Åland Islands

Åland (/ˈɔːlənd, ˈɑːlənd/, also US: /ˈoʊlənd, ˈoʊlɑːn(d), ˈɑːlɑːnd/,[9][10][11][12] Swedish: [ˈǒːland] (listen), Finland Swedish: [ˈoːlɑnd]; Finnish: Ahvenanmaa [ˈɑhʋenɑnˌmɑː]) is an archipelago at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. It is an autonomous and demilitarised region of Finland since 1920 by a decision of the League of Nations,[2] and is Finland's only monolingually Swedish-speaking region. It is the smallest region of Finland, constituting 0.51% of its land area and 0.54% of its population. Mariehamn is the capital city of Åland.

Not to be confused with Öland or Aland (Vidhan Sabha constituency).
"Åland" redirects here. For other uses, see Aland (disambiguation).

Åland

Landskapet Åland  (Swedish)
Ahvenanmaan maakunta  (Finnish)
Autonomous region of Finland
Motto: 
"Islands of Peace"[1]
Anthem: "Ålänningens sång" (Swedish)
(English: "Song of the Ålander")
Location of Åland within Finland
Sovereign stateFinland
Autonomy granted7 May 1920[2]
First Regional Assembly (Autonomy Day)9 June 1922[3][4]
EU accession1 January 1995
Capital
and largest city
Mariehamn
60°07′N 019°54′E
Official languagesSwedish
Demonym(s)
  • Ålandic
  • Ålandish
  • Ålänning
  • Åländare
  • Ahvenanmaalainen
GovernmentDevolved parliamentary autonomous region
• Governor
Peter Lindbäck
• Premier
Veronica Thörnroos
LegislatureLagting
Area
• Total
1,580[5] km2 (610 sq mi) (unranked)
Highest elevation
129.1 m (423.6 ft)
Population
• 2019 estimate
29,884[6] (223rd)
• Density
18.36/km2 (47.6/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2007 estimate
• Total
$1.563 billion[7]
• Per capita
$55,829
HDI (2017)0.900[8]
very high
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)
UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Date formatdd.mm.yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+358 18
ISO 3166 code
Internet TLD.ax
Websitewww.aland.ax

Åland comprises Fasta Åland on which 90% of the population resides[13] and a further 6,500 skerries and islands to its east.[14] Of Åland's thousands of islands, 60 are inhabited. Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Roslagen in Sweden by 38 kilometres (24 mi) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden.[15] From Mariehamn, there is a ferry distance of about 160 kilometres (99 mi) to Turku, a coastal city of mainland Finland, and also to Stockholm, the capital of Sweden.

Åland's autonomous status means that those provincial powers normally exercised by representatives of the central Finnish government are largely exercised by its own government. The current demilitarised, neutral position of Åland dates back to the days of the Paris Peace Treaty after the Åland War in the 1850s.[16]

Autonomy
See also: Special member state territories and the European Union

The autonomous status of the islands was affirmed by a decision made by the League of Nations in 1921 following the Åland Islands dispute. It was reaffirmed within the treaty admitting Finland to the European Union. By law, Åland is politically neutral and entirely demilitarised, and residents are exempt from conscription to the Finnish Defence Forces. The islands were granted extensive autonomy by the Parliament of Finland in the Act on the Autonomy of Åland of 1920, which was later replaced by new legislation by the same name in 1951 and 1991. The constitution of Finland defines a "constitution of Åland" by referring to this act. Åland remains exclusively Swedish-speaking by this act.[17] The people of Åland are also very negative about the use and presence of the Finnish language in Åland to any extent,[18][19] possibly to emphasise their own Ålandic identity.

Although a referendum to join the European Union had been held in mainland Finland on 16 October 1994, Åland held a separate vote on 20 November as they were a separate customs jurisdiction. EU membership was approved by 73.64% of voters.[20] In connection with Finland's admission to the European Union, a protocol was signed concerning the Åland Islands that stipulates, among other things, that provisions of the European Community Treaty shall not force a change of the existing restrictions for foreigners (i.e., persons who do not enjoy "home region rights"—hembygdsrätt—in Åland) to acquire and hold real property or to provide certain services.[21]

Etymology

Åland's original name was in the Proto-Norse language *Ahvaland which means "land of water". Ahva is related to the Latin word for water, "aqua". In Swedish, this first developed into Áland and eventually into Åland, literally "river land"—even though rivers are not a prominent feature of Åland's geography. The Finnish and Estonian names of the island, Ahvenanmaa and Ahvenamaa ("perch land"), are seen to preserve another form of the old name.[22]

Another theory suggests that the Finnish Ahvenanmaa would be the original name of the archipelago, from which the Swedish Åland derives.[23]

The official name, Landskapet Åland, means "the Region of Åland"; landskap is cognate to English "landscape".

