1985 Bolivian general election

General elections were held in Bolivia on 14 July 1985.[1] As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a President on 4 August. Although Hugo Banzer of Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) received the most public votes, Congress elected Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR).[2]

1985 Bolivian general election

14 July 1985
Turnout	81.97% ( 7.7pp)
Nominee Hugo Banzer Víctor Paz Estenssoro Party ADN MNR Running mate Eudoro Galindo Anze Julio Garret Ayllón Popular vote 493,735 456,704 Percentage 32.83% 30.36%   Nominee Jaime Paz Zamora Roberto Jordán Pando Party MIR MNRI Running mate Oscar Eid Franco Marcelo Velarde Ortiz Popular vote 153,143 82,418 Percentage 10.18% 5.48%
Results by department (left) and province (right)
President before election Hernán Siles Zuazo MNRI Elected President Víctor Paz Estenssoro MNR

Campaign

Since 1982, the country had undergone an economic crisis as Bolivia's hyperinflation reached the fourth largest ever recorded in the world. The incumbent President Hernán Siles Zuazo faced little support from Congress and debilitating strikes led by Juan Lechín. Under pressure from Congress, Siles ultimately allowed general elections to be moved forward by one year, thus shortening his own constitutional mandate.[3]

The new elections, set for 14 July 1985, were the first to be held since the country's transition back to democracy in October 1982. The previous elections had been held in 1980 but were annulled by a military coup led by General Luis García Meza. As a result, a total of 18 political parties were on the ballot, the largest amount out of any election in Bolivian history.[4] Former presidents Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hugo Banzer presented themselves as candidates for the ADN and MNR. For Paz Estenssoro, this was his eighth presidential bid and the fourth since he was last elected in 1964 while this was Banzer's third campaign in a row since 1979.

On 14 December 1984, given the dire situation of the current government, Jaime Paz Zamora resigned his position as Siles' vice president to run for president. As such, the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) left its governing alliance with Siles' Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRI) and joined the opposition. Further splintering in the MNRI also saw members of the peasant sector split from the MNR and form the Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-1 (MNRI-1). Nevertheless, the MNRI still opted to present Roberto Jordán Pando as their presidential candidate.

Results

The result saw Hugo Banzer of the ADN win the popular vote by 32.83%, 2.8 points ahead of Víctor Paz Estenssoro. The popular vote victory of Hugo Banzer was a testament to the gradual erosion of popularity of the opposition as well as to Paz Estenssoro's continued inability to win a majority of voters (since 1978 he had consistently reached either second or third place). Discontent with the economic management of the left-wing and constant strikes from trade unions (traditionally affiliated with the left) produced a rightward shift in the electorate.

Paz Zamora's position in third place at 10.18% was notable as it established his party as one of the three top political forces in the country and validated the MIR's decision to split with the MNRI. For the MNRI, the result was catastrophic. At just 5.48%, the incumbent was relegated to a minor political party. For the remaining 14 minor parties, the results demonstrated that regardless of the amount of candidates, the population would mostly vote on only three to four viable parties leaving the rest with little political power.[4]

Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%	Seats
					Chamber	+/–	Senate	+/–
	Nationalist Democratic Action	Hugo Banzer	493,735	32.8	41	+17	10	+4
	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	456,704	30.4	43	–	16	–
	Revolutionary Left Movement	Jaime Paz Zamora	153,143	10.2	15	–	1	–
	Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement	Roberto Jordán Pando	82,418	5.5	8	–	0	–
	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-Vanguard	Carlos Serrate Reich	72,197	4.8	6	New	0	New
	Socialist Party-1	Ramiro Velasco Romero	38,786	2.5	5	–5	0	–1
	United People's Front	Antonio Araníbar Quiroga	38,124	2.5	4	–	0	–
	Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupac Katari	Jenaro Flores Santos	31,678	2.1	2	New	0	New
	Christian Democratic Party	Luis Ossio	24,079	1.6	3	–	0	–
	Bolivian Socialist Falange	David Añez Pedraza	19,985	1.3	3	0	0	0
	Tupac Katari Revolutionary Movement	Macabeo Chila Prieto	16,269	1.1	0	New	0	New
	Revolutionary Workers' Party	Guillermo Lora	13,712	0.9	0	New	0	New
	Popular Civic Action	Raúl Catacora Cordova	12,918	0.9	0	New	0	New
	Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement – 1	Francisco Figueroa	11,696	0.8	0	–	0	–
	United Left	Isaac Sandoval Rodríguez	10,892	0.7	0	New	0	New
	Progressive National Force	Luis Fernando Mostajo	9,635	0.6	0	New	0	New
	Revolutionary Humanist Action	Juan Santa Cruz	9,420	0.6	0	New	0	-
	National Renewal Alliance	Humberto Cayoja Riart	8,665	0.6	0	New	0	New
Invalid/blank votes			224,309	–	–	–	–	–
Total			1,728,365	100	130	0	27	0
Registered votes/turnout			2,108,458	82.0	–	–	–	–
Source: Nohlen

By department

Department	ADN	MNR	MIR	Others
Beni	37.44%	38.71%	6.34%	17.51%
Chuquisaca	21.37%	25.39%	21.90%	31.34%
Cochabamba	34.26%	31.00%	11.51%	23.22%
La Paz	36.39%	19.57%	9.12%	34.92%
Oruro	28.33%	28.86%	12.05%	30.76%
Pando	33.30%	45.96%	4.43%	16.31%
Potosi	20.88%	33.06%	15.19%	30.87%
Santa Cruz	38.60%	42.77%	5.57%	13.06%
Tarija	24.13%	52.81%	6.65%	16.41%
Source: Constituency-Level Election Archive

Congressional ballot

Only Hugo Banzer of the ADN and Víctor Paz Estenssoro of the MNR contested the 4 August Congressional ballot. Whilst Banzer was only supported by his own party, Paz also received the votes of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), the Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRI), the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement-Vanguard (MNRV), the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) and the Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari (MRTK). Socialist Party-1 (PS-1), the Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB) and the United People's Front (FPU) did not support either candidate.[5] Víctor Paz Estenssoro, at age 78, became the oldest president in Bolivian history.

Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%
	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement	Víctor Paz Estenssoro	94	59.87
	Nationalist Democratic Action	Hugo Banzer	51	32.48
Abstained			12	7.64
Total			157	100
Source: Morales

See also

• Bolivian National Congress, 1985–1989

References

1. Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p133 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
2. Nohlen, p158
3. Valenzuela, Arturo (2004-10-13). "Latin American Presidencies Interrupted". Journal of Democracy. 15 (4): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2004.0075. ISSN 1086-3214.
4. Gisbert, pp. 167 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGisbert (help)
5. Walter Q Morales (2003) A brief history of Bolivia New York: Facts On File, p205

Bibliography

• Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.