Yusuf al-Qaradawi

Yusuf al-Qaradawi (Arabic: يوسف القرضاوي‎, romanized: Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; born 9 September 1926)[6] is an Egyptian Islamic scholar based in Doha, Qatar, and chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.[7] His influences include Hassan al-Banna, Abul A'la Maududi and Naeem Siddiqui.[8] He is best known for his programme الشريعة والحياة, al-Sharīʿa wa al-Ḥayāh ("Sharia and Life"), broadcast on Al Jazeera, which has an estimated audience of 40–60 million worldwide.[9][10][11] He is also known for IslamOnline, a website he helped to found in 1997 and for which he serves as chief religious scholar.

Sheikh Prof. Dr. Yusuf 'Abdullah al-Qaradawi يوسف عبد الله القرضاوي
Yusuf al-Qaradawi in 2006.
Title	Sheikh
Personal
Born	Yusuf 'Abdullah al-Qaradawi 9 September 1926 Saft Turab, Kingdom of Egypt (now Egypt)
Religion	Islam
Children	Abdul Rahman Yusuf Ilham Al-Qaradawi
Era	Modern
Region	Egypt
Denomination	Sunni
Movement	Modernism[1]
Notable work(s)	Fiqh al-Zakat, al-Halal wa al-Haram fi al-Islam, Fiqh al-Jihad, Fiqh al-Awlawiyyat, Fiqh al-Dawlah, Madkhal li-Ma'rifat al-Islam and others
Alma mater	Al-Azhar University (Cairo, Egypt) 1952 – Alimiyya degree, College of Usul ad-Din (Religious Fundamentals of Islam) 1958 – Post-Graduate Diploma in Arabic Language Studies, Institute of Advanced Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 1960 – Master's degree 1973 – Ph.D. degree, Department of Quranic Studies at the College of Usul ad-Din
Occupation	Islamic scholar Professor Doctor
Muslim leader
Influenced by Muhammad Abduh,[2] Rashid Rida,[2] Hassan al-Banna, Mohammed al-Ghazali
Influenced Rashid Al-Ghannushi, M.A.M. Mansoor
Awards	King Faisal International Prize (Saudi Arabia)[3] Prize of the Islamic University (Malaysia) International Holy Quran Award (Dubai) the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Prize (Brunei) Al-Owais Prize (UAE) Medal of Independence, First Class (Jordan) Top 10 in The 500 Most Influential Muslims, (United Kingdom)[4] Top 20 Intellectuals Worldwide by Foreign Policy magazine, (Washington, D.C., United States)[5]
Website	Al-Qaradawi Center for Islamic Moderation and Renewal

Al-Qaradawi has published more than 120 books,[10] including The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam and Islam: The Future Civilization. He has also received eight international prizes for his contributions to Islamic scholarship,[12] and is considered one of the most influential such scholars living today.[9][13][14] Al-Qaradawi has long had a prominent role within the intellectual leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood,[15] an Egyptian political organization, although he has repeatedly stated that he is no longer a member[16] and twice (in 1976 and 2004) turned down offers for the official role in the organization.[9][17]

Al-Qaradawi is sometimes described as a "moderate Islamist".[18] Some of his views, such as his condoning of Palestinian suicide bombings against Israelis, have caused reactions from governments in the West:[19] he was refused an entry visa to the United Kingdom in 2008,[20] and barred from entering France in 2012.[21]

Biography

Al-Qaradawi, during his days at Azhari Institute at Tanta

In Egypt

Al-Qaradawi was born in 1926 in Saft Turab village in the Nile Delta, now in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, into a poor family of devout Muslim peasants. He became an orphan at the age of two, when he lost his father. Following his father's death, he was raised by his uncle. He read and memorized the entire Quran by the time he was nine years old.

He then joined the Institute of Religious Studies at Tanta, and graduated after nine years of study. While in Tanta, Al-Qaradawi first encountered Hassan al Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, when al Banna gave a lecture at his school. Al-Qaradawi has written of the lasting impact of this encounter, describing al Banna as "brilliantly radiating, as if his words were revelation or live coals from the light of prophecy."[22]

After graduating from the Institute of Religious Studies he moved on to study Islamic Theology at the Al-Azhar University in Cairo, from which he graduated in 1953. He earned a diploma in Arabic Language and Literature in 1958 at the Advanced Arabic Studies Institute. He enrolled in the graduate program in the Department of Quran and Sunnah Sciences of the Faculty of Religion's Fundamentals (Usul al-Din), and graduated with a master's degree in Quranic Studies in 1960.[23] In 1962, he was sent by Al-Azhar University to Qatar to head the Qatari Secondary Institute of Religious Studies. He completed his PhD thesis titled Zakah and its effect on solving social problems in 1973 with First Merit and was awarded his PhD degree from Al-Azhar.

His connection with the MB led to imprisonment under King Farouq in 1949, then three more times during the reign of former President Gamal Abdul Nasser. He left Egypt for Qatar in 1961,[24] and did not return until the overthrow of the military regime by the 2011 Egyptian Revolution.[25]

Based in Qatar

In 1977, he laid the foundation for the Faculty of Shari'ah and Islamic Studies in the University of Qatar and became the faculty's dean. In the same year he founded the Centre of Seerah and Sunna Research.[26][27][24][28] He also served at the Institute of Imams, Egypt under the Egyptian Ministry of Religious Endowments as supervisor before moving back to Doha as Dean of the Islamic Department at the Faculties of Shariah and Education in Qatar, where he continued until 1990.[29] His next appointment was in Algeria as Chairman of the Scientific Council of Islamic University and Higher Institutions in 1990–91. He returned to Qatar once more as Director of the Seerah and Sunnah Center at Qatar University, a post he still occupies today.[24]

In 1997, Al-Qaradawi helped found the European Council for Fatwa and Research, a council of important and influential Muslim scholars dedicated to researching and writing fatwas in support of Western Muslim minority communities based in Ireland, and he serves as its head.[30] He also serves as the chairman of International Union for Muslim Scholars (IUMS).[31]

In the wake of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution he returned to Egypt for the first time since leaving in 1961.[25]

Al-Qaradawi is a principal shareholder and former Sharia adviser to Bank Al-Taqwa, a member bank of the Lugano-Switzerland Al-Taqwa group, a bank that the U.S. states finances terrorism and that the UN Security Council had listed as associated with Al Qaeda.[32] On 2 August 2010, the bank was removed from a list of entities and individuals associated with Al Qaeda maintained by the Security Council.[33][34]

Al-Qaradawi finished 3rd in a 2008 poll on who was the world's leading public intellectual. The poll, Top 100 Public Intellectuals, was of the readers of Prospect Magazine (UK) and Foreign Policy (United States).[35]

2011 return to Egypt

After the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, Qaradawi made his first public appearance in Egypt after 1981.[36] In Tahrir Square, he led Friday prayers on 18 February, addressing an audience estimated to exceed two million Egyptians.[37] It began with an address of "O Muslims and Copts", referring to Egypt's Coptic Christian minority instead of the customary opening for Islamic Friday sermons "O Muslims".[38] He was reported to have said, "Egyptian people are like the genie who came out of the lamp and who have been in prison for 30 years." He also demanded the release of political prisoners in Egyptian prisons, praised the Copts for protecting Muslims in their Friday prayer, and called for the new military rulers to quickly restore civilian rule.[39] He referred to Mubarak as a Tyrannical Pharaoh.[40]

On 21 February 2011, he talked about the protests in Libya and issued a fatwa permitting the killing of Muammar Gaddafi:[41]

To the officers and the soldiers who are able to kill Muammar Gaddafi, to whoever among them is able to shoot him with a bullet and to free the country and [God's] servants from him, I issue this fatwa (uftī): Do it! That man wants to exterminate the people (sha'b). As for me, I protect the people (sha'b) and I issue this fatwa: Whoever among them is able to shoot him with a bullet and to free us from his evil, to free Libya and its great people from the evil of this man and from the danger of him, let him do so! It is not permissible (lā yajūzu) to any officer, be he an officer pilot, or a ground forces officer, or an air forces officer, or any other, it is not permissible to obey this man within disobedience (ma'ṣiya) [to God], in evil (sharr), in injustice (ẓulm), in oppression (baghī 'alā) of [His] servants.

He also called on Libyan ambassadors around the world to distance themselves from Gaddafi's government.[42][43]

In the Jerusalem Post, Barry Rubin drew a parallel between Qaradawi's sermon and the Ayatollah Khomeini returning from exile to Iran. He also said that Qaradawi was encouraging the Muslim Brotherhood to suppress opposition when he made reference to Munafiq (self-professed Muslims who are actually unbelievers) in his sermon.[44] Brookings Institution member Shadi Hamid says that Qaradawi is in the mainstream of Egyptian society, and that he also has appeal among Egyptians who are not Islamist.[45]

Views and statements

Extremism

Al-Qaradawi has written on the danger of extremist groups of Islam, in his dissertation on the subject Islamic Awakening between Rejection and Extremism. In it he warns of the dangers of blind obedience, bigotry and intolerance; rigidity—which deprives people of clarity of vision and the opportunity for dialogue with others; commitment to excessiveness, including the excessive application of minor or controversial Islamic issues to people in non-Muslim countries or to people who have only recently converted to Islam; harshness in the treatment of people, roughness in the manner of approach, and crudeness in calling people to Islam, all which are contrary to the teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah.[46]

On the other hand, Al-Qaradawi himself has advocated extremism and anti-semitism, denouncing Jews for their "corruption" and describing Adolf Hitler as having put Jews "in their place",[47][48] while others believe Al-Qaradawi is merely "not afraid to state firmly that 'Palestinian martyr operations are a weapon of the weak'".[49]

Sufism

Al-Qaradawi has been an avid caller to what he calls "Islamic Sufism", praising those who practice it as pious.[50]

