin Online, from the social media account of Li Wenliang, it is stated that there are seven cases of SARS at Wuhan Central Hospital, all connected to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market.[16]

For Vision Medicals, too, these are hectic days (27–30 December) with the Chinese CDC requesting all results from Vision Medicals and from the Chinese Academy of Medical Science: "this was an urgent, secret and serious investigation".[22]

First official messages

Wuhan Municipal Health Commission sent a hard-copy message to its affiliate institutions.[31] containing guidelines in confronting a possible outbreak of infectious pneumonia.[31] Two scanned copies also found their way, the same day, to the Weibo QQ service – a social media platform.[32][33][34]

  • Supervising doctors shall hold fast on discipline and create specialised team-units.
  • General staff must be alert to the situation, especially keeping an eye out for patients with symptoms of infectious pneumonia.
  • Statistical material must be gathered ongoingly and send to Wuhan Municipal Health Commission and Hubei Province Health Committee.
  • Statistical material for the previous week, relating to patients with symptoms of infectious pneumonia, is to be sent to Wuhan Municipal Health Commission before 4 o'clock, this day.
  • Without permission from authorised personnel no one is allowed to spread information about the medical treatment.[32][33]

First international alert

FluTrackers, an international disease tracking website established in 2006, was the first report reaching an international context on the situation in Wuhan on 30 December at 23:35:00 as recorded in the internet archive and reported by The Washington Post, Forbes, and CIDRAP.[35][36][37][38] The ProMED reporting program, under auspice of ISID, reported on the situation in Wuhan. The full date is actually 30 December 23:59:00.[31]

WHO may also have noticed the information coming out from Wuhan.[39]

31 December

First public message

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission released a briefing on its website about early signs of a pneumonia outbreak in the city.[40] The message conveys the impression of alertness, by summarising yesterday's orders to the city hospitals; emphasising ongoing scientific and clinical investigations and to seek hospital care when having persistent fever while showing symptoms of pneumonia; as well advising the public to wear face masks and to avoid enclosed public places and crowded areas.

Cases in total: 27
Serious cases: 7
Recovering: 2
As of now: no fatalities, no healthcare-workers infected, no signs of human-to-human transmission, cause of pneumonia infection still under investigation

The message on pneumonia of unknown etiology was picked up by news agencies, including the state television CCTV,[41] local news agencies, such as Hubei Daily.[42] and social media, such as the Weibo account of CCTV.[43] People's Daily said the exact cause remained unclear, and it would be premature to speculate.[44] Through the Weibo account "YangShiXinWen", CCTV also sent an alert about the unknown virus, adding that a team of experts from the National Health Commission would arrive in Wuhan.[41][43]

International agencies also picked up on the reports, including Reuters,[45] Deutsche Welle[46] and the South China Morning Post.[44]

Qu Shiqian, a vendor at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, said government officials had disinfected the premises on 31 December and told stallholders to wear masks. Qu said he had learned of the pneumonia outbreak only from media reports. "Previously I thought they had flu," he said. "It should be not serious. We are fish traders. How can we get infected?"[44]

Inter-regional and international responses

In response to the announcement from Wuhan, Hong Kong's Centre for Health Protection tightened their inbound screening processes. They announced that various "surveillance measures at all boundary control points" have begun – including thermal imaging for checks on body temperature.[47] The centre appealed to the public to maintain hygiene, with detailed advice on washing hands and wearing a mask, and further precautions when travelling outside Hong Kong.[47] Hong Kong's Secretary for Food and Health Sophia Chan announced "[any suspected cases] including the presentation of fever and acute respiratory illness or pneumonia, and travel history to Wuhan within 14 days before onset of symptoms, we will put the patients in isolation."[44]

Tao Lina, a public health expert and former official with the Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said, "I think we are [now] quite capable of killing it in the beginning phase, given China's disease control system, emergency handling capacity and clinical medicine support." No human-to-human infection had been reported so far and more pathological tests and investigations were underway, an official said.[44]

The World Health Organization office in China picked up the media statement from the website of the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on cases of viral pneumonia.[48] The WHO China office then notified the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office about the notice from the Wuhan government.[48]

The US CDC claim to have "first learned of a 'cluster of 27 cases of pneumonia'" in Wuhan on this day.[49]

The Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (CDC) implemented inspection measures for inbound flights from Wuhan.[50] Deputy director Luo Yi-jun raised the alarm with his colleagues after reading about the outbreak on the PTT Bulletin Board System.[51][52] Taiwan would end up having fewer than 500 total COVID-19 cases until September 2020.

