Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg (/jɪkətərɪnˈbɜːrɡ/;[12] Russian: Екатеринбу́рг, IPA: [jɪkətʲɪrʲɪnˈburk]), alternatively romanized Ekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk (Свердло́вск) (1924–1991), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District, Russia. The city is located on the Iset River in Western Siberia, with a population of roughly 1.5 million residents,[13] up to 2.2 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the second-largest city in Siberia, and the largest city in the Ural Federal District, as well as one of the main cultural and industrial centres of Russia. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of economy, culture, transportation and tourism.[14][15][16][17]

Yekaterinburg Екатеринбург
City[1]
Top-down, left-to-right: View of Yekaterinburg-City and the Iset River from Vysotsky; City Administrative Building; Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center; Church of All Saints; Sevastyanov's House; the main building of the Ural Federal University.
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg Location of Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg (Russia) Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg (Europe)
Coordinates: 56°50′08″N 60°36′46″E
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Sverdlovsk Oblast[1]
Founded	18 November 1723[2]
City status since	1796
Government
• Body	City Duma[3]
• Head[4]	Alexey Orlov[4]
Area [5]
• Total	495 km^2 (191 sq mi)
Elevation	237 m (778 ft)
Population  (2010 Census)[6]
• Total	1,349,772
• Estimate  (2017)[7]	1,488,791
• Rank	4th in 2010
• Density	2,700/km^2 (7,100/sq mi)
Administrative status
• Subordinated to	City of Yekaterinburg[8]
• Capital of	Sverdlovsk Oblast[1], City of Yekaterinburg
Municipal status
• Urban okrug	Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug[9]
• Capital of	Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug[9]
Time zone	UTC+5 (MSK+2 [10])
Postal code(s)[11]	620000
Dialing code(s)	+7 343[11]
OKTMO ID	65701000001
City Day	3rd Saturday of August
Website	www.ekburg.ru

The region was settled and developed by Novgorodians by the 11th century.[18] Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Russian emperor Peter the Great's wife, who after his death became Catherine I, Yekaterina being the Russian form of her name. The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia at the time. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province, and built the historical Siberian Route through the city. Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources, and was known as the "Window to Asia". In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after the Russian SFSR became a part of the Soviet Union, and a socialist state, the city was named Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov. During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. In 1991, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city returned to its historical name.

Yekaterinburg is one of the most important economic centres in Russia, and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The city is currently experiencing an economic and population boom, which resulted with some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia being located in the city. Yekaterinburg is home to the headquarters of the Central Military District of the Russian Armed Forces, as well as the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and will be the host city of the 2023 Summer Universiade.

History

Prehistory

Casting mold that can hold 5 sickles, dating back to the Bronze Age

The area was settled in prehistory. The earliest settlements date to 8000–7000 BC, in the Mesolithic period. The Isetskoe Pravoberezhnoye I archaeological site contains a Neolithic settlement dated to 6000–5000 BC. It includes stone processing workshops with artefacts such as grinding plates, anvils, clumps of rock, tools, and finished products. Over 50 different types of rock and minerals were used in tool making, indicating extensive knowledge of the region's natural resources. The Gamayun peninsula (left bank of the Upper Iset pond) has archaeological findings from the Chalcolithic Period: workshops for producing stone tools (upper area) and two dwellings of the Ayat people (lower area). There are also traces of the Koptyak people from 2000 BC: dishes decorated with bird images and evidence of metallurgical production. The Tent I site contains the only Koptyak burials discovered in the Ural Mountains. In the Bronze Age, the Gamayun people lived in the area. They left fragments of ceramics, weapons, and ornaments.[19][20][21]

Archaeological artifacts in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg were first discovered during railway construction, at the end of the 19th century. Excavation and research began in the 20th century. Artifacts are held at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, at the Hermitage, at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, and at other museums.[20]

Imperial era

Yekaterinburg, 1789

The settlements within the boundaries of the future city were the villages of Uktus, and Verkhniy Uktus, Novaya Pyshma, or Novopyshminskaya. In 1702-1704, the first mining plant was built - Uktusskiy-Nizhniy, which burned down "without a trace" in the spring of 1718. In 1714-1716 on the river the source was built and produced a small private ironworks, known as the Shuvakishsky. Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg with the construction of a massive iron-making plant under the decree of Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1723.[22] They named the city after the emperor's wife, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine I.[2] Officially, the city's founding date is 18 November 1723, when the shops carried out a test run of the bloomery for trip hammers.[2] The plant was commissioned 6 days later, on 24 November. It was the largest and most advanced metallurgical enterprise in the world.[23] 1723 also saw the establishment of Yekaterinburg fortress, which would encompass many of the settlement's earliest buildings. In 1722-1726 the Verkhne-Uktussky mining plant was built,[24] which was officially called the plant of the princess Elizabeth (the future village of Elizabeth, or Elizavetinskoe). Since August 1718, the Nizhne-Uktussky mining plant was rebuilt, where by the end of the year more than 500 poods of pure copper had been produced. However, the plant did not receive further development due to the lack of water in Uktus. At this time, the commissar of the burnt down Uktusskiy plant TM Burtsov was ordered to find out "if there is another place nearby where another mining plant could be built ... on this or another river." By February 16–17, 1723, the project of the plant and the dam on the Iset was drawn up and approved. Construction on the Iset river actually began in February–March 1723 by D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak very vividly described the beginning of the construction of a mining plant and a fortress: “Imagine completely deserted banks of the Iset River, covered with forest. In the spring of 1723, soldiers from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen appeared, and everything around came to life, as if by the dictates of a fairy tale. They dropped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the rampart, set up barracks and houses for the authorities... ”.[25]

It was granted town status in 1796.

Plan of Yekaterinburg, 1743

The city was one of Russia's first industrial cities, prompted at the start of the 18th century by decrees from the Tsar requiring the development in Yekaterinburg of metalworking industries. The city was built, with extensive use of iron, to a regular square plan with iron works and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls, so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It therefore found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian Route became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window to Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, nominated the city as the administrative centre for the wider region.[26][27] In 1807, the role of the capital of the mining and smelting region was confirmed by assigning it the status of the only "mountain city" in Russia. Until 1863, Yekaterinburg remained subordinate to the head of the mining plants of the Uralsky ridge, the minister of finance and personally to the emperor, and enjoyed considerable freedom from the governor's power. Since the 1830s, mountainous Yekaterinburg has become the center of mechanical engineering.[28]

Cathedral on the Blood stands on the site of the Ipatiev House, where the Romanovs — the last royal family of Russia — were executed

Following the October Revolution, the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II was sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were executed by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city.[29][30] The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919.[31][32]

Soviet era

Snow-covered statue of Yakov Sverdlov

In the years following the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, political authority of the Urals was transferred from Perm to Yekaterinburg. On 19 October 1920, Yekaterinburg established its first university, the Ural State University, as well as polytechnic, pedagogical, and medical institutions under the decree of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. Enterprises in the city ravaged by the war were nationalised, including: the Metalist (formerly Yates) Plant, the Verkh-Isetsky (formerly Yakovleva) Plant, and the Lenin flax-spinning factory (formerly Makarov). In 1924, the city of Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov.[33][34][31]