Shi'as

Al-Qaradawi has disparaged Shi'ites as innovators (mubtadiʿūn)[51] and warned of the "Shiitization" of the Middle East, saying Shiite Muslims were "invading" Sunni societies.[52][53] In response, the Iranian Mehr News Agency described Qaradawi as "a spokesman for international Freemasonry and rabbis".[54] Fellow members of the International Union of Muslim Scholars such as Mohammad Salim Al-Awa criticized Qaradawi for promoting divisions among Muslims.[55]

In May 2013, al-Qaradawi has also verbally attacked the Alawite sect, which many describe as an offshoot of Shia Islam and of which President Bashir al-Assad is a member, as "more infidel than Christians and Jews" (أكفر من اليهود والنصارى).[56][57]

However, in 2010, al-Qaradawi met with Shi'a scholar Ayatollah Hassan al-Saffar and urged to work their differences and come together and promote peace and disregard for sectarian strife like what the hardline are doing to create more dissension and discord between Shi'a and Sunni.[58]

Salafism (Wahhabism)

Al-Qaradawi has been a staunch critic of Wahhabism (a movement that often describes itself as Salafism). He says that their origins are not in the salaf (the first three generations of Muslims), but in the Arabian Najd Islamic leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Saudi Arabia's founder Ibn Saud, and so is only 200-years-old not 1,400 years. Wahhabism was founded (Al-Qaradawi states) with the help of British imperialists who toppled the mainstream Sunni Islam Ottoman Empire and later Hussein bin Ali (Sharif of Mecca) who're the original Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques in charge of Makkah's Al-Masjid al-Haram and Madinah's Al-Masjid an-Nabawi for over a thousand years since the time of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad whom is also the Prophet's direct descendant. Qaradawi preached that the Wahhabists funding and proselytizing has spread terrorism in the form of Islamic State, Boko Haram, Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Al-Shabaab, Abu Sayyaf and similar groups.

Western pro-terrorist conspiracies

Al-Qaradawi also claims that rather than opposing extremist terrorism, Israel and America have funded and supported these groups by funding them since the 1970s to the present day to pursue their (Western) political agenda in controlling the vast wealth of oil, gas, coal and mine to further destabilized the natural-resource-rich Middle East and beyond. Qaradawi also said that if more terrorist attacks were to occur, Israel will greatly benefit from it as it will give boosts to the sales of Israeli security companies and firms to promote their high-tech equipment globally in both hard and software forms. Qaradawi stated that the deceitful evil implications of those countries' complicity with this group is irreversible and has no end in sight. He compared them (takfiri groups) to dogs from Hell-fire for using religion to kill the innocents. He further said that Ash'aris, Maturidis can overcome their tiny existence. He issued a fatwa (edict) in 2014 denouncing the Islamic State (Daesh) declaration of "caliphate" and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as "invalid, null and void" from every aspect, every angle of the Islamic Sharia Law.[59][60]

Non-Muslims

Al-Qaradawi has (at times) called for dialogue with non-Muslims. He also puts emphasis on conversations with the West, including Jews, Christians, and secularists. He writes that this effort should differentiate itself from a debate, for the latter does not often result in mutual cooperation. Regarding the rights and citizenship of non-Muslim minorities, Qaradawi has said, "those people who live under the protection of an Islamic government enjoy special privileges. They are referred to as 'the Protected People' (dhimmi) ... In modern terminology, dhimmies are 'citizens' of the Islamic state. From the earliest period of Islam to the present day, Muslims are in unanimous agreement that they enjoy the same rights and carry the same responsibilities as Muslims themselves, while being free to practice their own faiths."

In his book titled The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, al-Qaradawi wrote, "Islam does not prohibit Muslims to be kind and generous to peoples of other religions, even if they are idolaters and polytheists, ... it looks upon the People of the Book, that is, Jews and Christians, with special regard, whether they reside in a Muslim society or outside it. The Qur'an never addresses them without saying, 'O People of the Book' or 'O You who have been given the Book', indicating that they were originally people of a revealed religion. For this reason there exists a relationship of mercy and spiritual kinship between them and the Muslims."[61]

Jews

Al-Qaradawi has strongly opposed Zionism and Israel but made conflicting statements on the Jewish people. In May 2008, al-Qaradawi told visiting Rabbis from the Haredi, Anti-Zionist Neturei Karta sect, "there is no enmity between Muslims and Jews ... Jews who believe in the authentic Torah are very close to Muslims." He has also expressed his belief that relations between Muslims and Jews became strained with the emergence of Zionism and the establishment of Israel. "Muslims are against the expansionist, oppressive Zionist movement, not the Jews." Reportedly, in 1998 the Associated Press quoted al-Qaradawi writing, "There should be no dialogue with these people [Israelis] except with swords."[62]

In August 2005, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Dublin-based European Council for Fatwa and Research, of which al-Qaradhawi is president, had used the antisemitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion in its theological deliberations.[63] Al-Qaradawi's remarks were sharply criticized by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which accused him of inciting violence against Jews.[64][65][66][67]

In a 9 January 2009 sermon during the Gaza War, shown on Al-Jazeera, Qaradawi prayed (as translated by MEMRI):

O Allah, take your enemies, the enemies of Islam. O Allah, take the Jews, the treacherous aggressors. O Allah, take this profligate, cunning, arrogant band of people. O Allah, they have spread much tyranny and corruption in the land. Pour Your wrath upon them, O our God. Lie in wait for them. O Allah, You annihilated the people of Thamoud (An early pagan Arab tribe) with an overpowering blast, and You annihilated the people of 'Aad with a fierce, icy gale, and You destroyed the pharaoh [of Exodus] and his soldiers – O Allah, take this oppressive, tyrannical band of people. O Allah, take this oppressive, Jewish Zionist band of people. O Allah, do not spare a single one of them. O Allah, count their numbers, and kill them, down to the very last one.[68]

In a sermon broadcast on Qatar TV on 26 April 2013 (as translated by MEMRI), Qaradawi announced that he would not participate in an inter-faith dialogue if Jews were present, stating, "If you invite the Jews, I will not participate. I will participate in a Muslim-Christian meeting, but with the Jews there should be no debate." Qaradawi stated that there can be "no debate whatsoever with those who have committed injustice" and "Those Jews have committed clear injustice against us. They have shed our blood, killed our children, displaced our people, seized our lands, and usurped our rights." Later in his sermon, Qaradawi restated: "I cannot be a part of a conference in which wrongdoing Jews participate. They have committed great injustice, and I cannot possibly shake hands with them. Their hands are soiled with blood. They have murderous, violent, and oppressive hands. I cannot soil my hands by shaking theirs."[69]

Al-Qaradawi's statements were described as incitement to genocide in a Jewish Political Studies Review article, which connected his belief in Jewish conspiracies to the appeals to violence against them. The conspiracies al-Qaradawi is described as endorsing are "the Jews as the greatest enemies of Islam; alleges a Jewish plot to take over the entire Middle East, including Mecca and Medina; blames the Jews for the abolition of the Islamic Caliphate in 1924 and the spread of communism; and accuses the Jews of planning to tear down the al-Aqsa Mosque".[70][71]

Views on the Holocaust

Al-Qaradawi has defended the mass murder of millions during the Holocaust as a "punishment." In a statement that aired on Al-Jazeera TV on 28 January 2009 during the Gaza War, al-Qaradawi said the following regarding Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust (as translated by MEMRI):[72][73][74][75][76]

Throughout history, Allah has imposed upon the Jews people who would punish them for their corruption ... The last punishment was carried out by Hitler. By means of all the things he did to them – even though they exaggerated this issue – he managed to put them in their place. This was divine punishment for them ... Allah Willing, the next time will be at the hand of the believers.

Apostasy from Islam

Al-Qaradawi says that Apostasy in Islam – Muslims leaving Islam – is a grave danger to the Muslim community and that it is the duty of all Muslims "is to combat apostasy in all its forms and wherefrom it comes, giving it no chance to pervade in the Muslim world".[77] In February 2013, Qaradawi stated on Egyptian television that the application of the death penalty for those who leave Islam is a necessity, stating, "If they had gotten rid of the apostasy punishment, Islam wouldn't exist today." Qaradawi also cited several speeches and writings by Muhammad and his followers, such as Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:33, which he quoted as "The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His apostle is that they should be murdered or crucified." Qaradawi further explained, " ... many hadiths, not only one or two, but many, narrated by a number of Muhammad's companions state that any apostate should be killed. Ibn 'Abbas's hadith: 'Kill whoever changes his faith [from Islam].'"[78][79]

However, Islamopedia online states that while Al-Qaradawi considers execution as a penalty in principle, only apostates that combine other crimes with apostasy (e.g., "incit[ing] a war against Islam") are to be executed. He follows classical tradition in advocating that apostates to be given a chance to repent before being executed.

Finally, while al-Qaradawi believes that the Muslim community is not allowed to punish "intellectual apostasy" or "hidden apostasy" -- where the apostates do not "swagger" about their conversion -- he still strongly condemns it. He says "These people are not noticed when they invade or begin to disseminate their falsehood, but they are mostly felt when they affect the minds. They do not use guns in their attacks, however, their attacks are fierce and cunning." Nevertheless, he concedes, "Erudite scholars and well versed jurists ... can not take an action in face of such professional criminals who have firmly established themselves and have not left a chance for law to be enforced on them."[80] He states their punishment should be left to the judgement of God in the Hereafter.[81]

Civil state v. theocracy

Al-Qaradawi has spoken in favor of democracy in the Muslim world, speaking of a need for reform of political climates in the Middle East specifically.[82][83] On 22 February 2011, he held an exclusive interview with OnIslam.net, dismissing the allegation that he wanted a religious state established in Egypt: "On the contrary, my speech supported establishing a civil state with a religious background, I am totally against theocracy. We are not a state for mullahs."[84]

Terrorism

After the September 11 attacks, al-Qaradawi urged Muslims to donate blood for the victims and said:[85]

Islam, the religion of tolerance, holds the human soul in high esteem, and considers the attack against innocent human beings a grave sin; this is backed by the Qur'anic verse that reads: "Who so ever kills a human being for other than manslaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he has killed all mankind, and who so ever saves the life of one, it shall be as if he had saved the life of all mankind," (Al-Ma'idah:32). The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, is reported to have said, 'A believer remains within the scope of his religion as long as he doesn't kill another person illegally.' Islam never allows a Muslim to kill the innocent and the helpless.

