Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya

Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya fi 'Ilm al-Tasawwuf (Arabic: الرسالة القشيرية في علم التصوف‎, lit. 'The Qushayriyyan Epistle on the Science of Sufism'), mostly known as al-Risala al-Qushayriyya (The Treatise of al-Qushayri), is one of the early complete manuals of the science of Sufism (tasawwuf in Arabic), written by the Shafi'i-Ash'ari scholar Abu al-Qasim al-Qushayri (d. 465/1074). It was written in 438/1045–6 and has been published in several editions and translated in various languages, including English, French, German, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu.[1][2] It became the most widely disseminated handbook of Sufism in the Islamic world.[3]

Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya
Al-Qusharyri's Epistle on Sufism
EditorsDr. Muhammad Eissa, Laleh Bakhtiar, 'Abd al-Halim Mahmud
AuthorAbu al-Qasim al-Qushayri
Original titleالرسالة القشيرية في علم التصوف
TranslatorProfessor Alexander D. Knysh
CountryPersia (present-day Iran)
LanguageArabic, English, French, German, Persian, Turkish, and Urdu
SubjectSufism, Tabaqat, Kalam (Islamic theology)
PublisherSuhail Academy Lahore, Mizan Press, Kazi Publications
Publication date
2011
Pages480 pages
ISBN978-9695191828
Followed byLata'if al-Isharat (Subtleties of the Allusions) 

Purpose and authorship

Al-Qushayri's goal was to show the compatibility between mystical teaching and mainstream Sunni Islam. The purpose of authoring the book was to provide a solid structure for Sufism, along with its terminology and principles, and to demonstrate the conformity of Sufi beliefs and practices with the norms of the Shari'a, and to show that the creed of the Sufis was identical to that of the Ahl al-Sunna (in its Ash'ari formulation).[1]

Content

The work is considered as an indispensable reference book for those who study and specialize in Islamic mysticism, since it combines the two genres of biographical hagiography and technical manual – a feature that no other text from the period displays.

The work may be divided as follows:[3]

  • Part one is 'On the Shaykhs of This Way. How Their Lives and Teachings Show Their Regard for the Divine Law', enumerated 83 Sufi saints who had "guarded and helped Islam with proofs of religion".
  • Part two is an explanation of 28 expressions in use among the Sufis 'with a clarification of what is obscure in them'.
  • Part three of al-Qushayri's epistle describes 40 stations and states, the penultimate of which is Sufism and the last of which is model behaviour (adab), the conduct and discipline of the Sufi in relation to his shaykh and associate Sufis.

Al-Qushayri took it as axiomatic that the beliefs of the Sufi shaykhs were "in agreement with Sunni teaching on questions of the fundamentals of faith (Usul al-Din)".[3] In discussing a plethora of Sufi technical terms, unique to their spiritual vernacular, al-Qushayri also dedicates a section to a lucid and detailed account of mujahada (spiritual striving or jihad). Fittingly, al-Qushayri begins this entry by quoting the Qur'anic verse: "As for those who strive in Us, We surely guide them to Our paths; and verily Allah is with the good."[Quran 29:69 (Translated by Nurettin Uzunoğlu)] and following it with the hadith: 'A man asked, "What is the best form of jihad?" to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad replied, "To speak the truth in front of an oppressive ruler"'.

Al-Qushayri goes on to interweave a variety of pious dicta from a number of early spiritual authorities such as Ibrahim ibn Adham (d. 777), Abu Sulayman al-Darani (d. 830), Abu Yazid al-Bistami (d. 848), Dhu al-Nun al-Misri (d. 860), Sari al-Saqati (d. 867), Abu Hafs al-Haddad (d. between 869 and 874) and Abu al-Qasim al-Junayd (d. 910), as well as quotations from his own Sufi mentors, Abu 'Ali al-Daqqaq (d. 1015) and Abu 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami (d. 1021). Among the most concise and telling quotations is that of Abu 'Uthman al-Maghribi (d. 983), who is quoted as saying, "Whoever thinks that some aspect of the [spiritual] path (tariqa) will be opened to him or some facet of it revealed to him without spiritual struggle (mujahada), he is sadly mistaken".[4]

Commentaries

Translations

English edition

The book has been translated in English and published under the title:[7]

  • "Principles of Sufism", translated by Barbara R. von Schlegell with an introduction by Hamid Algar. First published in 1990.
  • "Sufi Book of Spiritual Ascent" (Abridged Edition), translated by Rabia Harris, edited by Laleh Bakhtiar, published in 1997. The second edition of this book was published in 2001 under the title "The Risalah: Principles of Sufism".
  • "Al-Qushayri's Epistle on Sufism", translated by Alexander D. Knysh, edited by Muhammad Eissa. First published in 2007.