During the reign of Stalin, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry. Old factories were reconstructed and new large factories were built, especially those specialised in machine-building and metalworking. These plants included Uralmash, Magnitogorsk, and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. During this time, the population of Sverdlovsk tripled in size, and it became one of the fastest growing cities of the Soviet Union. At that time, very large powers were given to the regional authorities. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk.[35][36]

During World War II, the city became the headquarters of the Ural Military District on the basis of which more than 500 different military units and formations were formed, including the 22nd Army and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. Uralmash became a main production site for armoured vehicles. Many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945.[37] In the postwar years, new industrial and agricultural enterprises were put into operation and massive housing construction began.[38][31] The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Nikita Khrushchev's government.[39] In 1977, Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in accordance to a resolution from the Politburo in order to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists. Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998.[40] There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility.[41]

Contemporary era

During the 1991 coup d'état attempt, Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in the event that Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time.[42] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 4 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name.[43][44]

In the 2000s, an intensive growth of trade, business, and tourism began in Yekaterinburg. In 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated in Yekaterinburg. On 15–17 June 2009, the SCO and BRIC summits were held in Yekaterinburg, which greatly improved the economic, cultural and tourist situation in the city. On 13–16 July 2010, a meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel took place in the city.[45]

In 2018, Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[46]

Geography and climate

Location

Yekaterinburg City and vicinities, satellite image of ESA Sentinel-2

Yekaterinburg is situated on the border of Europe and Asia, 1,667 km (1,036 mi) east of Moscow and 3,375 km (2,097 mi) west of Irkutsk.

The city has a total area of 495 km² (191 sq mi).

Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River, which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River. There are two lakes in the city, notably the Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, in which the Iset River goes through. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both nearby the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near the town of Sredneuralsk, and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.

Urban layout

The modern city of Yekaterinburg developed as a factory inside a fortress. All construction in Yekaterinburg proceeded in accordance with the general plan developed by a graduate of the artillery academy M.S. Kutuzov. The first master plan of Yekaterinburg testifies to the fact that the development of the city on the Iset was carried out according to the best examples of the fortification art of Germany, the Netherlands and France. The plan of Yekaterinburg and all the Ural city-plants is based on a strict regular planning, a new principle of Russian urban planning at the beginning of the 18th century. Such a city-factory system was predetermined by a rectangular fortress and two perpendicular axes determined by the location of the dam and the Iset River. These axes were also the basis for the composition of the center of modern Sverdlovsk. The fortress, built "for safety from the restless people", with the dimensions of the sides 654X762 m, was a system of earthen ramparts, the height of which reached 2.5 m, and the width at the top was 1.5 m. There were six bastions at the corners of the fortress and along its main axis. From the east, the earthen rampart on the inside had a wooden "palisade" (palisade) and a ditch 1.5 m deep and 4.5 m wide. Wooden slingshots were placed at a distance of 25–30 m from the ditch. The ramparts of the bastions were reinforced with a wooden palisade. Inside the Yekaterinburg fortress, from west to east, "a dam with over 100 sazhens in length, 4 sazhens in height was erected, and the foundation was laid for it 37 sazhens in thickness, and at the top of 25 sazhens". The dam consisted of an earthen embankment and was reinforced with wooden frameworks.

On both sides of the dam, pre-plant areas were formed, which is typical for many Ural city-plants. In many cities, including Yekaterinburg, squares had a strict functional purpose: one of them (eastern) was church, the other (western) was commercial. The trading area housed the buildings of the Siberian Oberbergamt with an office (Main Board of Siberian Plants), a school and a hospital. Almost in the center of the square, along the axis of the dam, there was a church, which closed the perspective of the main street. Subsequently, shopping arcades were built to the right of the church. The eastern square (like the western one) is rectangular in shape and is built up with residential buildings for officials. A church was also built on this square. Thus, the dam, pond, squares with their buildings constituted the architectural and planning unity of the central part of the fortress plant. Almost all the wooden workshops of the plant were located parallel to each other along the Iset, directly behind the dam. This arrangement of workshops was dictated by production, and most importantly, by the need to supply water to the water-operated wheels of the workshops. Inside the Yekaterinburg Fortress, along the fortress walls, there were residential houses of mining officials, clergymen, artisans and workers in a strict order. A small number of these houses were located outside the fortress along the banks of the pond and the river. Iset. Almost all buildings in Yekaterinburg, with the exception of blast furnaces, were built of wood. The churches, the building of the Oberbergamt, were hut on stone foundations. For the laying of the stoves, a special refractory stone was used, which was delivered to Yekaterinburg from the villages of Klevakino and Lipovka. Further development of the economic functions of the city led to the expansion of the settlement outside the boundaries of the fortress. In the 30s of the XVIII century the Yekaterinburg Mining Plant is the largest plant in Russia. The general plan of 1743 testifies to significant construction outside the fortress while maintaining a strict regular layout. The western side of the fortress is expanding and acquires a broken line in connection with the construction of a rectangular stone living yard and three blocks of residential buildings. Then a large two-story building of the main office of the plant is built, and later - laboratories and schools. The plans of the buildings have an enfilade system, and their facades are distinguished by their simplicity and efficiency.[47][48][49][50]

Time

Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time.[51]

Climate

North side of Devil's Settlement

The city possesses a humid continental climate (Dfb) under the Köppen climate classification.[52] It is characterised by sharp variability in weather conditions, with well-marked seasons. The Ural Mountains, despite their insignificant height, block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. As a result, the Central Urals are open to the invasion of cold arctic air and continental air from the West Siberian Plain. Equally, warm air masses from the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia can freely penetrate from the south. Therefore, the weather in Yekaterinburg is characterised by sharp temperature fluctuations and weather anomalies: in winter, from frost at -40 °C to thaw and rain; in summer, from temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F) to frosts.[52]

The distribution of precipitation is determined by the circulation of air masses, relief, and air temperatures. The main part of the precipitation is brought by cyclones with a western air mass transfer, that is, from the European part of Russia, while their average annual amount is 542 mm. The maximum falls on a warm season, during which about 60–70% of the annual amount falls. For the winter period is characterized by snow cover with an average capacity of 40–50 cm. The coefficient of moistening (the ratio of yearly precipitation and potential evaporation) - 1.[52]

• The average temperature in January is −12.6 °C (9.3 °F). The record minimum temperature is −44.6 °C (−48.3 °F) (6 January 1915);
• The average July temperature is 19.0 °C (66.2 °F). The record maximum temperature is 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) (1 July 1911);
• The average annual temperature is 3 °C (37 °F);
• The average annual wind speed is 2.9 m/s (10 km/h; 6.5 mph);
• The average annual humidity is 71%;
• The average annual precipitation is 542 mm (21.3 in);