See also

References
  1. Worobey, Michael; Pekar, Jonathan; Larsen, Brendan B.; Nelson, Martha I.; Hill, Verity; Joy, Jeffrey B.; Rambaut, Andrew; Suchard, Marc A.; Wertheim, Joel O.; Lemey, Philippe (30 October 2020). "The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and North America". Science. 370 (6516): 564–570. doi:10.1126/science.abc8169.
  2. Li, Xingguang; Zai, Junjie; Zhao, Qiang; Nie, Qing; Li, Yi; Foley, Brian T.; Chaillon, Antoine (11 March 2020). "Evolutionary history, potential intermediate animal host, and cross‐species analyses of SARS‐CoV‐2". Journal of Medical Virology. doi:10.1002/jmv.25731. PMC 7228310. PMID 32104911.
  3. Andersen, Kristian G.; Rambaut, Andrew; Lipkin, W. Ian; Holmes, Edward C.; Garry, Robert F. (17 March 2020). "The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2". Nature Medicine. 26 (4): 450–452. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9. PMC 7095063. PMID 32284615.
  4. van Dorp, Lucy; Acman, Mislav; Richard, Damien; Shaw, Liam P.; Ford, Charlotte E.; Ormond, Louise; Owen, Christopher J.; Pang, Juanita; Tan, Cedric C.S.; Boshier, Florencia A.T.; Ortiz, Arturo Torres; Balloux, François (September 2020). "Emergence of genomic diversity and recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 83: 104351. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104351. PMC 7199730. PMID 32387564.
  5. Shield, Charli (26 March 2020). "Coronavirus: From bats to pangolins, how do viruses reach us?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  6. Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; Li, Bei; Huang, Chao-Lin; Chen, Hui-Dong; Chen, Jing; Luo, Yun; Guo, Hua; Jiang, Ren-Di; Liu, Mei-Qin; Chen, Ying; Shen, Xu-Rui; Wang, Xi; Zheng, Xiao-Shuang; Zhao, Kai; Chen, Quan-Jiao; Deng, Fei; Liu, Lin-Lin; Yan, Bing; Zhan, Fa-Xian; Wang, Yan-Yi; Xiao, Geng-Fu; Shi, Zheng-Li (3 February 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature. 579 (7798): 270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC 7095418. PMID 32015507.
  7. Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin; Chen, Yan-Mei; Wang, Wen; Song, Zhi-Gang; Hu, Yi; Tao, Zhao-Wu; Tian, Jun-Hua; Pei, Yuan-Yuan; Yuan, Ming-Li; Zhang, Yu-Ling; Dai, Fa-Hui; Liu, Yi; Wang, Qi-Min; Zheng, Jiao-Jiao; Xu, Lin; Holmes, Edward C.; Zhang, Yong-Zhen (3 February 2020). "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China". Nature. 579 (7798): 265–269. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3. PMC 7094943. PMID 32015508.
  8. Platto S, Xue T, Carafoli E (September 2020). "COVID19: an announced pandemic". Cell Death Dis. 11 (9): 799. doi:10.1038/s41419-020-02995-9. PMC 7513903. PMID 32973152.
  9. Michael-Kordatou, I.; Karaolia, P.; Fatta-Kassinosa, D. (October 2020). "Sewage analysis as a tool for the COVID-19 pandemic response and management: the urgent need for optimised protocols for SARS-CoV-2 detection and quantification". Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 8 (5). doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.104306. PMC 7384408.
  10. Vagnoni, Giselda (16 November 2020). "Researchers find coronavirus was circulating in Italy earlier than thought". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  11. Apolone, Giovanni; Montomoli, Emanuele; Manenti, Alessandro; Boeri, Mattia; Sabia, Federica; Hyseni, Inesa; Mazzini, Livia; Martinuzzi, Donata; Cantone, Laura; Milanese, Gianluca; Sestini, Stefano; Suatoni, Paola; Marchianò, Alfonso; Bollati, Valentina; Sozzi, Gabriella; Pastorino, Ugo (11 November 2020). "Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the prepandemic period in Italy". Tumori Journal. doi:10.1177/0300891620974755. PMID 33176598. S2CID 226312450. Retrieved 9 December 2020. Available under CC BY 4.0.
  12. Saplakoglu, Yasemin (November 2020). "How early was the coronavirus really circulating in Italy?". Live Science.
  13. Huang, Chaolin; Wang, Yeming; Li, Xingwang; Ren, Lili; Zhao, Jianping; Hu, Yi; Zhang, Li; Fan, Guohui; Xu, Jiuyang; Gu, Xiaoying; Cheng, Zhenshun; Yu, Ting; Xia, Jiaan; Wei, Yuan; Wu, Wenjuan; Xie, Xuelei; Yin, Wen; Li, Hui; Liu, Min; Xiao, Yan; Gao, Hong; Guo, Li; Xie, Jungang; Wang, Guangfa; Jiang, Rongmeng; Gao, Zhancheng; Jin, Qi; Wang, Jianwei; Cao, Bin (February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". The Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMC 7159299. PMID 31986264.