History
Main article: History of the Åland Islands
Swedish Map of Åland from before 1667 with shipping lanes, harbours, churches and various boundaries marked

Members of the Neolithic Comb Ceramic culture started settling the islands some 7000 years ago, after the islands had begun to re-emerge from the sea after being pushed down by the weight of the continental ice of the latest ice-age. Two neolithic cultures met on Åland: the Comb Ceramic culture and the later Pit-Comb Ware culture which spread from the west.[24]

Stone Age and Bronze Age people obtained food by hunting seals and birds, fishing, and gathering plants. They also started agriculture early on. In the Iron Age, contacts with Scandinavia increased. From the iron age, Åland has six hillforts. From the Viking age there are over 380 documented burial sites.[24]

The coat of arms of Åland features a golden red deer on a blue field. This is traditionally surmounted by a comital coronet of the elder Swedish style.[25] The arms borne today by the Åland Islands were originally granted to the similar-sounding island province of Öland in 1560, displaying a golden red deer on a blue field.[26]

Along with Finland, the Åland Islands formed part of the territory ceded to Russia by Sweden under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809. As a result, they became part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917). During negotiations, Sweden failed to secure a provision that the islands not be fortified. The issue was important not only for Sweden but also for the United Kingdom, which as a result of the Treaty of 1809 became concerned that a Russian military presence on the islands could threaten Britain's commercial interests in its trade passing through the Baltic.

The Åland Islands during the Crimean War. It was here that the Battle of Bomarsund was fought.

In 1832, Russia started to fortify the islands, with the great fortress of Bomarsund. In 1854, as part of the campaign in the Baltic during the Crimean War against Russia, a combined British and French force of warships and marines captured and destroyed the fortress during the Åland War. The 1856 Treaty of Paris demilitarised the entire Åland archipelago.[16]

During the Finnish Civil War, in 1918, Swedish troops intervened as a peacekeeping force between the Russian troops stationed on the islands and "White" and "Red" Finnish troops who came from Finland over the frozen sea. Within weeks, the Swedish troops gave way to German troops who occupied Åland at the request of the "White" (conservative) Senate of Finland.

Åland (blue) with historical and modern provinces of the rest of Finland (gray) juxtaposed.

After 1917, the residents of the islands worked towards having them ceded to Sweden. In 1919 96.4% of the voters on the islands signed a petition for secession from Finland and for integration with Sweden, with over 95% in favour.[27] Swedish nationalist sentiments had strengthened particularly as a result of the anti-Swedish tendencies in Finland and as a result of Finnish nationalism fuelled by Finland's struggle to retain its autonomy and resistance against Russification. The conflict between the Swedish-speaking minority and the Finnish-speaking majority on the Finnish mainland, prominent in Finnish politics since the 1840s, contributed to the apprehension of the Åland population about a future within Finland.

Finland, however, declined to cede the islands and instead offered the islanders an autonomous status. Nevertheless, the residents did not approve the offer, and in 1921 the dispute over the islands went before the newly-formed League of Nations. The latter decided that Finland should retain sovereignty over the province, but that the Åland Islands should be made an autonomous territory. The Åland convention of 20 October 1921, signed by Sweden, Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Denmark, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia, was the first international agreement achieved by the League.[28] Thus, Finland was obliged to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands the right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions. The convention of 1921 established the neutral status of Åland by international treaty, prohibiting the placing of military installations or forces on the islands.[29] Åland's Regional Assembly convened for its first plenary session in Mariehamn on June 9, 1922;[3] today, the day is celebrated as Self-Government Day of Åland.[4]

The islanders’ disappointment about insufficient support from Sweden in the League of Nations, Swedish disrespect for Åland's demilitarised status in the 1930s, and some feelings of a shared destiny with Finland during and after the Second World War, changed their perception of their relationship with Finland from "a Swedish province in Finnish possession" to "an autonomous part of Finland".[30]

Despite the condition of neutrality from the 1921 Convention, the islanders enjoyed safety at sea during the war of 1939–1945, as their merchant fleet sailed both for the Allied countries and for Nazi Germany. Consequently, Åland shipping was not generally attacked, as the various military forces rarely knew which cargo was being carried or to whom.