German edition

The first German translation was by Richard Gramlich with introduction and commentary, and was printed at Franz Steiner Verlag in 1989 under the title "Das Sendschreiben al-Qusayris über das Sufitum."[8]

French edition

The first French translation was by André Fontenay, and it was printed and published in 2016 under the title "Épître sur la science du soufisme."[9]

Reception

The work has garnered numerous plaudits. Alexander Knysh suggests that al-Qushayri is famous principally because of this mystical treatise and that it was "probably the most popular Sufi manual ever". Annemarie Schimmel concurs, holding that it "is probably the most widely read summary of early Sufism" and stressing that "it was analyzed in the West prior to most other books on Sufism". Heinz Halm, in his Encyclopaedia of Islam article, cherishes al-Qushayri's Risala as "a most important compendium of the principles and terminology of Sufism", where, in this work as elsewhere, al-Qushayri attempts to reconcile Sufi practices, held as suspect by so many of the 'ulama' (scholars of the religious and legal sciences), with the dictates of Islamic law.[10]

Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771/1370) in his book Mu'id al-Ni'am wa Mubid al-Niqam (Arabic: معيد النعم ومبيد النقم‎, lit. 'Restorer of Graces and Annihilator of Misfortunes') praised the creed of al-Qushayri, who mentioned it in his epistle, and considered it as one of the most important classical Sunni creeds held by the Ash'aris, along with al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya by the Hanafi scholar Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi (d. 321/933), and al-'Aqida al-Murshida by Ibn Tumart (d. 524/1130), the founder of the Almohad Empire in North Africa and al-Andalus, who was a student of al-Ghazali.[11]

See also
Part of a series on Islam
Sufism
Ideas
Practices
Sufi orders
Sunni

Shi'a

Non-denominational
List of sufis
Topics in Sufism
 Islam portal

References
  1. Oliver Leaman (2015). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 391. ISBN 9781472569455.
  2. "Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya". youm7.com (in Arabic). Youm7. Archived from the original on 9 Nov 2020.
  3. Richard Bonney (2004). Jihad: From Qu'ran to Bin Laden. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 94. ISBN 9780230501423.
  4. Elisabeth Kendall, Ewan Stein (2015). Twenty-First Century Jihad: Law, Society and Military Action. I.B. Tauris. p. 132. ISBN 9780857727688.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. "ON TASAWWUF Zakariyya ibn Muhammad Ansari (d. 926)". sunnah.org. As-Sunna Foundation of America. Archived from the original on 9 Nov 2020.
  6. Mi'ad Sharaf al-Din al-Kilani. الطريقة القادرية: أصولها وقواعدها. Google Books (in Arabic). Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. p. 169. ISBN 9782745181213.
  7. Chiabotti, Francesco; Feuillebois-Pierunek, Eve; Mayeur-Jaouen, Catherine; Patrizi, Luca, eds. (2016). Ethics and Spirituality in Islam: Sufi adab. Islamic Literatures: Texts and Studies. 1. Brill Publishing. p. 99. ISBN 9789004335134.
  8. Al-Qushayri (1989). Das Sendschreiben al-Qusayris über das Sufitum. Translated by Richard Gramlich. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 659 pages. ISBN 9783515049030.
  9. Al-Qushayri (2016). Épître sur la science du soufisme. Translated by André Fontenay. Albouraq. pp. 224 pages. ISBN 9791022501668.
  10. Ian Richard Netton (2011). Islam, Christianity and the Mystic Journey. Edinburgh University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780748688135.
  11. "ТОЖИДДИН АС-СУБКИЙ (р.ҳ.) МАЗҲАБЛАР ҲАҚИДА". ahlisunna.uz (in Uzbek). Archived from the original on 10 Nov 2020.
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