Climate data for Yekaterinburg
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	5.6 (42.1)	9.4 (48.9)	17.3 (63.1)	28.8 (83.8)	33.4 (92.1)	35.6 (96.1)	38.8 (101.8)	37.2 (99.0)	31.9 (89.4)	24.7 (76.5)	13.5 (56.3)	5.9 (42.6)	38.8 (101.8)
Average high °C (°F)	−9.1 (15.6)	−6.8 (19.8)	1.0 (33.8)	9.8 (49.6)	17.4 (63.3)	23.0 (73.4)	24.4 (75.9)	21.1 (70.0)	14.5 (58.1)	6.8 (44.2)	−2.8 (27.0)	−7.9 (17.8)	7.6 (45.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−12.6 (9.3)	−11.1 (12.0)	−3.8 (25.2)	4.3 (39.7)	11.3 (52.3)	17.1 (62.8)	19.0 (66.2)	15.9 (60.6)	9.8 (49.6)	3.4 (38.1)	−5.8 (21.6)	−11.0 (12.2)	3.0 (37.4)
Average low °C (°F)	−15.7 (3.7)	−14.5 (5.9)	−7.6 (18.3)	0.0 (32.0)	6.2 (43.2)	12.1 (53.8)	14.4 (57.9)	11.9 (53.4)	6.4 (43.5)	0.7 (33.3)	−8.3 (17.1)	−13.7 (7.3)	−0.7 (30.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−44.6 (−48.3)	−42.4 (−44.3)	−39.2 (−38.6)	−21.8 (−7.2)	−13.5 (7.7)	−5.3 (22.5)	1.5 (34.7)	−2.2 (28.0)	−9.0 (15.8)	−22.0 (−7.6)	−39.2 (−38.6)	−44.0 (−47.2)	−44.6 (−48.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	27 (1.1)	20 (0.8)	21 (0.8)	28 (1.1)	50 (2.0)	75 (3.0)	91 (3.6)	73 (2.9)	58 (2.3)	39 (1.5)	33 (1.3)	27 (1.1)	542 (21.3)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	33 (13)	42 (17)	38 (15)	5 (2.0)	1 (0.4)	0.4 (0.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.4)	8 (3.1)	21 (8.3)	150.4 (59.8)
Average rainy days	1	1	5	13	20	20	19	22	22	17	6	1	147
Average snowy days	26	23	18	10	4	0.4	0	0	2	13	23	25	144
Average relative humidity (%)	79	75	68	60	58	63	68	73	75	75	78	79	71
Mean monthly sunshine hours	47	94	164	206	256	272	269	217	143	78	51	37	1,834
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[53]
Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[54]

Demographics

Population

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1897	43,239	—
1926	140,000	+223.8%
1939	423,000	+202.1%
1959	779,000	+84.2%
1970	1,025,000	+31.6%
1979	1,211,172	+18.2%
1989	1,364,621	+12.7%
2002	1,293,537	−5.2%
2010	1,349,772	+4.3%
2013	1,396,074	+3.4%
2015	1,428,042	+2.3%

According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Yekaterinburg was 1,349,772;[6] up from 1,293,537 recorded in the 2002 Census.[55]

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (1,349,772) was:

• Russians: 1,106,688 (89.04%)
• Tatars: 46,232 (3.72%)
• Ukrainians: 12,815 (1.03%)
• Bashkirs: 11,922 (0.96%)
• Mari: 6,481 (0.52%)
• Azerbaijanis: 6,381 (0.51%)
• Tajiks: 5,868 (0.47%)
• Armenians: 5,271 (0.42%)
• Jews: 4,339 (0.35%)
• Uzbeks: 4,072 (0.33%)
• Others: 32,863 (2.64%)

Religion

This photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky from 1910 shows the tallest building in the pre-revolutionary Urals, the Great Zlatoust bell tower

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which most are adherents to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Yekaterinburg and Verkhotursky diocese is located in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in the city. Other religions practised in Yekaterinburg include Islam, Old Believers, Catholicism, Protestantism, and Judaism.

Yekaterinburg has a large percentage of Muslims, but the community suffers from a lack of mosques in the city: there are only two small mosques. Another mosque was built in the nearby city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma. On 24 November 2007, the first stone was laid in the construction of a large Cathedral Mosque with four minarets, and space for 2,500 parishioners in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral and a synagogue, thus forming the "area of the three religions".[56] The mosque was planned to be built for the SCO summit, but due to funding problems, construction did not move from zero and is now frozen.

Construction of a Methodist church started in 1992, and with the help of American donations, finished in 2001.[57] A synagogue was opened in 2005, on the same place a 19th-century synagogue was demolished in 1962.

Most of the city's religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era, in addition to the synagogue, the three largest Orthodox churches in Yekaterinburg were demolished – the Epiphany Cathedral, the Ekaterininsky Cathedral, and the Great Zlatoust Church. Other Christian churches such as the Lutheran Church of Yekaterinburg and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne (a new Catholic church of the same name was built in 2000) were demolished as well. Other churches were used as warehouses and industrial sites. The only religious building in Yekaterinburg in the Soviet era was the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. Recently, some churches are being rebuilt. Since 2006, according to the surviving drawings, the Great Zlatoust Church was restored in 2012. On 17 April 2010, the city was visited by Patriarch Kirill.[58]

Government

Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast.[1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities, incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg,[8] an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug.[9]

Administrative districts

Administrative districts of Yekaterinburg[59]
Label	OKATO	Name	Area	Population (2017)[60]	Founded	Head	Website	Dialing code(s)	Subdivisions
1	65 401 364	Verkh-Isetsky	240 square kilometres (93 sq mi)	213,020	1919	Nyrkov Sergey Fedorovich	.cm	+7 3432, +7 3433	8
2	65 401 368	Zheleznodorozhnyy	126.3 square kilometres (48.8 sq mi)	161,670	1938	Kurochkin Andrey Viktorovich	.cm	+7 343	8
3	65 401 385	Ordzhonikidzevsky	102 square kilometres (39 sq mi)	284,510	1934	Trapeznikov Vyacheslav Anatolyevich	.cm	+7 3433	6
4	65 401 373	Kirovsky	72 square kilometres (28 sq mi)	225,691	1943	Loshakov Alexander Yurievich	.cm	+7 343	7
5	65 401 380	Oktyabrsky	157 square kilometres (61 sq mi)	146,670	1934	Rudometov Roman Alexandrovich	.cm	+7 3432	11
6	65 401 390	Chkalovsky	402 square kilometres (155 sq mi)	265,113	1943	Misharin Vyacheslav Nikolayevich	.cm	+7 3432	10
7	65 401 377	Leninsky	25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi)	158,840	1934	Dmitry Nozhenko	.cm	+7 343	3

Each district is not a municipal formation, and the historical centre of the city is divided into five inner-city districts (except Chkalovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky).