Finland marked the 150th anniversary of the demilitarisation of the Åland Islands by issuing a high-value commemorative coin, the €5 150th Anniversary of Demilitarisation of Åland Islands commemorative coin, minted in 2006. The obverse depicts a pine tree, a typical feature of the Åland Islands. The reverse features a boat's stern and rudder, with a dove perched on the tiller, a symbol of 150 years of peace.

Politics
Main article: Politics of Åland
The Parliament of Åland with the flags of (clockwise, starting with EU) the European Union, Åland Islands, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Russia, Lithuania, and Latvia.

The Åland Islands are governed according to the Act on the Autonomy of Åland and international treaties. These laws guarantee the islands' autonomy from Finland, which has ultimate sovereignty over them, as well as a demilitarised status. The Government of Åland, or Landskapsregering, answers to the Parliament of Åland, or Lagting, in accordance with the principles of parliamentarism.[17]

Åland has its own flag and has issued its own postage stamps since 1984.[31] It runs its own police force, and is an associate member of the Nordic Council.[32] The islands are demilitarised, and the population is exempt from conscription. Although Åland's autonomy preceded the creation of the regions of Finland, the autonomous government of Åland also has responsibility for the functions undertaken by Finland's regional councils. Åland Post provides postal services to the islands, and is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation. The islands are considered a separate "nation" for amateur radio purposes and have their own call sign prefix granted by Finland, OH0, OF0 and OG0 (last character is zero).[33]

The Åland Islands are guaranteed representation in the Finnish parliament, to which they elect one representative. Åland also has a different system of political parties from the mainland (see List of political parties in Finland).

Homeschooling, which has been effectively banned in Sweden since 2011, is allowed by the Finnish government. Due to the islands' proximity to Sweden and because the islands are Swedish-speaking, a number of Swedish homeschooling families have moved from the Swedish mainland to Åland, including Jonas Himmelstrand, the chairman of the Swedish association for homeschooling.[34]

After a reform of the electoral law, the Åland Islands were to introduce internet voting in 2019 for expat voters in the parliamentary elections, considering opening the use of the same system for the next elections (2023) to all the voters.[35] However, its use was cancelled at the last minute due to a lack of evidence of the trustability of the system [36]

Administration
An Åland licence plate

The State Department of Åland represents the Finnish central government and performs many administrative duties. It has a somewhat different function from the other Regional Administrative Agencies, owing to its autonomy. Before 2010, the state administration was handled by the Åland State Provincial Office.

Åland has its own postal administration but still uses the Finnish five-digit postal code system, using the number range 22000–22999, with the prefix AX. The lowest numbered postal code is for the capital Mariehamn, AX 22100, and the highest AX 22950 for Jurmo.

Municipalities
Main article: Municipalities of Åland

Population as 31 July 2020.[6]

Geography
Main article: Geography of Åland
Geographical features and municipalities of the Åland Islands

The Åland Islands occupy a position of strategic importance, as they command one of the entrances to the port of Stockholm, as well as the approaches to the Gulf of Bothnia, in addition to being situated near the Gulf of Finland.

The Åland archipelago includes nearly three hundred habitable islands, of which about eighty are inhabited; the remainder are merely some 6,200 skerries and desolate rocks.[14] The archipelago is connected to Åboland archipelago in the east (Finnish: Turunmaan saaristo, Swedish: Åbolands skärgård)—the archipelago adjacent to the southwest coast of Finland. Together they form the Archipelago Sea. To the West from Åland is the Sea of Åland and to the North is the Bothnian Sea.

The surface of the islands is generally rocky and the soil thin due to glacial stripping at the end of the most recent ice age.[14] The islands also contain many meadows that are home to many different kinds of insects, such as the Glanville fritillary butterfly. There are several harbours.

Sheep grazing on a small island.