He denies that Palestinian suicide bombing attacks constitute terrorism, claiming, "when Palestinians face such unjust aggression, they tend to stem bloodletting and destruction and not to claim the lives of innocent civilians," but qualifies that with "I do agree with those who do not allow such martyr operations to be carried out outside the Palestinian territories."

Al-Qaradawi has suggested the legitimate use of (defensive) suicide bombings against enemy combatants in modern times if the defending combatants have no other means of self-defense.[27] The Oxford-based Malaysian Islamic Scholar, Dr. Afifi al-Akiti, rules that there is no Islamic legal precedent for this view and that female soldiers can only be killed in direct combat. With regards to suicide bombings he says that they are "breaching the scholarly consensus ... because to endanger one's life is one thing and to commit suicide during the attack is obviously another".[86] With regards to male soldiers he states, "It goes without saying that they are considered combatants as soon as they arrive on the battlefield even if they are not in direct combat – provided of course that the remaining conventions of war have been observed throughout, and that all this is during a valid war when there is no ceasefire."[87]

Western governments have met al-Qaradawi to request release of European civilians kidnapped in Iraq and have thanked him officially, praising his cooperation. The French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier wrote to al-Qaradawi: "With such a clear condemnation of the abduction of the French hostages you have sent a clear-cut message demonstrating respect for the tenets of Islam."[88]

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Al-Qaradawi supports suicide attacks on all Israelis, including women[89][90] since he views the Israeli society as a "completely military" society that did not include any civilians.[91] He also considers pregnant women and their unborn babies to be valid targets on the ground that the babies could grow up to join the Israeli Army.[92]

In another statement, Al-Qaradawi condoned Palestinian attacks on Israelis only if Israel continues its oppression and averts peace. A resolution issued by The Islamic Fiqh Council affiliated to the Saudi-run Muslim World League in its 14th session, held in Doha (Qatar) on 11–16 January 2003 has upheld his views on the matter. Defending bombings against Israeli civilians, al-Qaradawi told BBC Newsnight in 2005 that:

• "An Israeli woman is not like women in our societies, because she is a soldier."
• "I consider this type of martyrdom operation as an evidence of God's justice."
• "Allah Almighty is Just; through His infinite Wisdom He has given the weak a weapon the strong do not have and that is their ability to turn their bodies into bombs as Palestinians do."[27]

At the press conference held by the organizations sponsoring his visit to London, al-Qaradawi reiterated his view that suicide attacks are a justified form of resistance to Israeli occupation of the rightfully Palestinian territories. He has also justified his views by stating that all Israeli civilians are potential soldiers, since Israel is a "militarized society". Because of these views, al-Qaradawi has been accused by Western countries and Israel of supporting terrorism.

In an interview with the newspaper Al Raya in April 2001, al-Qaradawi declared that suicide (or "martyrdom") bombings conducted by Palestinians against Israelis "are not suicide operations. These are heroic martyrdom operations, and the heroes who carry them out don't embark on this action out of hopelessness and despair but are driven by an overwhelming desire to cast terror and fear into the hearts of the oppressors."[93]

On the other hand, Al-Qaradawi opposes attacks outside of the Palestinian Territories and Israel, and against non-Israeli targets. For example, on 20 March 2005, he condemned a car bombing that had occurred in Doha, Qatar the previous day. One Briton, Jon Adams was killed. Al-Qaradawi issued a statement saying:

Such crimes are committed by insane persons who have no religious affiliation and play well into the hands of the enemies ... I urge all Qataris to stand united in facing such an epidemic and uproot it to nip the infection in the bud, otherwise it will spread like wildfire. I, in the name of all scholars in Qatar, denounce such a horrendous crime and pray that it would be the last and implore God to protect this secure country.

According to IslamOnline, Qaradawi released a fatwa on 14 April 2004 stating boycott of American and Israeli products was an obligation for all who are able. The fatwa reads in part :

If people ask in the name of religion we must help them. The vehicle of this support is a complete boycott of the enemies' goods. Each riyal, dirham ... etc. used to buy their goods eventually becomes bullets to be fired at the hearts of brothers and children in Palestine. For this reason, it is an obligation not to help them (the enemies of Islam) by buying their goods. To buy their goods is to support tyranny, oppression and aggression. Buying goods from them will strengthen them; our duty is to make them as weak as we can. Our obligation is to strengthen our resisting brothers in the Sacred Land as much as we can. If we cannot strengthen the brothers, we have a duty to make the enemy weak. If their weakness cannot be achieved except by boycott, we must boycott them ... American goods, exactly like "Israeli" goods, are forbidden. It is also forbidden to advertise these goods. America today is a second Israel. It totally supports the Zionist entity. The usurper could not do this without the support of America. "Israel's" unjustified destruction and vandalism of everything has been using American money, American weapons, and the American veto. America has done this for decades without suffering the consequences of any punishment or protests about their oppressive and prejudiced position from the Islamic world.

On 8 May 2013, Qaradawi visited Gaza and gave a speech in support of Hamas. He asked all of the Palestinian people to work with other Arab people and Muslims around the world to destroy Israel, saying inflammatory things such as "Our wish should be that we carry out Jihad to death" and "We should seek to liberate Palestine, all of Palestine, inch by inch."[94]

More recently according to The Investigative Project on Terrorism report wrote by Anti-Islam journalist Steven Emerson, al-Qaradawi published a message in Arabic on his website which was translated by The Investigative Project on Terrorism in which he called on Muslims to join the "greatest battle of liberation" against Israel and against the Jews in general.[95] The preacher allegedly protested the closure of Temple Mount after the assassination attempt that killed an Israeli activist, where the third holiest shrine for Islam is located, namely Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque.[95]

Along the same line citing from New York-based Jewish-run ADL (Anti-Defamation League) report, on 24 January 2011 al-Qaradawi had voiced his desire to see Jerusalem conquered in a fatwa in which he claimed that it was the Muslims' duty to "defend" Jerusalem with "their lives, their money and all they pos-sess, or else they will be subject to Allah's punishment."[96]

In July 2015, al-Qaradawi argued on the TV show Ala-Masouliyati (I Am Responsible) that it is permissible for suicide bombers to self-detonate if requested by a group. Conversely, individuals are prohibited from carrying out suicide bombings on their own.

On the subject of the Western Wall, Qaradawi said:

The Jews' claim to Al-Buraq Wall dates back only to recent times. The longest reign of the Jews lasted for 434 years. Their reign in Palestine dates back to the times of Kings Saul, David and Solomon. Solomon's sons split after his decease: Jude headed for Jerusalem while the state of Israel was established in Shechem, that is Nablus. The Jewish state in Nablus lasted for 298 years and the former for 434. This is the longest period that the Jews reigned. So those who claim that they have a long history in Israel are liars. That history lasted for only 434 years. The Arabs, on the other hand, have been present in Palestine since the days of the Jebusites and the Canaanites, that is 30 centuries before the birth of Christ. Their history under the umbrella of Islam lasted for more than 14 centuries or even longer. Before the advent of Islam, there had been no Jews in Palestine because since 70 C.E. there had been no trace of Jews or Israelis in Palestine.

Iraq war

In 2004 the International Union of Muslim Scholars, an organization chaired by al-Qaradawi which counts a great number of prominent individual affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood and/or Hamas among its members, ruled that "resisting occupation troops in Iraq is a 'duty' on able Muslims in and outside the war-torn country and that aiding the occupier is impermissible."[97]

In an address aired on Qatar TV on 5 January 2007, al-Qaradawi questioned the trial of Saddam Hussein under American supervision in Iraq, but agreed to it if it were conducted by the Iraqi people "after liberating Iraq from American colonialism". He also suggested that the trial was "an act of vengeance by the Americans" for his missile attacks on Israel. He strongly criticized the way Saddam was hanged:[98]

A human soul must be respected. These people did not respect the human soul. The man was calm and kept his cool. He refused to be blindfolded, and insisted upon facing death with open eyes.. and said the two parts of the shahada ... The man died saying: 'There is no God but Allah' ... Anybody whose last words are 'There is no God but Allah' goes to Paradise. The thing that improves [the record] of Saddam Hussein is that in his final years – as the brothers in Iraq tell us – he was a changed man. He began to strictly observe the prayers, to read the Quran, and to do charitable work. He would hasten to do anything that may help people. He would help build mosques, and would say that if anybody wants to build a mosque, the government should pay half the cost of the building materials. When they entered his secret hideout and caught him, they found a prayer carpet and an open Quran.