A district named Akademichesky formed from the Leninsky and Verkh-Isetsky Districts is proposed.[61]

Urban

Building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg located on 1905 Square

The Charter of Yekaterinburg establishes a four-link system for the organisation of local authorities, which includes: the Head of Yekaterinburg, who serves as the chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, and the Chamber of Accounts.[62]

According to the charter of Yekaterinburg, the highest official of the municipal formation is the mayor of Yekaterinburg. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage, but since 3 April 2018, the procedure for direct elections of the mayor of the City of Yekaterinburg was abolished. The position is held by Yevgeny Roizman since 14 September 2013. The mayor of the city is endowed with representative powers and powers to organize activities and guide the activities of the City Duma. In addition, the mayor of the city exercises other powers such as concluding a contract with the head of the city administration and ensuring compliance with the Russian Constitution, Russian legislation, the city charter, and other normative acts.[63][64]

In the event of a temporary absence of the mayor of Yekaterinburg, his authority under his written order is exercised by the deputy mayor of Yekaterinburg.[65]

The representative body of the municipal formation is the Yekaterinburg City Duma, which represents the entire population of the city. The membership of the Duma is 36 deputies (18 deputies were elected in single-mandate constituencies and 18 in a single electoral district). Deputies are elected by residents of the city on the basis of universal suffrage for a period of 5 years.[62]

The executive and administrative body of the municipal formation is the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, led by the head of the Administration, currently held by Aleksandr Yacob. The administration is endowed with its own powers to resolve issues of local importance, but it is under the control and accountable to the Yekaterinburg City Duma. The building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg is located on 1905 Square.[64]

The Chamber of Accounts is a permanently operating body of external municipal financial control. The Chamber is formed by the apparatus of the City Duma and is accountable to it. The Chamber consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, auditors and staff. The structure and number of staff of the chamber, including the number of auditors, is determined by the decision of the City Duma. The term of office of the Chamber staff is 5 years. The Chamber of Accounts is a legal entity.[65]

Oblast

The building of Sverdlovsk Oblast's Legislative Assembly

In accordance with the regional charter, Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the Sverdlovsk Oblast.[1] The executive power is exercised by the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, the legislative power by the legislative assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the judicial power by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, located in the building of the Palace of Justice.[66] The building serving the regional government is the White House and the building serving the legislative assembly is located next to it on October Square. The ministries of the Sverdlovsk Region are located in the building of the regional government, as well as in other separate buildings of the city.[67]

Federal

Residence of the presidential envoy of the Ural Federal District

Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Ural Federal District. As a result, it serves as the residence of the presidential envoy, the highest official of the district and part of the administration of the President of Russia. The residence is located the building of the regional government on October Square near the Iset River embankment. The position is currently held by Igor Khalmanskikh.[68]

In addition, Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Central Military District and more than 30 territorial branches of the federal executive bodies, whose jurisdiction extends not only to Sverdlovsk Oblast, but also to other regions in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, and the Volga Region. Its current district commander is Lieutenant-General Aleksandr Lapin, who has held the position since 22 November 2017.[69]

Politics

According to the results of the September 2013 elections, the mayor of the city was Yevgeny Roizman, nominated by the Civil Platform party. Out of the 36 seats in the City Duma, 21 belong to United Russia, 7 to A Just Russia, 3 to the Civil Platform, 2 to the Communist Party and 1 seat to the LDPR. The turnout in the mayoral elections was 33.57%.[70]

Russian federal legislative election, 2016[71]

	United Russia	Dmitry Medvedev	78,289	38.4%
	A Just Russia	Sergey Mironov	31,288	15.4%
	LDPR	Vladimir Zhirinovsky	25,869	12.7%
	Communist Party	Gennady Zyuganov	22,293	10.9%
	Yabloko	Emilia Slabunova	11,340	5.6%
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%

It was the last popular vote in Yekaterinburg. Since 2018, there have been no elections, but a vote in the Municipal Duma. On 25 September 2018 the majority of the representatives in the Duma voted in favour of the Vice-Governor of Sverdlovsk oblast, Alexander Vysokinskiy.

Economy

Overview

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest economic centres in Russia. It is included in the City-600 list (it unites the 600 largest cities in the world that produce 60% of global GDP), compiled by the McKinsey Global Institute, a research organisation. In 2010, the consulting company estimated the gross product of Yekaterinburg to be about $19 billion (according to the calculations of the company, it should grow to $40 billion by 2025).[72][73]

By volume of the economy, Yekaterinburg ranks third in the country, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to a research of the Institute for Urban Economics, in the ranking of the largest cities and regional capital cities according to economic standards for 2015, Yekaterinburg ranked 3rd. The city's gross urban product (GVP) was 898 billion rubles. Per capita GDP was 621.0 thousand rubles (18th place).[74] In 2015, the gross urban product of the Yekaterinburg metropolitan area amounted to 50.7 billion international dollars (the fourth place in the country) or 25.4 thousand international dollars in terms of per inhabitant of the metropolitan area.[75]

In the Soviet era, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) was a purely industrial city, with a share of industry in the economy of 90% (of which 90% were in defense production). With Chelyabinsk and Perm, the three cities formed what to be the Urals industrial hub.[76]

The former head of Yekaterinburg, Arkady Chernetsky, has set the goal of diversifying the city's economy, which has resulted in the development of sectors such as warehousing, transportation, logistics, telecommunications, financial sector, wholesale and retail trade, etc. in Yekaterinburg.[76] Economist-geographer Natalia Zubarevich points out that at the present stage, Yekaterinburg has practically lost its industrial specialisation.[77]

Living costs and the labor market

Aquamarine apartment complex with the topped out 188-meter Vysotsky skyscraper in the background

The standard of living in Yekaterinburg exceeds the average standard across Russia. According to the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, it is among the top ten cities with the highest standard of living. Compared to other Russian cities with a population of around or over one million, in 2015, Yekaterinburg held a leading position in terms of average monthly wages and retail turnover, in terms of the total volume of investments in 4th place of fixed assets, and 2nd place in housing placement.[78][79]

Iset Tower is a 52-story residential skyscraper and is the tallest building in Yekaterinburg. It is located within the vicinity of Yekaterinburg-City

The average monthly wage in Yekaterinburg following the results of 2015 was 41,492 rubles. There are on average 440,300 people employed by large and middle-sized organisations and companies. The unemployment rate at the end of 2015 was 0.83% of the total economically active population. Locals labelled the main problems of the city such the current state of the healthcare system, housing system, and transportation system.[79][80]

The budget of Yekaterinburg in 2015 was executed on income in the amount of 32,063.6 million rubles, for expenses in the amount of 32,745.8 million rubles. Among the budget expenditures: 17 billion rubles were spent on education, over 1 billion rubles on culture, and about 900 million rubles on health. The main part of the revenue of the city treasury was its own tax and non-tax revenues (more than 18 billion rubles). The revenues from the regional and federal budgets were at the lowest level in 10 years. Specialists noted a decrease in tax revenues and an increase in tax debt (exceeded 2 billion rubles).[79][81]