The islands' landmass occupies a total area of 1,527 square kilometres (590 sq mi).[37] Ninety per cent of the population live on Fasta Åland, which is also the site of the capital town of Mariehamn. Fasta Åland is the largest island in the archipelago. Its area is difficult to estimate due to its irregular shape and coastline, but estimates range from 740 square kilometres[14] to 879 square kilometres[38] to over 1,010 square kilometres, depending on what is included or excluded.

During the Åland Islands dispute, the parties sought support from different maps of the islands. On the Swedish map, the most densely populated main island dominated, and many skerries were left out. On the Finnish map, many smaller islands or skerries were, for technical reasons, given a slightly exaggerated size. The Swedish map made the islands appear to be closer to the mainland of Sweden than to Finland; the Finnish map stressed the continuity of the archipelago between the main island and mainland Finland, while a greater gap appeared between the islands and the archipelago on the Swedish side. One consequence is the often repeated number of "over 6,000" skerries that was given authority by the outcome of the arbitration.

Climate

Åland has a humid continental climate that is influenced by its maritime position, especially in summer. While summers are cooler than on both the Swedish and Finnish mainland, winters see little difference to the adjacent parts of Sweden and are only narrowly milder than in mainland Finland.

Climate data for Mariehamn (normals 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6)		 10.5
(50.9)		 15.4
(59.7)		 21.1
(70.0)		 26.7
(80.1)		 29.4
(84.9)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.7
(87.3)		 24.8
(76.6)		 19.0
(66.2)		 14.1
(57.4)		 10.1
(50.2)		 30.7
(87.3)
Average high °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 2.3
(36.1)		 7.4
(45.3)		 13.3
(55.9)		 17.2
(63.0)		 20.4
(68.7)		 19.4
(66.9)		 14.7
(58.5)		 9.5
(49.1)		 4.6
(40.3)		 1.7
(35.1)		 9.3
(48.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)		 −3.5
(25.7)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 3.5
(38.3)		 8.5
(47.3)		 12.8
(55.0)		 16.2
(61.2)		 15.3
(59.5)		 10.9
(51.6)		 6.5
(43.7)		 2.2
(36.0)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 5.7
(42.3)
Average low °C (°F) −5.3
(22.5)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 3.7
(38.7)		 8.2
(46.8)		 11.8
(53.2)		 11.1
(52.0)		 7.1
(44.8)		 3.5
(38.3)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 2.1
(35.8)
Record low °C (°F) −32.3
(−26.1)		 −32.9
(−27.2)		 −25.0
(−13.0)		 −18.9
(−2.0)		 −6.5
(20.3)		 −2.2
(28.0)		 1.2
(34.2)		 0.5
(32.9)		 −6.7
(19.9)		 −11.8
(10.8)		 −20.0
(−4.0)		 −28.9
(−20.0)		 −32.9
(−27.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 49.7
(1.96)		 31.4
(1.24)		 33.4
(1.31)		 28.6
(1.13)		 33.4
(1.31)		 52.3
(2.06)		 55.6
(2.19)		 75.1
(2.96)		 60.0
(2.36)		 68.1
(2.68)		 66.5
(2.62)		 56.5
(2.22)		 610.5
(24.04)
Source 1: Météo Climat[39]
Source 2: Météo Climat[40]

Economy
See also: Transport on the Åland Islands
Mariehamn Airport in Jomala
Ferry port in Överö, Föglö

Åland's economy is heavily dominated by shipping, trade and tourism. Shipping represents about 40% of the economy, with several international carriers owned and operated from Åland. Most companies aside from shipping are small, with fewer than ten employees. Farming and fishing are important in combination with the food industry. A few high-profile technology companies contribute to a prosperous economy. Wind power is rapidly developing, aiming at reversing the direction in the cables to the mainland in coming years. In December 2011, wind power accounted for 31.5% of Åland's total electricity usage. One of Åland’s most significant tourist hotels is Hotel Arkipelag,[41] located east side of the Mariehamn's city center.

The main ports are the Western Harbour of Mariehamn (south), Berghamn (west) and Långnäs on the eastern shore of the Main Island. Fasta Åland has the only four highways in Åland: Highway 1 (from Mariehamn to Eckerö), Highway 2 (from Mariehamn to Sund), Highway 3 (from Mariehamn to Lumparland) and Highway 4 (from Finström to Geta).