Hezbollah

In 2006, in response to Muslim scholar Abdullah Ibn Jibreen's fatwa declaring that it was forbidden for Muslims to support or pray for Hezbollah because they are Shia, al-Qaradawi said that supporting Hezbollah is a religious duty for all Muslims and that resistance, whether in Palestine or Lebanon, is the most noble act. He added "Shias agree with the Sunnis in the main principles of Islam while the differences are only over the branches" and also called upon the Sunnis and Shia of Iraq to end the civil war.[99]

Seven years later, during the Syrian Civil War, Qaradawi urged all Sunnis to fight Hezbollah, attacking Hezbollah's leader Hassan Nasrallah and Iran: "The leader of the Party of Satan comes to fight the Sunnis ... Now we know what the Iranians want ... They want continued massacres to kill Sunnis."[100] Qaradawi also stated that he now regretted having advocated rapprochement between Sunnis and Shias and his 2006 defense of Hezbollah.[100]

Arab Spring

Qaradawi declared his support for the rebels led by the National Transitional Council in the 2011 Libyan civil war, urging Arab nations to recognize them and "to confront the tyranny of the regime in Tripoli". He suggested weapons be sent to the rebels to assist the, and said "Our Islamic nation should stand against injustice and corruption and I urge the Egyptian government to extend a helping hand to Libyan people and not to Gaddafi."[101]

In response to the 2011 Bahrain protests, Qaradawi was reluctant to give support: "The protests in Bahrain are sectarian in nature. The Shias are revolting against the Sunnis." He claimed that Shia protesters attack Sunnis and occupied their mosques. He acknowledged that the Shia majority had legitimate concerns in regards to fairness with the Sunnis: "I want them to be real citizens of their country."[102]

Qaradawi said that all Arabs should back up the protesters in the 2011 Syrian uprising, saying "Today the train of revolution has reached a station that it had to reach: The Syria station," and "It is not possible for Syria to be separated from the history of the Arab community."[103] He declared his support for the protests against what he called Syria's "oppressive regime", claiming "atrocities" were committed by it. He called for victory against the ruling Ba'ath party and claimed the army would be the major factor in the revolt. He claimed that when he offered to mediate negotiations between the Muslim Brotherhood and the Syrian government, someone deliberately sabotaged it. Qaradawi also expressed his support for the No Fly zone put in place by western nations over Libya, saying "The operation in Libya is to protect the civilians from Gaddafi's tyranny" and slamming Arab League leader Amr Moussa for criticism of it.[104]

Women, gender and other issues

Commenting on the role women played in social active issues:

Although over sixty years have passed since the Movement emerged into existence, no women leaders have appeared that can confront secular and Marxist trends single-handedly and efficiently. This has come about as a result of men's unrelenting attempts to control women's movement, as men have never allowed women a real chance to express themselves and show special leadership talents and abilities that demonstrate their capability of taking command of their work without men's dominance.

I believe that women's Islamic work will succeed and prove itself in the arena of the Islamic Movement only when it gives birth to female Islamic leaders in the fields of Call, thought, science, literature and education.

Accordingly, women as well as men can dedicate themselves to Allah, and play a role in jihad.[105]

I do not think that this is impossible or even difficult. There are genius women just as there are genius men. Ingenuity is not a monopoly for men. It is not in vain that the Holy Quran tells us the story of a woman who led men wisely and bravely and made her people fare the best end: it is the Queen of Sheba, whose story with Solomon is told in Surat Al Naml. I have observed in the University of Qatar that girls make better students than boys.

Rape

According to Kamal Badr, Qaradawi advocates that rape victims be protected by society:

Thus, many Muslim scholars, led by Sheikh Al-Qaradawi, have maintained that young Muslim men should hasten to marry women who fall as rape victims, so as to reduce their suffering and console them, to compensate them for the loss of the most precious thing that they possess. This reflects mutual love, rapport and altruism that prevail in the Muslim society.[106]

Wife beating

Al-Qaradawi told The Guardian that wife beating was neither "obligatory nor desirable" but that he "accepts it as a method of last resort – though only lightly".[107] He stated on Channel 4 News that it was justifiable in certain circumstances[108] but the "ideal was for Muslim men never to beat their wives, and if husbands wrongly beat their wives, they have the right to fight back".[109] The British newspaper The Daily Telegraph writes that al-Qaradawi, in his book The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam, states that wife-beating is permissible after the failure of all other means of persuasion. In such circumstances, a husband may beat his wife "lightly with his hands, avoiding her face and other sensitive areas".[108][110][111][112]

Female genital mutilation (FGM)

Qaradawi says female genital mutilation surgery is forbidden in Islam. He calls on ending and banned to Female Circumcision in some parts of the Muslim world, especially in rural Africa where most still practice it. His views were supported by Sheikhs in Al-Azhar.[113]

Female masturbation

Qaradawi urged women to not masturbate and said that its dangerous to insert things into the vagina.[114]

Homosexuality

On 5 June 2006, on the Al Jazeera program Sharia and Life, al-Qaradawi (a regular on the program) reiterated orthodox views on homosexuality.[115] When asked about the punishment for people who "practise liwaat (sodomy) or sihaaq (lesbian activity)", al-Qaradawi replied: "The same punishment as any sexual pervert – the same as the fornicator." (MEMRI translation).[116] The punishment for fornication is lashing.

In an interview with Der Spiegel, Qaradawi said that his attitude towards homosexuality is the same as that found in Christianity. In the interview he stated, "One year ago, there was a demonstration against me in London because I spoke out against homosexuality. People seem to have forgotten that it wasn't me who came up with this mindset. It's part of God's order spoken of by Moses and even mentioned by Jesus."[117]

However, there are rigorous scholarly debates among the Islamic School of Law (Fiqh) as to whether LGBT are define by genetic disorders and that it may be permissible or not for those who're scientifically-medically-proven to be part of the LGBT category as with hermaphrodite denoting whether a person is incline towards the naturality of female or male instinct. Same for Mukhannathun (Transgender), in which there are many prophetic Hadith that allows male who have inclinations towards being female (effeminate) that occurred during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's time and that they were accepted as part of the larger community in Madinah having equal rights.[118] Qaradawi is one of many among the leading Islamic scholars who is in this ongoing debate.[119]

Punishment of stoning

Al-Qaradawi calls "stoning" un-Islamic for it has nothing to do with Islam at all but laws made by the religion of Judaism; Jewish Religious Laws. He says there are more than dozens of verses in the Torah that support stoning for adulterers, fornicators, LGBT people, and for many other reasons.[120]

Honor killing

Al-Qaradawi says that honor killing is a tradition that was carried out thousands of years ago by ancient civilization; the Romans, the Dark Ages, Chinese Emperors, etc. He says, it has nothing to do with Islam; neither Qur'an nor Sunnah (Prophetic Hadith). He calls on those who done it to be punishable with death for their crime; a life for a life.[121]

Mawlid (Muhammad's birthday)

Al-Qaradawi fully supports and advocates Mawlid. He says that to use the birth date of Muhammad in remembrance of his life story is not Bid'ah (Innovation). In fact, it is encouraged in Islam to do good action (Man Sanna Sunnatun Hassanah) based on a Sahih Hadith. And that Allah (God) himself have said in Al-Qur'an, Chapter 21, Verse 107:

And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except for mercy (rahmah) to all mankind.

— Al-Qur'an, 21:107[122]

Al-Qaradawi explains that Allah (God) is talking about Muhammad's miracle birth as the verse mentions "sent you". In other words, his presence, his birth, his coming. A "mercy" (rahmah) to the worlds. Means mercy to all mankind. It means everything; all of his creations (all creatures).

Whoever starts a good action (sunnah) in Islam. He will be rewarded for his actions as well as getting the reward of those who've followed it successively until the Day of Judgment.

— Muhammad, narrated by Sahih Muslim, Hadith no. 1017[123][124]

It's in this Sahih Hadith that Sheikh Prof. Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi emphasizes that good innovative actions is strongly encouraged for as long as it doesn't goes against the Sharia (Islamic Law). What more involving religion itself than worldly good deeds like holding an old person's hand while crossing the road guiding him/her to safety and many more. It's encouraging for both. He says these is the true meaning and emphasis of Islam, to be the religion of mercy (rahmah) and to do more good than just good so that others may lead by our good examples and that they may successively follows them till End of Time.[125]

Niqab

Al-Qaradawi says that niqab (veil) is not obligatory in Islam. He has pointed out that a woman's face is not an awrah. He calls those who don the niqabs as following tradition and culture before Islam came to Arabia. Those people, be it male or female at that time, had to cover their faces from dusty desert and from inhaling dust especially during sandstorms. Al-Azhar's Grand Imam, also an Egyptian Grand Mufti Sheikh Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, have also called out that niqab has nothing to do with Islam.[126][127]

Organ transplant

At the same time Qaradawi issued a fatwa (edict) that organ transplant from living to a living person is permissible in Islam but through donation as donation is considered charity. As for a dead person, only when the brain stops, the transplant can then be carried out.[128]

Other views

Mecca Time

In April 2008, at a conference in Qatar titled "Mecca: the Center of the Earth, Theory and Practice", al-Qaradawi advocated the implementation of Mecca Time to replace the Greenwich Meridian as the basis of the world time zone system.[129]

Muhammed Cartoon Controversy

Al-Qaradawi called for a "Day of Anger" over the cartoons,[130] but condemned violent actions in response to them.

Amman Message

Al-Qaradawi is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.[131]

Salman Rushdie

Al-Qaradawi said, "Rushdie disgraced the honor of the Prophet and his family and defiled the values of Islam," but he never backed the fatwa calling for his death.[132]

Muslim Brotherhood

In 1997, Qaradawi's affiliation with the Muslim Brotherhood led to his expulsion from Egypt, a country where this organisation was at the time prohibited.[133]

Al-Qaradawi was a follower of Hasan al-Banna during his youth and a longtime member of the Muslim Brotherhood.[27] He has twice turned down offers to be its leader.[134] In an interview on the Dream channel, al-Qaradawi states the following about his relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood (MB):[135]

I joined the Muslim Brotherhood Group and worked with Imam al-Banna. I was influenced by al-Banna's moderate thoughts and principles ... (Later) MB asked me to be a chairman, but I preferred to be a spiritual guide for the entire nation ... MB consider me their Mufti, but I don't have a relation with the organization, because being an MB chairman is something difficult requiring a highly sophisticated wisdom, and I prefer to be devoted to the entire nation, and I feel comfortable with this decision. I like MB and consider them the nearest group to be righteous.

On 16 May 2015 al-Qaradawi has been sentenced to death in absentia by an Egyptian court along with the ousted President Mohamed Morsi and over 100 other Egyptians affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.[136] As reported by the Interpol website, Qaradawi is wanted by the judicial authorities of Egypt for "Agreement, incitement and assistance to commit intentional murder, helping the prisoners to escape, arson, vandalism and theft."[137]

Reality TV

Qaradawi has criticised reality TV programs, saying that the aim of these is to 'mislead the [Muslim] nation'.[138]

Reception in the Muslim world

Al-Qaradawi, a forefront of contemporary Muslim thinkers and scholars. His vast contributions include more than 80 books and hundreds of articles on different Islamic issues, ranging from the fundamental principles and laws of Islam to the needs and challenges of modern Muslim societies. His knowledge, intellect, moderation and unrelenting efforts to bring Islam to a larger audience have gained him the respect of millions of Muslims and non-Muslims worldwide. His famous Television program Ash-Shariah wal-Hayat (Sharia and Life) has an estimated 700–800 million viewers worldwide.[139]

Despite his fame. In 2012, Qardawi traded barbs with fellow Muslim cleric Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri due to what Ibn Aqil perceived as hypocritical positions of Qardawi during the Arab Spring,[140] a charge he denied.

