Weil–Felix test
The Weil–Felix test is an agglutination test for the diagnosis of rickettsial infections. It was first described in 1916. By virtue of its long history and of its simplicity, it has been one of the most widely employed tests for rickettsia on a global scale, despite being superseded in many settings by more sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. The Weil-Felix antibody was recently found to target rickettsia LPS O-antigen.[1]
| Weil–Felix test | |
|---|---|
| Purpose | diagnosis of rickettsial infections |
History and basis for test
The basis of the test is the presence of antigenic cross-reactivity between Rickettsia spp. and certain serotypes of non-motile Proteus spp., a phenomenon first published by Edmund Weil and Arthur Felix in 1916.[2] Weil-Felix is a nonspecific agglutination test which detects anti-rickettsial antibodies in patient’s serum. Weil-Felix test is based on cross-reactions which occur between antibodies produced in acute rickettsial infections with antigens of OX (OX 19, OX 2, and OXK) strains of Proteus species. Dilution of patient’s serum are tested against suspensions of the different Proteus strains.
Typhus group rickettsiae (Rickettsia prowazekii, R. typhi) react with P. vulgaris OX19, and scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) reacts with P. mirabilis OXK. The spotted fever group rickettsiae (R. rickettsii, R. africae, R. japonica, etc.) react with P. vulgaris OX2 and OX19, to varying degrees, depending on the species.[3]
The Weil–Felix test suffers from poor sensitivity and specificity, with a recent study showing an overall sensitivity as low as 33% and specificity of 46%.[4] Other studies have had similar findings.[5] As a result, it has largely been supplanted by other methods of serology, including indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) testing, which is the gold standard. However, in resource-limited settings, it still remains an important tool in the diagnosis and identification of public health concerns, such as outbreaks of epidemic typhus.
Procedure
The Weil–Felix test can be done as either a slide or a tube test. The antigens necessary (OX2, OX19, and OXK) can be obtained commercially.
Slide method
On a solid surface (glass slide, tile, card), a small amount (50–100 μL) of the patient’s serum is placed. A single drop of the desired antigen is added, and the resulting suspension is mixed and then rotated for one minute. Visible agglutination is indicative of a positive result, and corresponds roughly to a titer of 1:20. Positive results can be further titrated using the tube method, which is more labour-intensive.
Tube method
Using 0.25% phenol saline as a diluent, a series of tubes containing twofold dilutions of patient serum are made with a final volume of 1 mL. A drop of antigen suspension is added to each tube, and the mixture is incubated at 50–55 °C for 4–6 hours. A positive tube would show visible flocculation or granulation, which is accentuated when the tube is gently agitated. The titer corresponds to the most dilute tube in the series that still shows positivity. Generally, a titer of ≥1:320 is considered diagnostic.
References
- Kim, Hwan Keun; Premaratna, Ranjan; Missiakas, Dominique M.; Schneewind, Olaf (2019-08-14). "Rickettsia conorii O antigen is the target of bactericidal Weil–Felix antibodies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (39): 19659–19664. doi:10.1073/pnas.1911922116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6765297. PMID 31413191.
- Cruikshank, R. The Weil-Felix reaction in typhus fever. 1927. J Hyg (Lond) 27(1): 64–69.
- Walker, DH and DH Bouyer. Rickettsia and Orientia. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th Edition. 2007. ASM Press:Washington, DC. p. 1042
- Kularatne, SAM and IB Gawarammana. Validity of the Weil-Felix test in the diagnosis of acute rickettsial infections in Sri Lanka. 2009. T Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 103:423–424.
- Kaplan, JE, and LB Schonberger. 1986. The sensitivity of various serologic tests in the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35:840–844.