Urothoe marina

Urothoe marina
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Amphipoda
Suborder:	Gammaridea
Family:	Urothoidae
Genus:	Urothoe
Species:	U. marina
Binomial name
	Urothoe marina; (Bate, 1857) [1]
Synonyms [1]
	U. pectina Grube, 1868; U. pectinatus Grube, 1868;

Urothoe marina is a species of small marine amphipod crustaceans in the family Urothoidae. It is found on and burrowing in coarse sediments in shallow coastal waters off northwestern Europe.

Description

U. marina is about 8 millimetres (0.3 in) long, crescent-shaped and a yellowish-white colour. It is laterally compressed and normally lies on one side. The head is fused with the thorax and bears two unequal sized antennae. In the male, the lower antenna is as long as the body but in the female, it is only just longer than the upper one. The upper antenna has a short side branch.[2] The stalked eyes are black. Those of the male are very large while the female has smaller, oval eyes. The thorax consists of eight somites each with its own appendages and some setae. The posterior pereiopods are wider than they are long and have feathery setae. The uropods are densely hairy and the short telson has a single spine and a few setae.[3]

Distribution

U. marina occurs off the coasts of northwest Europe. Its range includes the North Sea, the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean from the Shetland Isles southwards to the Bay of Biscay. It is usually found in the neritic zone and at depths of down to 200 metres (660 ft).[3]

Reproduction

U. marina becomes sexually mature at about five months old and may live for a year. The sexes are distinct and breeding takes place between April and October. Fertilisation is internal and there are about fifteen eggs, with batches produced every fifteen days or so. The eggs are brooded rather than being liberated into the water column and the juveniles grow rapidly. Biological dispersal of this species is very limited.[4]

Ecology

The back three legs of U. marina have flattened joints and are used for digging and it can quickly disappear into the substrate.[2] It is often found in association with the sea potato (Echinocardium cordatum), making use of its burrow as a refuge.[5] It also found in association with members of the sea cucumber family, Synaptidae.[3]

References

Mark Costello & Denise Bellan-Santini (2011). J. Lowry (ed.). "Urothoe marina (Bate, 1857)". World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
J. H. Barrett & C. M. Yonge (1958). Collins Pocket Guide to the Sea Shore. London: Collins.
Marine Species Identification Portal
"Urothoe". Marine Macrofauna Genus Trait Handbook. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
P. J. Hayward; M. J. Isaac; P. Makings; J. Moyse; E. Naylor & G. Smaldon (1995). "Crustaceans". In P. J. Hayward & John Stanley Ryland (eds.). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-west Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–461. ISBN 978-0-19-854055-7.

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[WoRMS-1] Mark Costello & Denise Bellan-Santini (2011). J. Lowry (ed.). "Urothoe marina (Bate, 1857)". World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved July 25, 2011.

[CPG-2] J. H. Barrett & C. M. Yonge (1958). Collins Pocket Guide to the Sea Shore. London: Collins.

[MSIP-3] Marine Species Identification Portal

[MMGTH-4] "Urothoe". Marine Macrofauna Genus Trait Handbook. Retrieved July 25, 2011.

[Hayward-5] P. J. Hayward; M. J. Isaac; P. Makings; J. Moyse; E. Naylor & G. Smaldon (1995). "Crustaceans". In P. J. Hayward & John Stanley Ryland (eds.). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-west Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–461. ISBN 978-0-19-854055-7.