Mariehamn served as the base for the last large oceanic commercial sailing-ships in the world. Their final tasks involved bringing Australian wheat to Great Britain, a trade which Åland shipowner Gustaf Erikson kept going until 1947. The ships latterly made only one round-trip from South Australia to Britain per year, (the grain race), after each marathon voyage going back to Mariehamn to lay up for a few months. The ship Pommern, now a museum in Mariehamn, was one of these last vessels.

The abolition of tax-free sales on ferry boats travelling between destinations within the European Union made Finland demand an exception for the Åland Islands on the European Union value-added tax rules. The exception allows for maintained tax-free sales on the ferries between Sweden and Finland (provided they stop at Mariehamn or Långnäs) and at the airport, but has also made Åland a different tax-zone, meaning that tariffs must be levied on goods brought to the islands. Two million people visit the Åland Islands every year - but most of them just for a few hours before the ferry returns again, or the passengers change from one ship to another.[42]

Unemployment was 3.9% in January 2014[43]

Torggatan, a pedestrian street in the city of Mariehamn
The Bank of Åland at Nygatan in the city of Mariehamn

The Finnish State also collects taxes, duties and fees in Åland. In return, the Finnish Government places a sum of money at the disposal of the Åland Parliament. The sum is 0.5% of total Government income, excluding Government loans. If the sum paid to the Finnish state exceeds 0.5%, then any amount above goes back to the Parliament of Åland as "diligence money".[44] In 2010 the amount of taxes paid by Åland Islanders comprised 0.7% of the total taxes paid in Finland.[45]

According to Eurostat, as of 2006 Åland was the 20th-wealthiest of the EU's 268 regions, and the wealthiest in Finland, with a GDP per inhabitant 47% above the EU mean.[46][47]

Bank of Åland is headquartered on the island.

The euro is the sole legal tender (as with the rest of Finland), although most businesses in Åland unofficially accept the Swedish krona.[48]

Demographics

Ethnicity and language
Languages in the Åland Islands (2019)
Languages percent
Swedish
 
 86.5%
Finnish
 
 4.7%
Other
 
 8.8%
See also: Languages of Åland

Most inhabitants speak Swedish (the sole official language) as their first language: 86.5% in 2019, while 4.7% spoke Finnish. The language of instruction in publicly financed schools is Swedish (In the rest of Finland, bilingual municipalities provide schooling both in Finnish and in Swedish). (See Åland Swedish for information about the dialect.)

The issue of the ethnicity of the Ålanders, and the correct linguistic classification of their language, remains somewhat sensitive and controversial. They may be considered either ethnic Swedes or Swedish-speaking Finns, but their language is closer to the Uppländska dialect of Sweden than to Finland Swedish. See Languages of Sweden.

Regional citizenship or the right of domicile (hembygdsrätt) is a prerequisite for voting, standing as a candidate for the Legislative Assembly, or owning and holding real estate situated in unplanned areas of Åland.[17]

Education
Ålands Lyceum, a gymnasium in Mariehamn

In 2010, there were 22 primary schools in Åland. Eight of them covered both upper and lower secondary schools, two were upper secondary schools and 12 were primary schools (grades 1-6).[49] For post-primary studies, you can choose either the traditional high school of Ålands Lyceum or the Åland vocational high school, which offers a double degree in high school and vocational studies. Of these, Ålands Lyceum is a relatively large high school; according to the 2018 statistics of the education administration, as many as 432 high school students studied there.[50] Åland University of Applied Sciences teaches about 600 students[51] in maritime, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, IT, finance, hotels, restaurants and health care.[52]

Finnish language has been a compulsory subject in upper secondary school, but optional in primary school; however, 80 per cent of students have chosen it. In 2006, it was proposed to remove the compulsory Finnish language from upper secondary schools.[53]

Religion
The St. Olaf's Church, Jomala, is the oldest in the Åland Islands

The majority of the population, 72.0%, belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.[54] The Åland islands contain Finland's oldest Christian churches, including St. Olaf's Church, Jomala, which dating from the late 13th century is likely to be the oldest in Finland. The Åland Islands' largest church is the Church of St. John in Sund, dating from shortly after.[55]

Culture

Literature

The most famous writers in Åland are Anni Blomqvist, known for her five-volume Stormskärs-Maja series,[56] Sally Salminen, whose best-known work is the 1936 novel Katrina,[57] and Ulla-Lena Lundberg, who has described her native Kökar. Each of these works are set in Åland.

