Yohkoh

Yohkoh (ようこう, Sunbeam in Japanese), known before launch as Solar-A, was a Solar observatory spacecraft of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (Japan), in collaboration with space agencies in the United States and the United Kingdom. It was launched into Earth orbit on August 30, 1991 by the M-3SII rocket from Kagoshima Space Center. It took its first soft X-ray image on September 13, 1991 21:53:40,[1] and movie representations of the X-ray corona over 1991-2001 are available at the Yohkoh Legacy site.

Yohkoh
Artist concept of the Japanese Yohkoh spacecraft
NamesSolar-A (before launch
Mission typeHeliophysics
OperatorISAS / NASA / PPARC
COSPAR ID1991-062A
SATCAT no.21694
WebsiteYohkoh home page
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass390 kilograms (860 lb)
Dimensions2 m (6 ft 7 in) x 2 m (6 ft 7 in) x 4 m (13 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date02:30, August 30, 1991 (UTC) (1991-08-30T02:30Z)-->
RocketMu-3S-II
Launch siteKagoshima M1
End of mission
Decay date12 September 2005
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
Perigee altitude516 kilometres (321 mi)
Apogee altitude754 kilometres (469 mi)
Inclination31.3°
Period97.4 min
 

Description

The satellite was three-axis stabilized and in a near-circular orbit. It carried four instruments: a Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), a Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT), a Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS), and a Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS). About 50 MB were generated each day and stored on board by a 10.5 MB bubble memory recorder.

Because SXT utilized a charge-coupled device (CCD) as its readout device, perhaps being the first X-ray astronomical telescope to do so, its "data cube" of images was both extensive and convenient, and it revealed much interesting detail about the behavior of the solar corona. Previous solar soft X-ray observations, such as those of Skylab, had been restricted to film as a readout device. Yohkoh therefore returned many novel scientific results, especially regarding solar flares and other forms of magnetic activity.[2]

The mission ended after more than ten years of successful observation when it went into its "safehold" mode during an annular eclipse on December 14, 2001 20:58:33 and the spacecraft lost lock on the sun. Operational mistakes and other flaws combined in such a way that its solar panels could no longer charge the batteries, which drained irreversibly; several other solar eclipses had successfully been observed.

On September 12, 2005 the spacecraft burned up during reentry over South Asia. The time of reentry, as provided by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network, was 6:16 pm Japan Standard Time (JST).

Instruments

Yohkoh carried four instruments :[3]

  • The Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT)[4] was an X-ray telescope with glancing incidence X-ray mirror and a CCD sensor. There was also a co-aligned optical telescope using the same CCD, but after the failure of the entrance filter in November 1992 it became unusable.

The CCD was 1024×1024 pixels with pixel angular size of 2.45″×2.45″, a point-spread function (core width FWHM) of about 1.5 pixels (i.e. 3.7″), a field of view of 42′×42′, which was a little larger than the whole solar disk. Typical time resolution was 2 s in flare mode and 8 s in quiet (no flare) mode, the maximum time resolution in 0.5 s.

For spectral discrimination, STX employed wide-band filters installed on a filter wheel. There were five usable filter positions: 1265 Å-thick Al filter (2.5 Å–36 Å pass band), Al/Mg/Mn filter (2.4 Å–32 Å), 2.52 μm Mg filter (2.4 Å–23 Å), 11.6 μm Al filter (2.4 Å–13 Å), 119 μm Be filter (2.3 Å–10 Å). Before the entrance filter failure in November 1992 three more filter positions were available: no analysis filter (2.5 Å–46 Å), Wide band optical filter (4600 Å–4800 Å), Narrow band optical filter (4290 Å–4320 Å).

  • The Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT)[5] was a Fourier-synthesis X-ray imager with 64 bigrid collimators sparsely sampling the (u,v) plane and feeding individual scintillation-counter detectors. HXT was sensitive to photons with energies from 14 keV to 93 keV, this range was divided into four energy bands (called L, M1, M2, H). The angular resolution was about 5″, image synthesis field of view is 2′×2′, maximum time resolution was 0.5 s.
  • Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) was two bent crystal spectrometers sensitive in four spectral lines: the line of ion Fe XXVI (1.76 Å–1.81 Å), ion Fe XXV (1.83 Å–1.90 Å), ion Ca XIX (3.16 Å–3.19 Å), and ion S XV (5.02 Å–5.11 Å). Spectral resolution varied in the range of λ/Δλ=3000–8000, typical time resolution in flare mode was 8 s, maximum is 0.125 s. BCS integrates radiation over the whole solar disc.
  • Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS) had spectroscopic capabilities in a wide energy band from 3 keV to 100 MeV. WBS was a set of four subinstruments, eаch of them outputs Pulse Count (PC) corresponding to intensity integrated over a band, and Pulse Height (PH) profile which corresponded to spectrum. Time resolution for PC (0.125 s–4 s for different subinstruments and modes) was 8–16 times better than for PH (1 s–32 s). WBS integrated radiation over the whole Sun and did not resolve source position.
    • Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) consisted of two proportional gas counters with nominal energy band 5 keV–40 keV, which was divided into two PC channels and 128 PH channels. It was found after the launch that PH to energy relationship was distorted. No energy calibration for WBS PH data was available in 1999.
    • Hard X-ray Spectrometer (HXS) was a NaI(Tl) scintillator. The energy band after June 1992 was 24 keV–830 keV. It was divided into 2 PC channels and 32 PH channels.
    • Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS) consisted of two identical bismuth germanate oxide scintillators. It covered energy range 0.3 MeV–100 MeV, which was divided into 6 PC channels and 128+16 PH channels.
    • Radiation Belt Monitor (RBM) unlike the other three was not aimed at solar flare observations and served to sound the alarm for radiation belt passage.

References
  1. Ogawara, Yoshiaki; Acton, Loren W.; Bentley, Robert D.; Bruner, Marilyn E.; Culhane, J. Leonard; Hiei, Eijiro; Hirayama, Tadashi; Hudson, Hugh S.; Kosugi, Takeo; Lemen, James R.; Strong, Keith T.; Tsuneta, Saku; Uchida, Yutaka; Watanabe, Tetsuya; Yoshimori, Masato (1992). "The status of YOHKOH in orbit - an introduction to the initial scientific results". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 44: L41. Bibcode:1992PASJ...44L..41O.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. Yohkoh Science Nuggets
  3. Yohkoh Analysis Guide version 2.9x / Instrument Manual. Eds. M.D.Morrison, R.D.Bentley. 1999.
  4. Tsuneta, S.; Acton, L.; Bruner, M.; Lemen, J.; Brown, W.; Caravalho, R.; Catura, R.; Freeland, S.; Jurcevich, B.; Morrison, M.; Ogawara, Y.; Hirayama, T.; Owens, J. (1991). "The Soft X-ray Telescope for the SOLAR-A Mission". Solar Physics. 136 (1): 37. Bibcode:1991SoPh..136...37T. doi:10.1007/BF00151694. S2CID 125772827.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. Kosugi, T.; Makishima, K.; Murakami, T.; Sakao, T.; Dotani, T.; Inda, M.; Kai, K.; Masuda, S.; Nakajima, H.; Ogawara, Y.; Sawa, M.; Shibasaki, K. (1991). "The Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT) for the SOLAR-A Mission". Solar Physics. 136 (1): 17. Bibcode:1991SoPh..136...17K. doi:10.1007/BF00151693. S2CID 120566745.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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