Pakistani scholar, Muhammad Taqi Usmani stated, "There is no doubt that I—as the lowest student of Islamic Fiqh—with my benefitting from the books of the outstanding Dr al-Qaradāwī to a very large extent, and my supreme wonderment at the majority of [his works], have found myself, in some particular issues, not in agreement with him in the results that he has arrived at, but these sorts of differences (ikhtilāf) in views based on juristic judgement (ijtihādī) are natural, and cannot be the [sole] basis for judging [their author] so long as the people of knowledge do not deem [the bearers of such opinions] to be weak intellectually, or in religion, and [in any case] the importance of these books and their value in scholarship and da'wa are not affected by this to even the slightest, most insignificant degree."

In addition, he refers to some modern scholars by writing, "What we see today, very unfortunately, is that the one who brings forward elevated ideas in his writings and lofty theories in his speech and his sermons often does not rise above the level of the layman" but exempts Qardawi by saying, "As for the outstanding, erudite scholar, Dr Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī, may God (Most High) preserve him, God (Most High) has indeed made me fortunate enough to accompany him in travels and in residence, and sit with him and closely associate with him in long and repeated meetings. [From this] I found him manifest in his personality exemplary Islamic qualities, for he is a human being before he is a Muslim, and a devoted Muslim before he is a caller to Islam (dā'i), and a caller to Islam before he is a scholar and jurist."[141]

The Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı, which supports the Turkistan Islamic Party, attacked Yusuf al-Qaradawi and called his creed "perverted" and claimed that he was followed by "democratic polytheists".[142] Qaradawi was attacked by Hani Al-Siba'i.[143]

Controversy

On Syria and Russia

Qaradawi stated that Russia is an "enemy of Islam" due to the country's military relations with the Syrian regime.[144]

His remarks drew harsh criticism from Muslims in Russia. According to Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov, "Qaradawi's statements had given rise to amazement among the Muslims of Russia." Kadyrov asserted that Qaradawi's statements are mainly "directed against the Muslims of Russia, who are citizens of this country, were born here and live here, and who care about their country".[145]

Kadyrov claimed that "It is not Russia that is supplying weapons and money for the thousands of mercenaries from all over the world who have flooded Syria and are committing daily terrorist attacks, in which the blood of women, old people and children is shed,"[145]

Entry into western countries

Al-Qaradawi has been banned from entering the United States since 1999 and the United Kingdom since 2008,[20] though he visited London in 2004.[146] The lobby group MEMRI said it helped play a role in the measures.[147] In July 2003, he visited Stockholm, Sweden, for a conference at the Stockholm Mosque arranged by the Muslim Association of Sweden. During the conference al-Qaradawi expressed his support for suicide attacks against Israeli civilians, calling the fight against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories a "necessary Jihad".[148] France announced in March 2012 it will not let him enter.[149]

Fatwa controversy with MEMRI

The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) (citing Asharq Al-Awsat), alleges that al-Qaradawi issued a Fatwa following the Iraqi insurgency, saying,

All of the Americans in Iraq are combatants, there is no difference between civilians and soldiers, and one should fight them, since the American civilians came to Iraq in order to serve the occupation. The abduction and killing of Americans in Iraq is a [religious] obligation so as to cause them to leave Iraq immediately. The mutilation of corpses [however] is forbidden in Islam.[150]

Al-Qaradawi, however, denies this allegation:

I have not published a Fatwa on this issue. At the Egyptian Journalists' Union a few days ago I was asked about the permissibility of fighting against the occupation in Iraq, and I answered that it is permitted. Afterwards I was asked concerning the American civilians in Iraq and I merely responded with the question – are there American civilians in Iraq? It is a matter of common knowledge that in Fatwas such as these I do not use the word "killing" but rather I say "struggle", which is a more comprehensive word than the word "killing" and whose meaning is not necessarily to kill. In addition, I have condemned the taking of hostages on a number of occasions in the past and have demanded that they be released and that their lives not be threatened.[151]

Shaker Al-Nabulsi, a former Muslim[152] who writes for the liberal site Ethal, called for the creation of a petition to the UN calling to put Qaradawi and his like on trial for incitement and support of terrorism.[152]

Alcohol fatwa controversy

Al-Qaradawi issued a fatwa in 2008, stating that the consumption of tiny amounts of alcohol (<0.5% concentration or 5/1000, such as found in energy drinks) was acceptable for Muslims,[153] in beverages where the fermentation is natural and unavoidable and is too small to lead to intoxication.

Terrorist allegations

In October 2004, according to Saudi Arabia's newspaper "The Arab News" based in New York and Jeddah, over 2,500 Muslim intellectuals from 23 countries signed a petition addressed to the United Nations to raise awareness on the use of religion for incitement to violence. Al-Qaradawi was mentioned among "the sheikhs of death," as the signatories defined those who manipulate religion to incite violence, for "providing a religious cover for terrorism."[154] A charge al-Qaradawi dismissed as baseless and slanderous. For his stance, he was against Salafism (Wahhabism) extremist ideology culminating from Saudi Arabia itself.[155]

The sheikh has been banned from entering the U.S. since 1999.[156] In 2008, the UK Home Office stated that al-Qaradawi was denied a visa to enter Britain for medical treatment because of fears that his preaching "could foster inter-community violence."[157][158] In March 2012, the French President Nicolas Sarkozy declared his decision to block the entry of extremists in the country after the Toulouse attacks, and specifically mentioned al-Qaradawi as one of those barred from entering France.[159]

Qaradawi chairs the Union of Good, a coalition of Islamic charities supporting Hamas' infrastructure, an organisation on the US State Department list of foreign terrorist organizations.[160][161] In December 2014 the International Union of Muslim Scholars led by al-Qaradawi was expelled from the Cairo-based International Islamic Council for Da'wah and Relief based on the allegation that the group mixed religion and politics and supported terrorism.[162]

The Consortium Against Terrorist Finance reports that, in 2010, Qaradawi was listed as the chairman of the Sharia supervisory board of Qatar Islamic Bank, one of the Qatari sharia-compliant giants which has allegedly a long history of cooperation with controversial financial entities.[161] He is also a former Sharia adviser and shareholder to Bank al-Taqwa, once listed by the U.S and the UN as a terrorist financier associated with al-Qaeda but delisted in 2010.[161]

Personal life

Al-Qaradawi was born in Egypt but lives in Qatar.[7] He has three sons and four daughters,[163] three of whom hold doctorates from British Universities.[16][164] His daughter, Ilham Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, is an internationally recognized nuclear scientist.[165][166] His son, Abdulrahman Yusuf al-Qaradawi, is a poet and a political activist in Egypt.[167]

Awards and recognition

Al-Qaradawi has been awarded by various countries and institutions for his contributions to Islamic society. Among them are

• The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) Prize in Islamic Economics – 1991[168]
• King Faisal International Prize for Islamic Studies – 1994[169]
• Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (Sultan of Brunei) Award for Islamic Jurisprudence – 1997[26]
• Sultan Al Owais Award for Cultural & Scientific Achievements – 1998–1999[28]
• Dubai International Holy Quran Award for Islamic Personality of the Year – 2000[26]
• The State Acknowledgement Award for contributions in the field of Islamic Studies from the Government of Qatar – 2008[170]
• Tokoh Ma'al Hijrah (Hijra of the Prophet) award by the Malaysian Government −2009[171]

The Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies, part of the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development, instituted the "Sheikh Yusuf Al Qaradawi Scholarships" in 2009, awarding them to five students each year for post-graduate studies.[172] It also named after him its newly established research centre, The Qaradawi Center for Islamic Moderation and Renewal.[173][174]

The State Merit Prize for Islamic Studies was issued to Qaradawi by the Ministry of Culture, Arts and Heritage of Qatar on 3 November 2009.[175]

He is a trustee of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies[176] and has been named as the technical consultant for a multimillion-dollar English-language film about Mohammed, produced by Barrie Osborne.[177][178] A 2008 Foreign Policy online poll put him at No.3 in the list of the Top 20 Public Intellectuals worldwide.[179]

Books

Al-Qaradawi has authored more than 120 books[10] and his academic style and objective thought are considered to be some of the main characteristics of his works.[16] His most famous work is The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam. Professor Mustafa al-Zarqa declared that owning a copy of it was "the duty of every Muslim family".

Fiqh al-Zakat

His book Fiqh al-Zakat is considered by some as the most comprehensive work in the area of zakat. Abul Ala Maududi commented on it as "the book of this century in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)"[16][26] The prominent Deobandi Islamic scholar Muhammad Taqi Usmani, said this about the work:[180]

The first book that read in its entirety of his works is his valuable book Fiqh al-Zakat, and I benefitted much from this great, encyclopedic, rewarding work through which the author did a great service to the second of the pillars of Islam, in a way that the umma needs today, when it comes to the application of zakat at the level of the individual and the group. Indeed this work manifested the genius of its author, and his inventive methodology, not only in the clarification of issues pertaining to zakat and their compilation, but in stimulating research in contemporary topics that no one before him had touched upon, and basing them upon the principles fiqh and its jurisprudential theory.

Fiqh al-Jihad

His book Fiqh al-Jihad has been widely commented on. The Guardian writes:[181]

Instead Qaradawi encourages a "middle way" conception of jihad: "solidarity" with the Palestinians and others on the front line, rather than violence, is an obligatory form of jihad. Financial jihad, which corresponds with the obligation of alms giving (zakat), counts as well. And Muslims should recognise that technological change means that media and information systems are as much a part of the jihadist repertoire as are guns. Indeed, as long as Muslims are free to use media and other resources to press their case, there is no justification for using force to "open" countries for Islam.