  14. Duarte, Fernando (24 February 2020). "Who is 'patient zero' in the coronavirus outbreak?". BBC Future. BBC. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020 – via bbc.com.
  15. Wang, Yiqing (18 February 2020). "Mohubuqing de "linghao bingren" yu xinguan bingdu laiyuan zhengyi" 模糊不清的“零号病人”与新冠病毒来源争议 [The ambiguity over "patient zero" and the debate on the origins of the novel coronavirus]. BBC Chinese (in Chinese). BBC. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020 – via bbc.com.
  16. Gao, Yu; Peng, Yanfeng; Yang, Rui; et al. (26 February 2020). 独家|新冠病毒基因测序溯源：警报是何时拉响的 [Exclusive|Tracing the novel coronavirus gene sequencing: when the alarm sounded]. Caixin (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  17. " "Vision Medicals". Crunchbase. " Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  18. Ren, L.; Wang, J.; Jin, Q.; et al. (4 February 2020), "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 isolate BetaCoV/Wuhan/IPBCAMS-WH-01/2019, complete genome", Nucleotide, GenBank, National Center for Biotechnology Information, GenBank Accession number: MT019529.1
  19. See p. 4 Table 1 in Ren, Li-Li; Wang, Ye-Ming; Wu, Zhi-Qiang; et al. (11 February 2020). Hao, Xiu-Yuan; Wei, Pei-Fang (eds.). "Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study". Chinese Medical Journal. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000722. PMC 7147275. PMID 32004165.
  20. Yao, Yuan; Ma, Yujie; Zhou, Jialu (16 April 2020). "Xinhua Headlines: Chinese doctor recalls first encounter with mysterious virus". Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  21. 张翀 [Chong, Zhang] (8 February 2020). "她最早发现新冠肺炎疫情苗头 立即上报可疑病例" [She first discovered the signs of a new coronary pneumonia epidemic and immediately reported suspicious cases]. 民生 [Society]. 工人日报 [Worker's Daily] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 16 May 2020.
  22. Gāo Yù et al.,Caixin Online, 2019 referring to Weibo account "XiaoShanGou".
  23. Hugo Septier (3 May 2020). "Coronavirus: le professeur Cohen affirme qu'il y avait un cas de Covid-19 en France dès le 27 décembre". Santé. BFMTV (in French). NextRadioTV. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020 – via bmftv.com.
  24. Maria Cheng; John Leicester; James Keaten (5 May 2020). "French doctors: First virus case may have been in December". ABC News. ABC News. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  25. Morgan McFall-Johnsen; Isaac Sher; Hilary Brueck (7 May 2020). "New evidence suggests the coronavirus was likely spreading in the US and France as early as December". Business Insider. Insider Inc. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  26. Deslandes, A.; Berti, V.; Tandjaoui-Lambotte, Y.; Alloui, Chakib; Carbonnelle, E.; Zahar, J.R.; Brichler, S.; Cohen, Yves (3 May 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 was already spreading in France in late December 2019". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106006. PMC 7196402. PMID 32371096.
  27. Yeager, Ashley (5 May 2020). "Doctors Date First COVID-19 Case in France to Late December". The Scientist.
  28. "dashboard:suivi des tests". Tableau de bord COVID-19 Suivi de l'épidémie de COVID-19 en France. Santé publique France – via dashboard.covid19.data.gouv.fr.
  29. The 2019-nCoV Outbreak Joint Field Epidemiology Investigation Team; Li, Qun (22 January 2020). "An Outbreak of NCIP (2019-nCoV) Infection in China". China CDC Weekly. Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control. 2 (5): 79–80. ISSN 2096-7071. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020 – via weekly.chinacdc.cn.
  30. Yao et al.,Xinhuanet, 2020
  31. Marjorie P. Pollack (Mod.MPP), ed. (30 December 2019). "Undiagnosed pneumonia – China (HU)". ProMed. International Society for Infectious Diseases. RFI – Archive Number: 20191230.6864153 – via promedmail.org.
  32. 许雯 [Xǔ Wén] (31 December 2019). "武汉疾控证实：当地现不明原因肺炎病人，发病数在统计" [Wuhan CDC confirm: pneumonia infections of unknown cause has appeared in the local area, the number of infected people is being calculated]. 国内 [Inland]. 新京报网 [Beijing News Online] (in Chinese). 新京报 [Beijing News]. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 – via bjnews.com.cn.
