1997 Bolivian general election

General elections were held in Bolivia on 1 June 1997.[1] As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a president on 4 August. Hugo Banzer of Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) was subsequently elected. Whilst the ADN emerged as the largest party in Congress, it failed to win a majority of seats, and formed a coalition government with the Revolutionary Left Movement, Conscience of Fatherland and the Civic Solidarity Union.[2]

1997 Bolivian general election

1 June 1997
Turnout	71.36% ( 0.8pp)
Nominee Hugo Banzer Juan Carlos Durán Remedios Loza Party ADN MNR CONDEPA Alliance ADN-PDC-NFR none none Running mate Jorge Quiroga Percy Fernández Gonzalo Ruiz Paz Popular vote 484,705 396,235 373,528 Percentage 22.26% 18.20% 17.16%   Nominee Jaime Paz Zamora Ivo Kuljis Fuchner Party MIR UCS Alliance MIR-FRI[lower-alpha 1] none Running mate Samuel Doria Medina Juan Chahín Popular vote 365,005 350,728 Percentage 16.77% 16.11%
Results by department (left) and province (right)
President before election Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada MNR Elected President Hugo Banzer ADN

Electoral system

As a result of modifications to the constitution in 1994 and 1995, the minimum age to vote in this election was reduced to eighteen years. An amendment regarding the term of office also entered force meaning that the elected president would serve a 5-year term rather than the previous 4-year term without the possibility of reelection.[3]

Campaign

Incumbent president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada chose René Blattmann, minister of justice and human rights, as the MNR's presidential candidate. Blattmann's reformations to the judicial system had gained him great popularity among the population with him holding a 34% electoral preference to Hugo Banzer's 14% upon the announcement of his candidacy in December 1996. However, René Blattmann surprisingly renounced his candidacy at the end of January 1997. Juan Carlos Durán became the new MNR candidate but the damage to the party's electoral campaign was irreversible.[4]

Hugo Banzer, who had ran in the past five elections, had stated in 1993 that he would not present himself again as a candidate. Nevertheless, Banzer announced his 1997 candidacy anyway. Former president Jaime Paz Zamora of the MIR also announced his intention to seek a second term.[4]

The "neo-populist" Max Fernández of the UCS and Carlos Palenque of CONDEPA had seen their parties' best performances in 1993. However, the premature death of both leaders hurt their parties' chances of winning. Jhonny Fernández, Max Fernández's son, was not yet of legal age to run leading the UCS to present as their candidate Ivo Kuljis Fuchner. Interestingly, Fuchner had been Carlos Palenque's CONDEPA running mate in 1993. CONDEPA, in turn, presented Remedios Loza, the first female presidential candidate in Bolivia history. The fact that Loza was Aymara won her some support among Bolivia's marginalized indigenous population.[5]

Economic and social issues dominated the campaign, with all major parties promising to continue the free market policies implemented by outgoing President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. Whilst Juan Carlos Durán emphasised the free market reforms, Hugo Banzer promised to improve the lives of the indigenous population.[2]

Results

Ultimately, the divided electoral field and the woes of the MNR resulted in Hugo Banzer claiming a narrow plurality vote victory of 22.26%, the lowest margin of victory for any presidential candidate in Bolivian history.

Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%	Chamber		Senate
					Seats	+/–	Seats	+/–
	ADN–PDC–NFR	Hugo Banzer	484,705	22.26	32	–	11	–
	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement	Juan Carlos Durán	396,235	18.20	26	–26	4	–13
	Conscience of Fatherland	Remedios Loza	373,528	17.16	19	+6	3	+2
	Revolutionary Left Movement	Jaime Paz Zamora	365,005	16.77	23	–	7	–
	Solidarity Civic Unity	Ivo Kuljis Fuchner	350,728	16.11	21	+1	2	+1
	United Left	Alejo Véliz	80,806	3.71	4	+4	0	0
	Free Bolivia Movement	Miguel Urioste Fernández	67,244	3.09	5	–2	0	0
	Bolivian Socialist Vanguard	Jerjes Justiniano Talavera	30,212	1.39	0	New	0	New
	Patriotic Convergence Axis	Ramiro Barrenechea	18,327	0.84	0	New	0	New
	Bolivian Democratic Party	Eudoro Galindo Anze	10,381	0.48	0	New	0	New
Invalid/blank votes	143,946	–	–	–	–	–
Total	2,321,117	100	130	0	27	0
Registered voters/turnout	3,252,791	71.36	–	–	–	–
Source: Nohlen

Congressional ballot

As no candidate reached the required 50% majority, the National Congress convened to elect the president. Members of both chambers voted on the president. Banzer was supported by his ADN-NFR-PDC political alliance as well as by the MIR, CONDEPA, and UCS. Juan Carlos Durán would only receive the support of the MNR. The 4 IU and 5 MBL deputies abstained.

Party		Presidential candidate	Votes	%
	Nationalist Democratic Action	Hugo Banzer	118	75.16
	Revolutionary Nationalist Movement	Juan Carlos Durán	30	19.11
Abstained			9	5.73
Total			157	100

See also

• Bolivian National Congress, 1997–2002

Notes

1. The FRI won one seat on a list of the MIR.

References

1. Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume II, p133 ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
2. Elections held in 1997 IPU
3. "Bolivia: Ley de Reforma y Complementacion al Régimen Electoral, 19 de marzo de 1997". www.lexivox.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
4. Gisbert 2003, pp. 177
5. Gisbert 2003, pp. 178

Bibliography

• Gisbert, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.