The sailing ship Linden (center) in Östra Hamnen, Mariehamn's eastern port

Cinema and television

A 2016 historical drama film Devil's Bride, directed by Saara Cantell, takes place in the 17th century in Åland during the witch hunts.[58] It won the Best Foreign Language Film Award at the Toronto Female Eye Film Festival in 2017.[59] Also, a 2013 drama film Disciple, directed by Ulrika Bengts, sets in Åland.[60][61]

Sport
  • Åland competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in 1991 and 2009.
  • Åland United (Women's football) and IFK Mariehamn (Men's football) are the islands' leading football clubs. IFK play in the Veikkausliiga, Finland's highest football league.
  • Åland Stags is the islands' only Rugby Union club.

Heraldry

The coat of arms of Åland features a golden red deer on a blue field. This is traditionally surmounted by a comital coronet of the elder Swedish style.[62] The arms borne today by the Åland Islands were originally granted to the similar-sounding island province of Öland in 1560, displaying a golden red deer on a blue field.[63]

Notable people
G. A. Wallin (1811–1852)

See also

References
  1. Tim Vickery, Associated Press (18 July 2004) Deseret News.
  2. Hurst Hannum (1993). "Agreement between Sweden and Finland Relating to Guarantees in the Law of 7 May 1920 on the Autonomy of the Aaland Islands". Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 141. ISBN 0-7923-1977-X.
  3. "Ahvenanmaa pähkinänkuoressa". Ahvenanmaa – ahaa! (in Finnish). 2007. p. 3.
  4. "Ahvenanmaan historiaa lyhyesti". Pohjola Norden (in Finnish). Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  5. "Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain, helmikuu.2016". Pxnet2.stat.fi. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  6. https://www.asub.ax/sites/www.asub.ax/files/attachments/page/statistisk_arsbok_for_aland_2019_1.pdf
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  10. "Åland" and "Åland Islands". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  11. "Åland Islands" (US) and "Åland Islands". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  12. "Åland". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  13. "The Aland Islands". Osterholm.info. 9 May 2012. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  15. An account of the border on Märket and how it was redrawn in 1985 appears in Hidden Europe Magazine, 11 (November 2006) pp. 26–29, ISSN 1860-6318
  16. "Uneasy Sweden and the Menace of Prussianism; An Analysis of the Scandinavian Situation in View of Kaiser's Reported Ambition to Make the Baltic a German Lake" (PDF). Query.nytimes.com. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  17. "Act on the Autonomy of Åland" (PDF). Finlex. 1991. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  18. IL: IL-reportaasi paljastaa suomenkielisten karun arjen Ahvenanmaalla: Haukkumista, kiusaamista ja syrjintää - ”Totuus on se, että kaikista maailman kielistä suomi on vihatuin” (in Finnish)
  19. IL: Ahvenanmaan opetusministeri ei tunnista kritiikkiä suomen kielen alennustilasta: ”Pitää kunnioittaa Ahvenanmaata yksikielisenä” (in Finnish)
  20. Åland-Inseln (Finnland), 20. November 1994 : Beitritt zur EU Direct Democracy
  21. "Åland in the European Union". Europe Information. Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. 2013. p. 7. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  22. Virrankoski, Pentti (2001). Suomen historia. Ensimmäinen osa. SKS. ISBN 951-746-321-9. p. 59.
  23. Lars Hulden (2001) Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn; Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. ISBN 951-583-071-0.
  24. "åland, the history". Aland Museum. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  25. "Maakuntien vaakunat" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  26. Nevéus, Clara; Wærn, Jacques de (1992). Ny Svensk Vapenbok (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Streiffert & Co Bokförlag HB. p. 32. ISBN 91-7886-092-X.
  27. ch, Beat Müller, beat (at-sign) sudd (dot). "Åland-Inseln (Finnland), ??. Juni 1919 : Anschluss an Schweden [in German]". Sudd.ch. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  28. F. S. Northedge, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946 (Holmes & Meier, 1986, ISBN 978-0-7185-1316-0), pp 77, 78
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