  33. Chinese Human Rights Defenders (ed.). "关于做好不明原因肺炎救治工作的急通知" [Urgent notice on best practice for the medical treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause] (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2020 – via nchrd.org.
  34. 杨小刚 [Yáng Xiǎo Gāng], ed. (31 December 2019). "武汉不明原因肺炎已做好隔离 检测结果将第一时间对外公布". 第一财经 [First Finance] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 December 2019 – via yicai.com.
  35. "China — Original 2019-nCov news thread: weeks 1 – 4 (December 30, 2019 – January 25, 2020)". FluTrackers. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020.
  36. Farhi, Paul (14 March 2020). "How a blogger in Florida put out an early warning about the coronavirus crisis". Washington Post.
  37. Stone, Judy (11 January 2020). "Wuhan Coronavirus Outbreak Shows The Importance Of Sound Science, Sleuthing, And Cooperation". Forbes.
  38. Schnirring, Lisa (9 January 2020). "More details emerge on new coronavirus in Wuhan cluster". CIDRAP.umn.edu.
  39. Borger, Julian (18 April 2020). "Caught in a superpower struggle: the inside story of the WHO's response to coronavirus". The Guardian. Washington. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  40. Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (ed.). "武汉市卫健委关于当前我市肺炎疫情的情况通报" [Wuhan Municipal Health Department's message about our city's present pneumonia situation]. wjw.wuhan.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 9 January 2020.
  41. "[新闻直播间]湖北武汉发现不明原因肺炎 国家卫健委专家组已抵达武汉" [Hubei Wuhan detect pneumonia of unknown cause, National Health Committee expert team soon to arrive in Wuhan]. CCTV-13 (in Chinese). 央视网(cctv.com). 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020 – via tv.cctv.com.
  42. "刚刚，武汉市卫健委通报肺炎疫情：尚未发现人传人现象" [Just now, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission reported a pneumonia outbreak: No sign of human-to-human transmission yet]. News Center – Public Announcements. 湖北日报网 [Hubei Daily Online] (in Chinese). 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via news.cnhubei.com.
  43. 湖北日报网 [Hubei Daily Online], ed. (31 December 2019). "武汉发现不明原因肺炎，国家卫健委专家组已达武汉" [Wuhan detect pneumonia of unknown cause, National Health Committee expert team soon to arrive in Wuhan] (in Chinese). Retrieved 30 April 2020 – via py.cnhubei.com.
  44. Mandy Zuo; Lillian Cheng; Alice Yan; et al. (31 December 2019). "Hong Kong takes emergency steps as mystery 'pneumonia' infects 27 in Wuhan". Politics. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  45. "Chinese officials investigate cause of pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan". Reuters. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  46. "China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia". Deutsche Welle. 31 December 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020 – via dw.com.
  47. "CHP closely monitors cluster of pneumonia cases on Mainland". Press Releases. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  48. "Timeline of WHO's response to COVID-19". WHO. 9 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020. WHO’s Country Office in the People’s Republic of China picked up a media statement by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission from their website on cases of ‘viral pneumonia’ in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China.
  49. Marisa Taylor (22 March 2020). "Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak". Health News. Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  50. "CDC implements extra inspection measures for Wuhan flights". Taiwan Today. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China. 2 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  51. Borak, Marsha (17 April 2020). "How a Reddit-like forum helped Taiwan prepare early for Covid-19". Abacus News. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  52. Chang, Ming-hsuan; Chen, Wei-ting; Ko, Lin (17 April 2020). "CORONAVIRUS/How an online post forewarned Taiwan about COVID-19". Central News Agency. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.