This book has also been analyzed by University of Southern California professor Sherman Jackson and Tunisian Islamist scholar-politician Rachid Ghannouchi.[182]

His views on jihad have attracted criticism from some hard line groups.

Major works

Yusuf al-Qaradawi wrote many books, some of which were translated into English:

• Islam: Modern Fatwas on Issues of Women and the Family (Fatawa Mu'asira fi Shu'un al-Mar'a wa al-Usrah) (Dar al-Shihab, Algeria, 1987)
• Auspices of the Ultimate Victory of Islam, Doha (1996)
• Towards a Sound Awakening
• The lawful and the prohibited in Islam=al-Halal wal-haram fil Islam. Indianapolis, IN, USA: American Trust Publications. 1999. ISBN 978-0-89259-016-2.
• The desired Muslim generation. Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House. 1999. ISBN 978-9960-850-24-5.
• Diversion and Arts In Islam (in progress)
• Non muslims in the Islamic society. Indianapolis, Ind., USA: American Trust Publications. 1985. ISBN 978-0-89259-049-0.
• Priorities of the Islamic movement in the coming phase. Cairo: al-Dār. 1992. ISBN 978-977-00-4083-6.
• Fiqh az-zakat : a comparative study : the rules, regulations and philosophy of Zakat in the light of the Qurʼan and Sunna. London: Dar Al Taqwa. 1999. ISBN 978-1-870582-12-4.
• Contemporary fatawa : current issues in Islamic fiqh. Newark, NJ: Islamic Book Service. 1999. ISBN 978-1-892004-00-0.
• Time in the life of a Muslim. London: Ta-Ha. 2000. ISBN 978-1-84200-007-6.
• Sincerity: The Essential Quality. MAS Publications. 2006.
• Approaching the Sunnah : comprehension & controversy. London Washington D.C: International Institute of Islamic Thought. 2007. ISBN 978-1-56564-418-2.
• Islamic awakening between rejection and extremism. Kuala Lumpur Herndon, Va: Islamic Book Trust The International Institute of Islamic Thought. 2010. ISBN 978-967-5062-53-7.
• Islam : an introduction. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust. 2010. ISBN 978-967-5062-35-3.
• Economic security in Islam. Kuala Lumpur: Dar Al Wahi Publication. 2010. ISBN 978-983-43614-9-5.

Amongst his dozens of works in Arabic, we cite:

• Ghayr al-Muslimīn fī al-mujtanaʻ al-Islāmi. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1977. ISBN 978-977-723-655-3.
• Ayna al-khalal. Cairo: Dār al-Ṣaḥwah. 1985. ISBN 978-977-14-3047-6.
• Awāmil al-saʻah wa-al-murūnah fī al-sharīʻah al-Islāmīyah. Cairo: Dār al-Ṣaḥwah. 1985. ISBN 978-977-14-3046-9.
• al-ʻIbādah fī al-Islām. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1985. ISBN 978-977-307-043-4.
• al-Nās wa-al-ḥaqq. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1986. ISBN 978-977-307-093-9.
• Bayʻ al-murābaḥah lil-āmir bi-al-shirāʼ ka-mā tujrīhi al-maṣārif al-Islāmīyah : dirāsah fī ḍawʼ al-nuṣūṣ wa-al-qawāʻid al-sharʻīyah. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1987. ISBN 978-977-307-086-1.
• al-Īmān wa-al-ḥayāh. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1990. ISBN 978-977-307-210-0.
• Malāmiḥ al-mujtamaʻ al-Muslim alladhī nanshuduh. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1993. ISBN 978-977-225-036-3.
• Dawr al-qiyam wa-al-akhlāq fī al-iqtiṣād al-Islāmi. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1995. ISBN 978-977-225-060-8.
• Fī fiqh al-awlawīyāt : dirāsah jadīdah fī ḍawʼ al-Qurʼān wa-al-sunnah. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1995. ISBN 978-977-225-068-4.
• al-Islām wa-al-fann. Cairo: Maktabat Wahba. 1996. ISBN 978-977-225-084-4.
• al-Aqallīyāt ad-dīnīya wa-l-ḥall al-islāmi. Cairo: Maktabat Wahba. 1996. ISBN 978-977-225-097-4.
• al-Mubashshirāt bi-intiṣār al-Islām. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 1996. ISBN 978-977-225-098-1.
• Min fiqh al-dawlah fī al-Islām : makānatuhā-- maʻālimuhā-- ṭabīʻatuhā, mawqifuhā min al-dīmuqrāṭīyah wa-al-taʻaddudīyah wa-al-marʼah wa-ghayr al-Muslimīn. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 1997. ISBN 978-977-09-0375-9.
• al-Ṣaḥwah al-Islāmīyah wa-humūm al-waṭan al-ʻArabi. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 1998. ISBN 978-977-09-0402-2.
• Thaqāfatunā bayna al-infitāḥ wa-al-inghilāq. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2000. ISBN 978-977-09-0658-3.
• al-Īmān bi-al-qadar. Beirut: Muʼassasah al-Risālah Nāshirūn. 2001. ISBN 978-9953-400-10-5.
• Fī fiqh al-aqallīyāt al-Muslimah : ḥayāt al-Muslimīn wasaṭ al-mujtamaʻāt al-ukhra. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2001. ISBN 978-977-09-0735-1.
• Riʻāyat al-bīʼah fī sharīʻat al-Islām. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2001. ISBN 978-977-09-0691-0.
• al-Sunnah wa-al-bidʻah. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2003. ISBN 978-977-225-134-6.
• Fī wadāʻ al-aʻlām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. 2003. ISBN 978-1-59239-141-7.
• al-Islām alladhī nadʻū ilayh. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2004. ISBN 978-977-225-182-7.
• al-Ṣaḥwah al-Islāmīyah : bayna al-āmāl wa-al-maḥādhīr. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2004. ISBN 978-977-225-179-7.
• Miʼat suʼāl ʻan al-ḥajj wa-al-ʻumrah wa-al-uḍḥiyah wa-al-ʻīdayn. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2004. ISBN 978-977-225-177-3.
• al-Islām wa-'l-ʻunf : naẓarāt taʼṣīlīya. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2005. ISBN 978-977-09-1211-9.
• Naḥnu wa-al-Gharb : asʼilah shāʼikah wa-ajwibah ḥāsimah. Cairo: Dār al-Tawzīʻ wa-al-Nashr al-Islāmīyah. 2006. ISBN 978-977-265-696-7.
• al-Islām kamā nuʼminu bihī ḍawābiṭ wa-malāmih. Cairo: Dār Nahḍat Miṣr li-ṭ-Ṭibāʻa wa'n-Nashr wa-'t-Tauzi. 2006. ISBN 978-977-14-3357-6.
• Dirāsah fī fiqh maqāṣid al-sharīʻah : bayna al-maqāṣid al-kullīyah wa-al-nuṣūṣ al-juzʼīyah. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2006. ISBN 978-977-09-1481-6.
• Kayfa nataʻāmalu maʻa al-Qurʼān al-ʻAẓīm. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2006. ISBN 978-977-09-0496-1.
• al-Dīn wa-al-siyāsah : taʼṣīl wa-radd shubuhāt. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2007. ISBN 978-977-09-1971-2.
• Fiqh al-Jihād: Dirāsah Muqāranah li-Aḥkāmih wa Falsafatih fī Ḍaw' al-Qur'ān wa al-Sunnah. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2009. ISBN 978-977-225-246-6.
• al-Waraʻ wa-al-zuhd. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2010. ISBN 978-977-225-269-5.
• Fiqh al-wasaṭīyah al-Islāmīyah wa-al-tajdīd : maʻālim wa-manārāt. Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq. 2010. ISBN 978-977-09-2902-5.
• Ḥayāt al-marʼah al-Muslimah : fī iṭār al-ḥudūd al-sharʻīyah. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2011.
• al-Sunnah wa-muwājahat ḥamalāt al-tashkīk. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah. 2011. ISBN 978-977-225-313-5.

He has also published some excerpts of his poetry in the book Nafahat wa Lafahat. Al-Qaradawi has also been the subject of the book The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf al-Qaradawi published by Columbia University Press.[183] He is also profiled as one of the leading liberal voices in contemporary Islam in Charles Kurzman's book Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook, published by Oxford University Press.[184]