The main budget expenditures are the development of the economy (which accounts for 19% of expenditures) and the social security of the townspeople (11% of expenditures go). Cities such as Perm, Kazan and Ufa, spend for these purposes in a smaller percentage of costs (from 2 to 6%). Also, a fairly strict budgetary discipline is noted—the budget deficit is kept at the level of 2% of its volume.[82]

Finance and business

Yekaterinburg-City along the Iset River

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest financial and business centres in Russia, with offices of multinational corporations, representative offices of foreign companies, and a large number of federal and regional financial and credit organisations. The financial market of Yekaterinburg is characterised by stability and independence, based both on the broad presence of large foreign and Moscow credit organisations and on the availability of large and stable local financial holdings.[83]

The financial sector of Yekaterinburg has more than 100 banks, including 11 foreign banks. The list of the largest Russian banks for assets for 2016 included 10 banks registered in Yekaterinburg, including but not all: Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, SKB-Bank, Uraltransbank, and UM Bank.[84][85]

Also in Yekaterinburg is the Ural headquarters of the Central Bank of Russia. Since 7 August 2017, by order of the Bank of Russia, the branches of the Siberian, Far Eastern and part of the Prevolzhsky Federal Districts have been transferred to the control of the Ural Megaregal Directorate. Thus, this is one of the three main departments of the Mega-regulator in the territory of Russia.[86]

A major role in the formation of Yekaterinburg as a business centre has its infrastructural potential, which is growing at a high rate: transport accessibility for Russian and foreign economic entities, the availability of hotels, advanced communication services, business related services (consulting, exhibition activities, etc.).[83] Yekaterinburg has its own central business district, Yekaterinburg City.[87]

Industry

1st Pyatiletka Square, where Uralmash is headquartered

Yekaterinburg has been a major industrial centre since its foundation. In the 18th century, the main branches were smelting and processing of metal. Since the beginning of the 19th century, machine building appeared, and in the second half of the 19th century, light and food (especially milling) industry was widely spread. A new stage in the development of production occurred during the period of industrialisation – at this time in the city, factories were built, which determined the industry specialisation of heavy engineering. During World War II, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) hosted about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine, as a result of which there was a sharp increase in the production capacity of existing plants and the emergence of new branches of the Urals industry.

At present, more than 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg, 197 of them in manufacturing industries.[83] In 2015, they shipped 323,288 million rubles worth of own-produced goods. Production by industry was divided accordingly: metallurgical production and metalworking 20.9%, food production 13.3%, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 9.2%, production of vehicles 8.4%, production of machinery and equipment 6.4%, chemical production 5.5%, production of other nonmetallic mineral products 3.7%, production of rubber and plastic products 2.8%, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing 0.5%, and other 29.3%.[88]

Several headquarters of large Russian industrial companies are located in the city: IDGC of Urals, Enel Russia, Steel-Industrial Company, Russian Copper Company, Kalina, NLMK-Sort, VIZ-Stal, Sinara Group, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Automation Association named after academician NA Semikhatov, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), Fat Plant, Fores, confectionery association Sladko, Machine Building Plant named after M.I. Kalinin, Ural Turbine Plant, Uralkhimmash and others.[89]

Retail and services

Vaynera Street, where most of Yekaterinburg's retail is centralised

The consumer market contributes significantly to Yekaterinburg's economy. Revenue of retail stores in 2015 amounted to 725.9 billion rubles, and the number of retailers totaled 4,290.[90] As of 1 January 2016, 36 shopping centers operate in the city, taking up a total area of which was 1,502,700 m² (16,175,000 sq ft). The availability of shopping centres per 1,000 inhabitants increased to 597.2 m² (6,428 sq ft).[91]

Retail areas amounted to 2,019,000 m² (21,730,000 sq ft), with the availability of retail space reached 1,366.3 m² (14,707 sq ft) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to these statistics, Yekaterinburg holds leading positions among other major cities of Russia. In the consumer market of Yekaterinburg, 1041 network operators are represented. The number of wholesale enterprises totalled 1,435. Among the Federal construction stores represented in the city, you can select: Leroy Merlin,[92] Castorama,[93] Domostroy,[94] Maxidom,[95] OBI,[96] Sdvor.[97] Yekaterinburg has an agricultural market named Shartashsky.[91][98]

The revenue of catering in 2015 totalled 38.6 billion rubles. The network of catering enterprises in Yekaterinburg is presented as follows: 153 restaurants, 210 bars, 445 cafes, 100 coffee houses, 582 dining rooms, 189 eateries, 173 fast-food establishments, 10 tea shops, 319 other types of institutions (buffets, cafeterias, catering companies). 82.6% of catering enterprises provide additional services to consumers.[99]

The revenue of the services industry in 2015 totalled 74.9 billion rubles. The fastest pace in the city is developing hairdressing services, sewing and knitting atelier services, pawnshop services, fitness centre services. The network of public service enterprises in Yekaterinburg includes 5,185 facilities. In 2015, the provision of service areas for service enterprises totaled 382.1 m² (4,113 sq ft) per 1,000 citizens. The highest concentration of household services is observed in the Verkh-Isetsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky districts.[100]

Tourism

Yekaterinburg is a major centre for the Russian tourist industry. In 2015, the city was one of the top five most visited Russian cities (others being Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, and Vladivostok) according to the Global Destinations Cities Index, which represents the payment system Mastercard.[101] In recent years, a lot of work has been done to create a positive image of Yekaterinburg as a centre for international tourism, including holding of summits for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2008 and 2009 and the international exhibition Innoprom in 2009 and 2010.[102] In 2014, Yekaterinburg ranked third among Russian cities in popularity among foreign tourists after Moscow and St. Petersburg.[103]

In 2015, the total flow of inbound tourism grew by 10% compared to the previous year and amounted to 2.1 million people.[104] In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the role of business tourism in the overall flow: if in 2013 about 80% of trips were business, in 2015 their number was already 67%. Most tourists go to "bow to the memory of the last and his family." In addition, new tourist ideas are developing such as the Bazhov theme, the geological and mineralogical theme, industrial tourism, and the event calendar.[105]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals.[106] The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city's favorable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia.[107]

Roads

E22 bypass in the Chkalovsky District

Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively been increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually).[108][109] The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people.[110] Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion.[111] To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg and its purpose would be to help the economy of the city and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries.[112]

Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places.[110]

The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is 1,311.5 km (814.9 mi), of which 929.8 km (577.8 mi) is cobbled carriageways, 880 km (550 mi) is with upgraded coverage, 632 km (393 mi) is backbone networks, of which 155 km (96 mi) are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road overpasses, and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well.[113]

Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways:[114]

• M5
• E22
• R351
• R352
• R354
• R355

Public transit

Chkalovskaya station of the Yekaterinburg Metro.

Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the Yekaterinburg Metro —transported 207.4 million people in 2015.[115] The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1 million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia).[116][117]

Yekaterinburg tram

Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the CIS. At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9 million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro .[118] Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation.[119] The tram network was established in 1929 and currently plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8 million,[120] but this declines every year (245 million people in 2013[121]). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5 km. As of 2016, the construction of a tram line "Ekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma" was planned.[122]

Yekaterinburg trolleybus

There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP "MOAP").[123] In 2007, 114.5 million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6 million in 2006).[124] The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses.[125] In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4 km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4 million (84.3 million in 2006).[124]

In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem' Klyuchey to Elizavet.

Rail

Yekaterinburg railway station

Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to Perm, Tyumen, Kazan, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, and Tavda). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Air

Koltsovo Airport

Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: Koltsovo International Airport (SVX) and the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport. Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404 million passengers (including 3.485 million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919 million at international flights) in 2017, making it the sixth busiest airport in Russia.[126]

Health

Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1

Yekaterinburg has an extensive network of municipal, regional and federal health facilities. There are 54 hospitals, designed at a capacity of 18,200 beds,[127] 272 ambulatory polyclinics, and 156 dental clinics and offices.[128] Some health facilities are based on medical research institutes such as the Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology,[129] the Research Institute of Dermatology and Immunopathology,[130] and the Ural State Medical University, as well as others.

In clean areas of the city, there is the Yekaterinburg Medical Centre, which includes the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (also includes a polyclinic and a boarding house), Central City Hospital No. 40 (polyclinic, therapeutic building, surgical building, infectious body, neuro-surgical building, maternity hospital), Regional Cardiology Centre, Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, and MNTK Eye Microsurgery.[131]

Other large medical centres are the Uralmash Health Centre (Hospital No. 14), the Hospital of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the district hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the district military hospital, the Oncology Centre, the Sverdlovsk Oblast Psychiatric Hospital, the Disaster Medicine Centre, the Sanguis Blood Transfusion Centre, children's versatile hospital No. 9, and the regional rehabilitation centre on Chusovsky lake. There are about 300 pharmacies in the city.[128] The number of doctors in public medical institutions is 11,339 people (83.9 per 10,000 people) and the number of nurses is 16,795 (124 per 10,000 people).

Private medical institutions also operate in the city.[132]

Education

Main building of the Ural Federal University

Yekaterinburg's education system includes institutions of all grades and conditions: preschool, general, special (correctional), and vocational (secondary and higher education), as well as others. Today, the city is one of the largest educational centres of Russia, with Yekaterinburg considered to be the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals.[133]

Building of Technical University

There are 164 educational institutions in Yekaterinburg: 160 of them operate in the morning and the other 4 in the evening. In 2015, 133,800 people were enrolled in general education institutions, which holds a capacity of 173,161 people.[134] Yekaterinburg's education system also includes state pre-school educational institutions, non-state pre-school institutions, out-of-town health camps, and municipal city health facilities with a one-day stay.[135] Five educational institutions of the city: SUNC UrFU, Gymnasium No. 2, Gymnasium No. 9, Gymnasium No. 35, and Lyceum No. 135, were included in the rating of the five hundred best schools in the country by the Moscow Center for Continuous Mathematical Education and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.[136]

On 16 July 1914, the Ural Mining Institute of Emperor Nicholas II (now the Ural State Mining University) was established as Yekaterinburg's first educational institution.[137] In 1930, the Sverdlovsk Power Engineering College (now the Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics) was opened to train specialists in the field of communications. The Alexei Maximovich Gorky Ural State University (now the Ural Federal University) became the first university in Yekaterinburg by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, signed by Vladimir Lenin on 19 October 1920. The Sverdlovsk Engineering and Pedagogical Institute (today the Russian State Vocational and Pedagogical University) became the first university of the USSR for the training of engineering and pedagogical personnel when it was opened in 1979.

Ural State Mining University

In terms of the level of qualification of the graduates, Yekaterinburg's universities are among the leading in Russia, in particular in terms of the number of graduates representing the current managing elite of the country, Yekaterinburg universities are second only to the educational institutions of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[138][139] Currently, there are 20 state universities in the city, which currently holds a total of 140,000 students.[140] In addition, there are 14 non-state institutions of higher education in the city, such as the Yekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art and the Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The prestigious architecture school, the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts, is also located within the city limits. Other institutions of higher education Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory, Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy, Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, and Institute of International Relations.

In May 2011, the Ural State University and Ural State Technical University merged to form the Boris N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University, making it the largest university in the Urals and one of the largest universities in Russia. As of 1 January 2016, the university had 35,300 students and 2,950 teachers. The university's budget in 2015 totalled 9,1 billion rubles and the volume of research and development work totalled 1,6 billion rubles.[141] In 2016, out of 650 universities in the world, the university is ranked 601st place in the world by QS World University Rankings and ranked between 601st to 800th place as ranked by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The number of publications of the university in the database of the Web of Science is about a thousand per year.[142]

There are many branches of non-resident universities in the city, including the Ural branch of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Private Law, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy, the Yekaterinburg branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Moscow State University, and Sholokhov Humanitarian University, as well as others.

Media and telecommunications

Yekaterinburg TV Tower before it was demolished

In Yekaterinburg, a large number of print publications are published: about 200 newspapers, the most read being the Ural Worker, Vecherny Yekaterinburg, Oblastnaya Gazeta, and For Change!, and 70 magazines, with most read being Red Burda and I'm Buying.[143][144]

A television studio was built in Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) in 1955 and on 6 November of the same year, the first telecast appeared. Coloured television later appeared in 1976.[145] Now the television is broadcast by 19 companies, including but not all: STRC Ural, Channel Four, 41 Home, Channel 10, OTV, Union (Orthodox), and UFO 24. Broadcasting is carried out from the TV tower on Lunacharsky street (television studio GTRK Ural), the TV tower on the Moskovskiy Hill, and from the TV tower (radio relay tower) on Blyukher Street. In 1981, construction of a new television tower was started, which was to become the second tallest in Russia after the Ostankino Tower and cover the territory of most of the Sverdlovsk region, but economic difficulties postponed construction. As a result, the television tower was the tallest uncompleted structure in the world. On 24 March 2018, the television tower was demolished by detonation for the city's beautification in preparation of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[146] The Shartash radio mast, which broadcasts, is the tallest structure in the city, with a height of 263 meters.[147] In addition, several dozens of national and local news agencies are broadcast in Yekaterinburg, with the most watched being ITAR-TASS Ural, RUIA-Ural, and Interfax-Ural.