See also

• Abdullah bin Bayyah
• Khurshid Ahmad
• Muhammad Imara

Notes

1. Toguslu, Erkan; Leman, Johan (2014). "Fethullah Gülen, Tariq Ramadan and Yusuf al-Qaradawi: The Pluralisation of Islamic Knowledge". Modern Islamic Thinking and Activism: Dynamics in the West and in the Middle East. Leuven University Press. p. 40. Defending a modernist way, but without calling them modernist, is symptomatic of our three Muslim public intellectuals.
2. Warren, David H. Debating the Renewal of Islamic Jurisprudence (Tajdīdal-Fiqh) Yusuf al-Qaradawi, his Interlocutors, and the Articulation, Transmission and Reconstruction of the Fiqh Tradition in the Qatar-Context. Diss. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom), 2015. "Muhammad ‘Abduh and Rashid Rida that this thesis uses to enter the discussion. Al-Qaradawi lays claim to their legacy, and this thesis is particularly concerned with the engagement between himself and his interlocutors in the unusual context of Qatar"
3. "Professor Yousef A. Al-Qaradawi (King Faisal International Prize)". King Faisal International Prize. 1 January 1994. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
4. "Yusuf al-Qaradawi – The 500 Most Influential Muslims". The Muslim 500, United Kingdom. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
5. "Yusuf al-Qaradawi – The World's Top 20 Public Intellectuals". Foreign Policy Magazine, Washington, D.C., United States. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
6. Polka, Sagi (2019). Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Spiritual Mentor of Wasati Salafism. Syracuse University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780815654803.
7. AFP (news agency) (11 May 2014). "Qatar-based cleric calls for Egypt vote boycott". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014.
8. Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf (2002). Ibn al-Qarya wa-l-Kuttab: Malamih Sira wa-Masira, Vol. 1. Dar al-Shorouq. p. 245
9. No.9 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars – "The 500 most influential Muslims in the world 2009", Prof John Esposito and Prof Ibrahim Kalin – Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
10. Smoltczyk, Alexander (15 February 2011). "Islam's Spiritual 'Dear Abby': The Voice of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
11. No.31 Sheikh Dr Yusuf al Qaradawi, Head of the International Union of Muslim Scholars, retrieved 4 July 2017
12. "Qaradawi Wins Hijra Award" Archived 16 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine ION, 15 December 2009
13. Product Description: The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Paperback)by Bettina Graf (Author, Editor), Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen (Editor) C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd (20 July 2009). ASIN 1850659397.
14. Raymond William Baker, Islam Without Fear: Egypt and the New Islamists (2003), p.4
15. Olivier Guitta (20 February 2006). "The Cartoon Jihad: The Muslim Brotherhood's project for dominating the West". The Weekly Standard. pp. Volume 11, Issue 22.
16. Ana Belén Soage (March 2008). "Shaykh Yusuf Al-qaradawi: Portrait of a Leading Islamic Cleric". Middle East Review of International Affairs. 12 (1). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
17. "Al-Qaradawi Turns Down Offer to Assume Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood". Al Jazeera. 12 January 2004.
18. Halverson, Jeffry R. (24 May 2018). "Yusuf al-Qaradawi". Oxford Bibliographies. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
19. Controversial preacher with 'star status' BBC article, by agdi Abdelhadi on 7 July 2004
20. "Muslim cleric not allowed into UK". BBC News. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
21. "France bars Muslim clerics from entering France". CBS News. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
22. Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf (2002). Ibn al-Qarya wa-l-Kuttab: Malamih Sira wa-Masira, Vol. 1. Dar al-Shorouq. p. 245.
23. Al Qaradawi in Al Azhar Asharq Aawsat 17 July 2008
24. Hamed, Ayman (17 July 2008). "Al Qaradawi in Al Azhar". Aawsat.com. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
25. "Egypt Revolution Unfinished, Qaradawi Tells Tahrir Masses". Christian Science Monitor. 18 February 2011.
26. "The Islamic Personality> Fourth Session". Quran. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
27. Abdelhadi, Magdi (7 July 2004). "Profile of Sheikh Yusuf Qaradawi". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
28. "Dr. Yousef Al Qaradhawi winner Cultural & Scientific Achievements Sixth Circle 1998–1999". Alowais. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
29. "Profile of Qaradawi". Quran. 26 August 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
30. The European Council for Fatwa and Research Archived 23 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine
31. "Law Firms in Qatar, Law offices In Qatar, Legal Firms in Qatar". Al Misnad & Rifaat.
32. "Islamic Banking in Britain – The Brussels Journal".
33. "10 Taliban taken off UN terror list".
34. The UN -The Consolidated List September 2009 Archived 5 February 2010 at WebCite
35. "Intellectuals". Prospectmagazine.co.uk. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
36. "Banned Qaradawi returns to lead Friday prayers in Egypt". Alarabiya.net. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
37. For a complete English translation, see: The Tahrir Square Sermon of Shaykh Yûsuf al-Qaradâwî. Translation by Yahya M. Michot with the collaboration of Samy Metwally, on http://www.hartsem.edu/
38. Kirkpatrick, David D. (18 February 2011). "After Long Exile, Sunni Cleric Takes Role in Egypt". The New York Times.
39. The Christian Science Monitor (18 February 2011). "Egypt revolution unfinished, Qaradawi tells Tahrir masses". The Christian Science Monitor.
40. "Sheikh Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi in Friday Sermon at Cairo's Tahrir Square: Pray for the Conquest of Al-Aqsa". MEMRI. 18 February 2011.
41. For a complete English translation, see: The fatwa of Shaykh Yûsuf al-Qaradâwî against Gaddafi. Translation by Yahya M. Michot with the collaboration of Samy Metwally, on https://www.scribd.com/doc/51219918/Qadhafi/
42. Sunni cleric says Gaddafi should die, IOL News, 21 February 2011
43. Egyptian cleric: Kill Gaddafi, PressTV, 22 February 2011
44. "The Region: Egypt gets its Khomeini". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
45. The Christian Science Monitor (18 February 2011). "Egypt revolution unfinished, Qaradawi tells Tahrir masses". The Christian Science Monitor.
46. al-Qaradawi, Yusuf (1987). Islamic Awakening between Rejection and Extremism (PDF). International Institute of Islamic Thought. p. 10. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ()
47. "Sheikh Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler On the Jews to Punish Them – 'Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of the Believers'". memri.org. 3 February 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
48. "Qaradawi's Extremism Laid Bare". Investigative Project on Terrorism. 6 February 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
49. Saeed, Sohaib (8 July 2004). "Comment If Qaradawi is an extremist, who is left?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
50. "On Tassawuf Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi". Sunnah. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
51. "The politics of sects". Ahram Weekly. 5 October 2008. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
52. "Shiite's are 'invading' Sunni societies: Qaradawi". AFP. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
53. (AFP) (18 September 2008). "Influential Sunni cleric speaks of Shiite 'invasion'". AFP. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
54. Try to be nice about each other, A Sunni preacher upsets the Shias 25 September 2008, CAIRO, The Economist
55. Altman, Israel Elad (October 2008). "Iran and the Arabs: The Shi'itization controversy between al-Qaradawi and Iran". Iran Pulse. 25. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
56. "القرضاوي: النصيريون أكفر من اليهود ولو كنت قادرا لقاتلت بالقصير". CNNArabic. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
57. Abdo, Geneive (7 June 2013). "Why Sunni-Shia conflict is worsening". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
58. "Qaradawi says 'jihadist caliphate' violates sharia". Hassan al-Saffar website. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
59. Channel, Hanafi Fiqh (6 December 2012). "The Ummah is Ash'ari by Sheikh Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi". YouTube. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
60. Arabiyah, Al (5 July 2014). "Qaradawi says 'jihadist caliphate' violates sharia". Al-Arabiyah News. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
61. Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf (1999). The lawful and the prohibited in Islam = al-Halal wal-haram fil Islam. Indianapolis, IN, USA: American Trust Publications. p. 334. ISBN 978-0-89259-016-2.
62. Profile: Yusuf al-Qaradawi The Investigative Project on Terrorism.
63. Islamic Justice Finds a Foothold In Heart of Europe Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Wall Street Journal, 4 August 2005, Vol nr. 24
64. Sheik Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Theologian of Terror Archived 6 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, 4 August 2009.
65. Muslim Brotherhood Ideologue Incites Violence Against Jews and Israel Archived 28 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 2 February 2009.
66. Multiculturalists diminish 'rough beast' ravaging Islam Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine by Rory Leishman, IFPress.com, 31 October 2009.
67. The bond between Nazis and Islam Archived 12 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Paul Berman, The Australian, 13 July 2010.
68. Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi On Al-Jazeera Incites Against Jews, Arab Regimes, and the U.S.; Calls on Muslims to Boycott Starbucks and Others; Says 'O Allah, Take This Oppressive, Jewish, Zionist Band of People ... And Kill Them, Down to the Very Last One', MEMRI – Special Dispatch No. 2183 12 January 2009.
69. Leading Sunni Scholar Yousuf Al-Qaradawi Refuses to Participate in Interfaith Dialogue with Jews Archived 6 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, MEMRITV, Clip No. 3825 (transcript), 26 April 2013. (Video clip available here Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine).
70. Spoerl, Joseph S. (2020). "Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism". Jewish Political Studies Review. 31 (1/2): 221. ISSN 0792-335X. JSTOR 26870795.
71. Bartal, Shaul (4 April 2016). "The danger of Israel according to Sheikh Yusuf Qaradawi". Israel Affairs. 22 (2): 479–491. doi:10.1080/13537121.2016.1140343. S2CID 148190896.
72. – Sheik Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler upon the Jews to Punish Them – "Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of the Believers" Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, MEMRITV, Clip no. 2005, Al-Jazeera TV (Qatar) – 28–30 January 2009.
73. "Analysis: Yusuf al-Qaradawi – a 'man for all seasons'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
74. Islamist movements casts shadow over Egypt Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Robert Wistrich, Washington Jewish Week, 18 January 2012.
75. Militant Islamism, Islamism, Islam Archived 28 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Clifford D. May, National Review, 19 January 2012.
76. Sheik Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Theologian of Terror Archived 27 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 15 March 2011.
77. "Source of the Punishment for Apostasy". Islam online. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
78. Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Killing Of Apostates Is Essential For Islam To Survive (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
79. Kendal, Elizabeth (8 June 2016). "Hasten to Success". After Saturday Comes Sunday: Understanding the Christian Crisis in the Middle East. Wipf and Stock. p. 36. ISBN 978-1498239868.
80. "Fatwa on Intellectual Apostasy". OnIslam. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
81. "Apostasy and its Classification in Yusuf Al-Qardawi's View". Islamopedia Online. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
82. Reform according to Islam Archived 16 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera English Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
83. Muslim world needs democracy, says Qaradawi Archived 23 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine – The Muslim News – 8 July 2006
84. Govt pressure bans Qaradawi Archived 8 September 2012 at Archive.today, 22 February 2011
85. "Qaradawi Condemns Attacks Against Civilians: Forbidden in Islam". Islam-online.net. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
86. Hasan, Mehdi (5 November 2009). "Suicide attacks are un-Islamic". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
87. Afifi al-Akiti, Muhammad. "Al-Akiti of Oxford University and author at Living Islam prohibits targeting Israeli civilians, permits attacking soldiers in times of no recognized cease fire in Palestine". Islamopedia Online. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
88. "Qaradawi Is Welcome Peter Roberts Labour Left Briefing, December 2004". What next journal. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
89. Mark Oliver and Anushri Patel (19 July 2005). "Controversy over cleric's visit grows". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
90. "Yusuf Al-Qaradawi tells BBC Newsnight that Islam justifies suicide bombings". BBC. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
91. "Qaradawi Criticizes Al-Azhar for Condemning Jerusalem Attacks". Islamonline. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
92. "Stop Terror Sheikhs, Muslim Academics Demand". Arab News. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
93. quote is from an article wrote by Jewish editor Michael Slackman from Los Angeles Times later (The New York Times)Slackman, Michael (27 May 2001). "Islamic Debate Surrounds Mideast Suicide Bombers". latimes. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
94. Nidal al-Mughrabi (8 May 2013). "Influential Muslim cleric visits Hamas-ruled Gaza". Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
95. John Rossomando. "Qaradawi Calls Muslims to Arms Against Israel and the Jews". The Investigative Project on Terrorism.
96. "Sheik Yusuf al-Qaradawi: Theologian of Terror". ADL. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
97. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 November 2004. Retrieved 8 January 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
98. "Middle East Media Research Institute". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
99. "Qaradawi urges Muslims to support Hezbollah". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2006.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link). Gulf Times
100. Syria conflict: Cleric Qaradawi urges Sunnis to join rebels Archived 26 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 1 June 2013
101. "Recognise Libyan rebels: Qaradawi". Gulf Times. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
102. "Bharaini Sunnis, Shias should talk to resolve issues: Qaradawi". The Peninsula. 20 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
103. "Protests in Syria's Daraa city, journalists banned". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
104. Nour Abuzant (26 March 2011). "Qaradawi condemns 'atrocities' against protesters in Syria". Gulf Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
105. Advisory opinion of the scholar Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi on women's participation in martyrdom operations Archived 31 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
106. “Qaradawi: Muslim men should hasten to marry women who fall as rape victims” Archived 2018-08-25 at the Wayback Machine www.aboutislam.net
107. Madeleine Bunting (29 October 2005). "Friendly fire Madeleine Bunting meets Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
108. "Red Ken and the Conservative Cleric". What next journal. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
109. "Why the Mayor of London will maintain dialogues with all of London's faiths and communities – p. 14 – Women's rights" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
110. McCartney, Jenny (11 July 2004). "Livingstone lauds the man who defends the killing of gays". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
111. Syal, Rajeev (11 July 2004). "For her to be absolved from guilt, a raped woman must have shown good conduct". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
112. Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, Chapter 3:The Halal and the Haram in Marriage And Family Life -> Divorce -> Rebelliousness and Strife
113. "Qaradawi Calls On Ending Female Circumcision, Considers It Banned In Islamic Law – Ikhwanweb". Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
114. "Clip #1308 Sheik Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi on the Risks of Female Masturbation". MEMRI. 27 October 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018.
115. "Al Jazeera". Retrieved 18 June 2007.
116. "Memritv". Archived from the original on 2 October 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
117. "Interview with Al-Jazeera Host Yusuf Al-Qaradawi". Spiegel Online. SPIEGEL International. 27 September 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
118. "Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 32: Clothing (Kitab al-Libas)". www.usc.edu. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement.
119. "General Behavior (Kitab al-Adab)". www.usc.edu. Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
120. "Stoning has nothing to do with Islam but Judaism, Jewish Laws of Torah". Al-Qaradawi Institute for Islamic Moderation. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
121. "Honor killing has nothing to do with Islam but traditions by Ancient Times, the Romans, Dark Ages, Chinese Emperors". Al-Qaradawi Centre for Islamic Moderation. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
122. Al-Quran, Chapter 21, Verse 107, Archived 2018-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, 16 June 2017
123. Innovation in Islam – Explanation, Archived 2018-04-20 at the Wayback Machine, 17 June 2017
124. Concept of Bid'ah in Islam, Archived 11 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 19 June 2017
125. Sheikh Prof. Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi on the Importance of Mawlid, , 15 June 2017
126. Shaykh Yusuf Qaradawi (HA) on Niqab and "Interaction" of men and women Archived 16 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 20 June 2017
127. Niqab in Focus by IslamOnline.net, 21 June 2017
128. "Qaradawi On Organ Transplant – Ikhwanweb". Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
129. Abdelhadi, Magdi (21 April 2008). "BBC:Muslim call to adopt Mecca time". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
130. Rennie, David (3 February 2006). "Daily Telegraph". London. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
131. "Al-Qaradawi's official reply to Amman Message 12 June 2005". Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
132. "Spiegel Interview with Al-Jazeera Host Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: God Has Disappeared". Der Spiegel. 27 September 2005. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
133. "Portrait of Sheikh Dr. Yusuf Abdallah al-Qaradawi, senior Sunni Muslim cleric, affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood". 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
134. ""Al-Qaradawi Turns Down Offer to Assume Leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood" Al Jazeera". Cesnur. 12 January 2004. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
135. "Qaradawi: "MB asked me to be a chairman"". Ikhwanweb. Archived from the original on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
136. "Death sentence for freedom in Egypt". Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
137. "- INTERPOL".
138. "Reality TV Show Stirs Up Bahrain". MEMRI. 6 May 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018.
139. King Faisal International Prize, Biography Yousef A. Al-Qaradawi, 10 June 2010
140. Khalid al-Saif, "This is what Ibn Aqil said about Qardawi!" 6 October 2012.
141. Uthmani, Muhammad Taqi. "Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī, as I Have Known Him". SuhaibWebb. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
142. "Amerikancı Sapıkların Alimi Yusuf El Kardavi-Video Haber". Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı. 10 December 2016. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017.
143. الدكتور هاني السباعي يفحم الشيخ القرضاوي. 6 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017.
144. "Qaradawi Russia Censure Wins Chechen Ire – Europe – News". OnIslam.net. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
145. "Interfax-Religion". Interfax-Religion. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
146. Militant Ideology Atlas Archived 25 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Combating Terrorism Center, West Point
147. "Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi Barred from U.K." MEMRI. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018.
148. Malm, Fredrik (21 August 2003). "Massmordspredikan i svensk moské" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. Archived from the original on 4 November 2004.
149. France election: Sarkozy vows ban on militant preachers Archived 31 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 26 March 2012
150. "Memri". Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
151. MEMRI as above, citing Al Hayat
152. "Reactions to Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi's Fatwa Calling for the Abduction and Killing of American Civilians in Iraq". Memri. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
153. Harrison, Frances (11 April 2008). "Alcohol fatwa sparks controversy". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
154. "Stop Terror Sheikhs, Muslim Academics Demand". Arab News.
155. "Qaradawi says 'jihadist caliphate' violates sharia". Al Arabiyah English.
156. "Controversial cleric let into UK". BBC News. 7 July 2004.
157. Matthew Moore (7 February 2008). "Muslim cleric Yusuf al-Qaradawi refused visa". Telegraph.co.uk.
158. "Muslim cleric not allowed into UK". BBC News. 7 February 2008.
159. "The 'global mufti' Sarkozy barred from entering France – France 24". France 24.
160. "Treasury Designates the Union of Good".
161. CATF Reports (10 September 2015). "Should QIB be judged by the company it keeps?".
162. "Brotherhood Ideologue Qaradawi Expelled From Islamic Council". ClarionProject.org. 10 December 2014.
163. "Google Translate". Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
164. "Livingstone Demands UK Media Apology for Qaradawi". Islamonline. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
165. "Advisory Committee to the WNU RI School Al-QARADAWI Ilham". World-nuclear-university. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
166. "Curriculum Vitae Ilham AlQaradawi" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
167. Abdurrahman Yusuf al-Qaradawi: new branches of National Association for Change Will open soon in Europe and the United States Archived 18 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
168. "The IDB Prize in Islamic Economics and Islamic Banking". Isdb.org. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
169. "Winners" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
170. "H.H. The Amir presents the State Acknowledgement Award to Dr. Sheikh Yusuf Al Qaradawi for his contributions in the field of Islamic Studies". Diwan. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
171. "Work together to enhance cooperation, Sultan Abdul Halim tells Muslims". The Star. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
172. Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies (QFIS) Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
173. "Qatar centre spreads moderate Islam, dialogue". Arabian Business. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
174. "Qaradawi centre vows to fight extremism". Gulf Times. 9 December 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
175. "Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradawi and Qatar's Education City – Hosting American University Students from Carnegie Mellon, Georgetown, Northwestern, Texas A&M, Virginia Commonwealth, Cornell & Others". MEMRI. 18 February 2010.
176. Owen Bowcott and Faisal al Yafai (9 July 2004). "Scholar with a streetwise touch defies expectations and stereotypes". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
177. "Qatar firm plans film on Prophet". Zawya. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
178. Xan Brooks and agencies (2 November 2009). "Matrix producer plans Muhammad biopic". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
179. "The World's Top 20 Public Intellectuals". Foreign Policy. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
180. Yūsuf al-Qaradāwī, as I Have Known Him (Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine)
181. Ewan Stein (17 August 2009). "Yusuf Qaradawi's new jihad – Ewan Stein". the Guardian.
182. Rethinking Jihad: Ideas, Politics and Conflict in the Arab World and Beyond Conference Report Archived 11 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
183. Gräf, Bettina; Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob (9 September 2009). The Global Mufti: The Phenomenon of Yusuf al-Qaradawi (Columbia/Hurst). ISBN 978-0231700702.
184. Liberal Islam, 1998 Edition, Chapter 22 Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. ASIN 0195116224.

External links

• Official website (in Arabic)
• Yusuf al-Qaradawi on Twitter – verified account
• Works by or about Yusuf al-Qaradawi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Al-Qaradawi's books translated into English and French
• Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Global Mufti al-Qaradawi, Webversion 12-2010
• Counter Extremism Project profile
• "Shaykh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi: Portrait of a leading Islamist cleric", Ana Belén Soage, Middle East Review of International Affairs, 12/1 (March 2008), pp. 51–65.
• "Sheikh Yūsuf al-Qaradawi: A Moderate Voice from the Muslim World?", Ana Belén Soage, Religion Compass, 4 (September 2010), pp. 563–575.
• Yusuf al-Qaradawi and Minorities: Learned Intolerance, Qantara.de
• "Clips from Qatar TV". MEMRI.