At the moment, there are 26 internet providers and 6 cellular operators in the city.[148] According to Yekaterinburg News, the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom, working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programmes focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg.[149]

Operators of mobile communication in Yekaterinburg

Generation	Mobile communication standard	Operators
2G	GSM	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive
2.5G	GPRS	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive
2.75G	EDGE	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive
3G	UMTS, CDMA 1X	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia
3.5G	HSPA	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia
3.75G	HSPA+	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia
4G	LTE	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Tele2 Russia, Motive, Yota
4G+	LTE Advanced	MTS, MegaFon, Beeline, Yota

Life and culture

Overview

Border of Europe and Asia near Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg is a multipurpose cultural centre of the Urals Federal District.[133] There are about fifty libraries in the city. The largest library organisations are the Sverdlovsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library, the V.G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Municipal Library Association, which is composed of 41 libraries throughout the city, including the AI Herzen Central City Library.[150]

There are about 50 different museums in the city.[151] Yekaterinburg has unique museum collections, such as the collections of Russian paintings in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts and the Nevyansk icons in the Nevyansk Icon Museum, with more than 300 icons representing the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries on display. There is also a unique exhibit, the Kaslinsky cast iron pavilion, which received awards at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. Museums of the city also have collections of jewellery and stone ornaments. The United Museum of Writers of the Urals presents exhibitions in memory of writers such as Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov. It also is the home of the Shigirskaya Kladovaya (Шигирская кладовая), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest known wooden sculpture in the world. The sculpture was found near Nevyansk and originally estimated to have been made approximately 9,500 years ago, but now is estimated to have been made 11,500 years ago.[152] Yekaterinburg museums annually participate in the international event Long Night of Museums.

Yekaterinburg has the third most theatres in Russia.[153] The influence of theatrical life of the city was made by the Moscow Art Academic Theater and the Central Theater of the Soviet Army when they evacuated to Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) during World War II, and they had their own theater in the city.[154] Notable theatres that operate in the city are the Yekaterinburg State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, Drama Theater, Kolyada-Theater, the youth theatre, and the puppet theatre, as well as others.

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art, and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Programme.[155]

The city has a well-developed film industry. Opened back in 1909, Laurage was the first cinema in Yekaterinburg. In 1943, the Sverdlovsk Film Studio was opened and produced its first feature film Silva a year later. After the Second World War, the studio produced up to ten feature films a year. There are more than 20 cinemas in Yekaterinburg, the oldest of which is the Salyut, while the most capacious is the Cosmos spacecraft.[156][157] There are also chains of movie theatres such as Premier-Zal, Kinomaks, and Kinoplex, which usually open in shopping and entertainment centres.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif, Chicherina, Nautilus Pompilius, Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii, were originally formed in Yekaterinburg (Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov, Yuri Gulyayev, Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble.

Yekaterinburg Circus.

Yekaterinburg V. I. Filatov State Circus is located in the centre of the city, on the western bank of the Iset River. In 2012, the Yekaterinburg Circus was nominated "Best Circus of the Year" for the circus show Sharivari by the Rosgoscirk and the Ministry of Culture.[158]

The Presidential Center named after Boris Yeltsin was built in Yekaterinburg in 2015. It is considered to be a public, cultural and educational center. Center has its art gallery, library, museum equipped with the newest multimedia technologies that help to present the documents, video materials and archive photos.

The Urals Society of Natural Science Lovers pushed Yekaterinburg to have a zoo. Currently, the zoo has more than 1,000 animals that belong to more than 350 species. The zoo covers an area of 2.7 hectares.

On 18 June 2011, Yekaterinburg launched Red Line as a pedestrian tourist route for self-guided tours by residents and visitors to go to 34 landmarks in the historical section of the city.[159]

Architecture

The Rastorguyev-Kharitonov Palace, built from 1794 to 1820

Many buildings of Yekaterinburg are ranged from a different number of architectural styles. The city had a regular layout, based on the fortresses of the Renaissance and by the principles of French town planning during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the Baroque movement was not that influential in Yekaterinburg, with the style being seen in churches which later declined[160]

In the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism grew influential in the Yekaterinburg's architecture. Construction of estates were built in the neoclassicist style, including the main house, wings, services, and often an English-style park. This style's influence in Yekaterinburg is mostly due to the contributions of architect Michael Malakhov, who worked in the city from 1815 to 1842. He designed the assemblies of the Verkhne-Isetsky factory as well as the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery.[160]

At the beginning of the 20th century, eclecticism became a dominant influence in Yekaterinburg's architecture. Buildings such as the Opera House and Yekaterinburg railway station were built in this style. During the 1920s and the 1930s, constructivism took effect, influencing residential complexes, industrial buildings, stadiums, etc. Architects Moses Ginzburg, Jacob Kornfeld, the Vesnina brothers, Daniel Friedman, and Sigismund Dombrovsky contributed greatly to the constructivism in the city. More than 140 structures in Yekaterinburg are designed through the constructivist style.[161]

District Officers' House

During the 1930s to 1950s, there was a turn back to neoclassicism, with much attention paid to public buildings and monuments. Notable examples include the buildings of the Ural Industrial Institute on Lenin Avenue, the City Party Committee and the City Council Executive Committee building (now the City Administrative building), the District Officers' House, and the House of Defense complex. Cultural buildings are built in the squares in orderly composition. In these years, architects Golubev, K. T. Babykin, Valenkov worked fruitfully in Yekaterinburg with this style. In the 1960s, changes in the approach to construction led to widespread distribution of apartment blocks common in the Khrushchev era. Buildings built by individuals were rare, among them being: KKT "Kosmos", the Palace of Youth, and DK UZTM.[162]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, as industrial development grew in Yekaterinburg, so did rationalism. The situation changed in the 1990s when Russia transferred into a market economy. At that time, older buildings were restored, giving the urban area a new environment such as: the Cosmos Concert Hall, the Puppet Theater, the children's ballet theatre The Nutcracker, the Palace of Justice, the Cathedral of the Blood, and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord. At the same time, the construction of new buildings was accompanied by the demolition of historical buildings, leading to the development of the "facade" phenomenon, where the facades of historic buildings are preserved while adjacent modern buildings are built.[163]

The centre of Yekaterinburg became the centre of new construction, where banks, business centres, hotels, luxury residential complexes, and sports and shopping centres were built. High-tech architecture grew influential, with buildings such as the Center for Railway Transportation Management, the Summit business centre, the Aquamarine residential complex, and the retail strip at Vaynera Street being notable examples. Along with this, postmodernism revived interest in the older architectural styles of Yekaterinburg, growing more emphasis on historicalism and contextualism. In the late 1990s, architects grew interested in regionalism.[163]

At the beginning of the 21st century, Yekaterinburg architects turned back to the Soviet-based avant-garde, and influence future city buildings with the neoconstructivist style. The practice of attracting large foreign investors to projects has become popular. In 2007, the construction of the Central business district started, being headed by the French architect Jean Pistre.[163] In 2010, Yekaterinburg became one of the largest centers for the construction of High-rise buildings. In the city, 1,189 high-rise buildings were built, including 20 skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Iset Tower, with a height of 209 meters.[164]

Sports

The Central Stadium hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup games

Yekaterinburg is also a leading sports centre in Russia. A large number of well-known athletes, both world and Olympics champions, are associated with the city. Since 1952, Yekaterinburg athletes have won 137 medals at the Olympic Games (46 gold, 60 silver and 31 bronze). In the 2008 Summer Olympics, 8 residents of Yekaterinburg returned with medals (1 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze).[165]

In 1965, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk), along with a number of Russian cities, hosted the Bandy World Championship. In 2018, Yekaterinburg was one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Central Stadium.[166]

Yekaterinburg has a total of 1728 sports facilities, including 16 stadiums with stands, 440 indoor gyms and 45 swimming pools. There are 38 sports children's and youth schools for reserves for the Olympic Games, in which more than 30,000 people are participating.[167]

Yekaterinburg will host the 2023 Summer Universiade. It will be the fourth time that Russia has hosted a Universiade. It will also be the third time that Russia will host the Summer Universiade.

Sport clubs

Yekaterinburg has many professional sports clubs in sports such as volleyball, basketball, futsal, bandy, and ice hockey for both women and men. Bandy club SKA-Sverdlovsk, women's volleyball club VC Uralochka-NTMK, women's basketball club UMMC Yekaterinburg, and futsal club MFK Sinara Yekaterinburg were among the best teams in Russia and Europe.

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Rank	Stadium
Ural Yekaterinburg	Association Football	1930	Russian Premier League	1st	Central Stadium
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg	Ice Hockey	2006	Kontinental Hockey League	1st	KRK Uralets
Avto Yekaterinburg	Ice Hockey	2009	Minor Hockey League	Jr. 1st	KRK Uralets
Spartak-Merkury	Ice Hockey	1992	Women's Hockey Championship	1st	Sports Palace Snezhinka
SKA-Sverdlovsk	Bandy	1935	Russian Bandy Supreme League	2nd	NTZ stadium
Ural Yekaterinburg	Basketball	2006	Russian Basketball Super League	2nd	Palace of Team Sports
UGMK Yekaterinburg	Basketball	1938	Women's Basketball Premier League	1st	Palace of Team Sports
Lokomotiv-Izumrud Yekaterinburg	Volleyball	1945	Volleyball Supreme League A	2nd	Palace of Team Sports
Uralochka Yekaterinburg	Volleyball	1966	Women's Volleyball Superleague	1st	Palace of Team Sports
Sinara Yekaterinburg	Futsal	1992	Futsal Super League	1st	Palace of Team Sports

2018 FIFA World Cup

Crowd of fans in Yekaterinburg during the 2018 World Cup

Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup[46] Yekaterinburg is one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Central Stadium.[166]

For the World Cup 2018, from 7 October 2015 to 29 December 2017, the Central Stadium was upgraded to bring it into compliance with FIFA requirements for the World Cup. The architectural concept of the new stadium is built on a combination of historical walls and the built-in core of the modern arena. During the reconstruction of the sports facility, which is a monument of history and culture, the facades are carefully preserved, and the arena itself is equipped with the latest technical achievements of the sports industry. Temporary stands extending outside the original perimeter of the stadium were erected so as to comply with the FIFA requirement of seating for 35,000 spectators. They can hold a total of 12,000 spectators, but the seating will be removed after the World Cup, decreasing the seating capacity back to 23,000.[168][169]

The FIFA Fan Fest in Yekaterinburg is located in the Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture. Located just outside the city centre in a popular and well-known amusement park, it will have a capacity to hold 17,000 people.[170]

Koltsovo Airport was also reconstructed and had a second runway built. In addition, work was done to prepare another passenger terminal, modernize the technical infrastructure, and launch the business aviation hangar. The capacity of the airport in preparation for the World Cup has increased to two thousand people per hour. The street and road network was also upgraded.[171]

International relations

Berlin Buddy Bears, a gift of the German Consulate General to the City of Yekaterinburg

Consulates

The United States,[172] United Kingdom,[173] Germany,[174] France,[175] China[176] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.

BRIC summit

The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg,[177] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.

The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008.

World Expo

In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city's bid to host the 2020 World Expo. Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalisation on the modern world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries.[178]

Yekaterinburg later bid for the Expo 2025. Yekaterinburg's concept for the bid exhibition relates to the technologies to make people happy by changing the world with innovation and quality of life. The host was announced on 23 November 2018 and Yekaterinburg lost out to Osaka, Japan.

Twin towns – sister cities

Yekaterinburg is twinned with:[179]

• Annaba, Algeria
• Ferentino, Italy (1997)
• Guangzhou, China (2002)
• Incheon, South Korea (2009)
• Managua, Nicaragua (2013)
• Plovdiv, Bulgaria
• San Jose, United States (1992)

Notable people

• Anton Bakov, Leader of Monarchist Party
• Irina Antonenko, Miss Russia 2010
• Vera Bazarova, pairs figure skater
• Pavel Bazhov, folklorist and children's author
• Old Man Bukashkin, artist and poet
• Pavel Datsyuk, ice hockey player
• Nikolay Durakov, bandy legend
• Chiang Fang-liang, former first lady of Taiwan
• Aleksey Fedorchenko, film director, producer
• Denis Galimzyanov, sprinter cyclist
• Anna Gavrilenko, Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Nikolay Karpol, national women volleyball team coach
• Nikolai Khabibulin, ice hockey player
• Alexei Yashin, ice hockey player
• Alexei Khvostenko, avant-garde poet, singer-songwriter, artist, and sculptor
• Nikolay Kolyada, actor, director, writer, playwright, and playwriting teacher
• Ilya Kormiltsev, poet, translator, publisher
• Olga Kotlyarova, Olympic runner
• Maxim Kovtun, figure skater
• Vladislav Krapivin, children's author
• Valeria Savinykh, WTA Professional player
• Nikolay Krasovsky, mathematician
• Yulia Lipnitskaya, figure skater
• Iskander Makhmudov, businessman
• Vladimir Malakhov, ice hockey player
• Gennady Mesyats, vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Maxim Miroshkin, pairs figure skater
• Alfia Nazmutdinova, rhythmic gymnast
• Ernst Neizvestny, sculptor
• Oleg Platonov, writer, historian, and economist
• Daria Pridannikova, rhythmic gymnast
• Eduard Rossel, ex-governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Boris Ryzhy, poet
• Mikhail Shchennikov, race walker
• Vera Sessina, rhythmic gymnast
• Georgy Shishkin, painter
• Vassily Sigarev, playwright
• Anastasiia Tatareva, Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Sergei Tchepikov, Olympic biathlon competitor
• Vladimir Tretyakov, ex-rector of the Ural State University
• Lev Vainshtein, Olympic shooter
• Sergei Vonsovsky, physicist
• Alexander Dudoladov, writer
• Alexander Malinin, singer
• Petr Yan, UFC Bantamweight Champion
• Yaku Morisuke, volleyball player

Others

• A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM Delfin class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) is named Ekaterinburg (K-84/"807") in honour of the city.
• The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.

References

Notes

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• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Областной закон №30-ОЗ от 20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от 25 апреля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Областной закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Oblast Law #30-OZ of May 20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #32-OZ of April 25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Закон №85-ОЗ от 12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от 29 октября 2013 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение 39 к Закону Свердловской области "О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Law #85-OZ of July 12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #107-OZ of October 29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).

Bibliography

External links

• Official website of Yekaterinburg (in Russian)